A prematuridade relacionada ao baixo peso em bebês é considerada um fator de risco biológico ao desenvolvimento infantil. Permeando este achado de que a prematuridade possa levar à alterações do desenvolvimento, condição esta significativa nas fases iniciais, quando o cérebro está imaturo tornando a criança vulnerável à eventos interferentes nos processos de aquisição de habilidades, este estudo foi delineado, com o objetivo de verificar e comparar o desempenho de crianças nascidas prematuras de baixo peso e muito baixo peso com crianças nascidas a termo e com desenvolvimento típico de idade entre um a dois anos quanto as habilidades de linguagem, motora grossa, motora fina adaptativa, pessoal-social e visual. Após o cumprimento dos aspectos éticos, foram avaliadas 20 crianças prematuras de baixo peso (GE-I), 19 crianças prematuras com muito baixo peso (GE-II), 20 crianças nascidas a termo (GC-I) e 19 crianças nascidas a termo (GC-II), com desenvolvimento típico, pareadas quanto ao gênero, nível socioeconômico e idade cronológica. A avaliação foi composta por entrevista inicial com os responsáveis, Inventário de Desenvolvimento de Habilidades Comunicativas MacArthur - Primeiras palavras e gestos, Observação do Comportamento Comunicativo, Teste de Screening de Desenvolvimento Denver II e Early Language Milestone (ELM). Os procedimentos de análise seguiram as normativas previstas nos manuais dos instrumentos. Para as avaliações foi adotada correção de idade para os prematuros, considerando que a idade cronológica dos participantes era inferior a 24 meses. A análise estatística constou da aplicação do Teste t de Student, Teste de Mann-Whitney, Teste Exato de Fisher e Teste t pareado conforme a qualidade das variáveis. Os resultados indicaram diferença estatisticamente significante nas comparações entre os grupos GE-I e GC-I, GE-II e GC- II (com correção e sem correção da idade para os prematuros) para as habilidades de linguagem, motora grossa, motora fina adaptativa e pessoal-social, o mesmo ocorreu na comparação entre GE-I e GE-II intra grupo com correção e sem correção da idade para os prematuros. Na comparação entre GE-I e GE-II, com a correção da idade e com a idade cronológica observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante somente para as habilidades comunicativas avaliadas no instrumento Observação do Comportamento Comunicativo (OCC), apesar dos escores obtidos pelo GE-II serem mais modestos, o que demonstra a heterogeneidade entre os grupos. Na habilidade visual não foi observada diferença estatística significante nas comparações realizadas. Os resultados deste estudo podem reafirmar que a prematuridade pode interferir nas habilidades de linguagem, motora grossa, motora fina-adaptativa e pessoal social. / Prematurity is considered a biological risk factor for infant development. Permeating the hypothesis that prematurity can lead to developmental disorders, a significant condition in the early stages, when the brain is immature making the child vulnerable to events that interfere in the processes of skill acquisition; this study was designed with the objective of comparing the performance of children born prematurely of low weight and very low weight with children born at term and typical development ages between one and two years old in relation to language skills, gross motor, fine motor adaptive, personal-social and visual performance. After meeting the ethical aspects, 20 children with prematurity of low weight (EG-I), 19 children with prematurity of low very weight (EG-II), 20 term infants (CG-I) and 19 term infants (CG-II) with typical development were evaluated; paired regarding sex, socioeconomic level and chronological age. The evaluation consisted of an initial interview with the parents or legal guardians, Anamnesis Questionnaire, MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories - First words and gestures, Communicative Behavior Observation Test, Developmental Screening Test II Denver and Early Language Milestone (ELM). The analysis procedures followed the regulations from the manuals of the instruments. The evaluation was adopted correction of age for premature considering that the chronological age of participants was less than 24 months. Statistical analysis consisted of applying Test \"t\" of Student, The Mann-Whitney test, Exact Fisher test and the t paired test according to the quality of the variables. The results indicated a statistically significant difference in the comparison between the GE-I and GC-I and GE-II and GC-II (with correction and without correction of age for premature infants) to language skills, gross motor, fine motor adaptive and personal-social, so did the comparison between GE-I and GE-II in within-group comparison with correction and without correction of age for premature infants. Comparing GE-I and GE-II, with the correction of age and chronological age showed a statistically significant difference only for communication skills assessed in the instrument observing the communicative behavior (OCC), despite the scores obtained by the GE- II are more modest, which shows the heterogeneity between groups. In visual ability was no statistically significant difference in the comparisons. The results of this study can reaffirm that prematurity can interfere with language skills, gross motor, fine motor- adaptive and social staff.

Uma parte dos estudos sobre pragmática se debruça sobre o uso das habilidades comunicativas, que se referem à capacidade do indivíduo em participar de uma díade, tendo como objetivo o intercâmbio comunicativo. As habilidades comunicativas permitem o uso da linguagem para diferentes objetivos e funções, de pistas contextuais para determinar o que se diz e a interação entre pessoas para iniciar, manter ou terminar conversações. Na literatura nacional, ainda não há um protocolo de avaliação de habilidades pragmáticas validado e os materiais disponíveis exigem um tempo de análise extenso. Com este foco, o trabalho aqui apresentado teve como objetivo a elaboração de um checklist para caracterizar o perfil pragmático de crianças, a fim de proporcionar uma redução no tempo de análise para pesquisadores e clínicos. Foram selecionadas 30 crianças de 3 a 8 anos divididas em dois grupos, pareados por idade e gênero, sendo um grupo de 15 crianças com alteração de linguagem (G1) e um grupo de 15 crianças com desenvolvimento típico de linguagem (G2). Crianças do G2 foram avaliadas com um teste de triagem por um fonoaudiólogo. As crianças com alteração de linguagem foram selecionadas a partir da lista de espera na Clínica de Fonoaudiologia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru (FOB-USP), não tendo recebido qualquer intervenção fonoaudiológica. O projeto foi submetido ao Comitê de Ética da FOB-USP e aprovado sob o protocolo no 025148/2012. Para o checklist, foi realizada a adaptação do Protocolo de Habilidades Comunicativas Verbais. Para verificar a melhor maneira de realizar a marcação e a permeabilidade da análise proposta, foi realizado um estudo piloto em que três fonoaudiólogas analisaram separadamente as gravações de duas crianças em interação com um adulto. As sugestões foram estudadas e as alterações pertinentes foram realizadas antes da análise de dados. Na coleta de dados, foram realizados registros em DVD de 30 minutos de interação espontânea entre a criança e seu responsável. Para garantir a confiabilidade dos dados, a avaliação foi realizada com dois observadores independentes que deveriam preencher cada checklist, anotando se essas habilidades eram observadas (se sim, adequada ou inadequadamente) ou não observadas na amostra. Todos os registros foram considerados confiáveis e puderam ser analisados estatisticamente. Por meio da análise estatística verificou-se que os resultados foram significativos nas categorias de habilidades dialógicas e narrativo-discursivas, indicando que o checklist foi permeável ao encontrar mudanças nas habilidades pragmáticas das crianças do G1, em comparação com as crianças do G2. Mesmo nas habilidades não significantes, foram observadas diferenças entre os perfis. Este trabalho trouxe a contribuição de criar um material de fácil manuseio e aplicabilidade, capaz de verificar quantitativamente o uso das habilidades comunicativas verbais por crianças. O checklist foi sensível em verificar a assimetria entre os diferentes grupos. Sugere-se, como continuidade do estudo, a aplicação do checklist em diferentes populações. / Some studies on pragmatics focus on the use of communication skills, which refer to the individual\'s ability to participate in a dyad, aiming communicative exchange. Communication skills enable the use of language for different purposes and functions, from contextual cues to determine what is said, to interaction among people to start, maintain or end conversations. In the literature there is still no national evaluation protocol of pragmatic skills validated and the materials available require long analysis. Focusing on this, the work presented here had aimed the preparation of a checklist to characterize the pragmatic profile of children in order to provide a reduction in analysis time for researchers and clinicians. Were selected two groups of 15 children 3-8 years old, matched by age and gender, with a group of children with language disorders (G1) and a group of children with typical language development (G2). G2 children were evaluated with a screening test by a speech hearing pathologist. Children with language disorders were selected from the waiting list of the Clinic of Speech Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry of Bauru (FOB-USP), having received no phonoaudiological intervention. The project was submitted to the Ethics Committee of the FOB-USP and approved under protocol No. 025148/2012. For the checklist, was performed the adaptation of the Verbal Communication Skills Protocol. To determine the best way to perform marking and the permeability of proposed analysis, was conducted a pilot study in which three speech hearing therapists analyzed separately the recordings of two children in interaction with an adult. The suggestions were examined and relevant amendments were made before the data analysis. During the data collection the researchers recorded 30-minute DVD of spontaneous interaction between the child and the guardian. To ensure the data reliability, the evaluation was performed with two independent observers who should fill each checklist by checking whether these skills were observed (if yes, adequately or inadequately) or not observed in the sample. All records were considered reliable and could be analyzed statistically. The collected data were statistically analyzed and it was found that the results were significant in the categories of dialogic and narrative-discursive skills, showing that the checklist was permeable to find changes of pragmatic skills of children in G1 compared to G2 children. Even in skills not statistically significant, differences were observed in the profile. The present study brought the contribution of create a material easy to handle and apply, capable of quantitatively determine the use of verbal communicative skills of children. The checklist was sensitive to verify the asymmetry between the different groups. As a continuation of the study it is suggested the application of the checklist in different populations.

No description available.

I den svenska skola är idag cirka 20 % andraspråkselever, det vill säga att de har ett annat modersmål än svenska. Då elevernas lärande är avhängigt av förmågan till interaktion med lärare samt klasskamrater, spelar den kommunikativa förmågan spelar en central roll i skolan samt ställer specifika krav på lärarens utformning av undervisningen. Detta är en angelägen aspekt även för matematikundervisningen, då läroplanen betonar att eleverna utveckla språkliga färdigheter så som kommunikativ-, resonemang- samt begreppslig förmåga. Ur ett specialpedagogiskt perspektiv utgör detta tillika ett viktigt incitament då skolans kompensatoriska uppdrag medför utbildningen skall göras likvärdig för alla elever genom individuella behov beaktas i undervisningen. Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie är att skapa förståelse för på vilket sätt, samt med vilka utbildningsteoretiska perspektiv på lärande, som vetenskapliga studier belyser matematikundervisningen med fokus på språkutveckling för andraspråkselever. Studiens resultat är baserat på internationella artiklar samt avhandlingar. Resultaten visar på framgångsfaktorer för andraspråkselevers matematiska språkutveckling bygger på faktorer som tillgång studiehandledning på modersmål, anpassade kommunikativa strukturer i undervisningen samt adekvat stöd och förväntningar från både skolan samt omgivningen. / In Swedish schools there is today approximately 20% second language learners, by that meaning they have a different native language than Swedish. Since the student’s acquisition is dependent on the ability to interact with teachers and classmates, the communicative ability plays a central role in the learning process, and places thereby specific demands on the teachers design of educational activity. This is also an important aspect for mathematics teaching, since the curriculum emphasizes that students develop linguistic skills such as communication-, reasoning- and conceptual ability. From a special pedagogical perspective, this also constitutes an important incentive, as the school's compensatory assignment entails that education must be made equal for all students through individual needs being considered in the teaching process. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to create an understanding of how, and with which educational theoretical perspectives on learning, scientific studies sheds light on mathematics teaching with a focus on language development for second language learners. The study's results are based on international articles and dissertations. The results show that successful aspects for mathematical language development of second language learners are based on factors such as access to study guidance in native language, adapted communicative structures in the teaching, as well as adequate support and expectations from both the school and the surrounding community.

Individual differences in child temperament have been associated with individual differences in language development. Similarly, relationships have been reported between early nonverbal social communication (joint attention) and both temperament and language. The present study examined whether individual differences in joint attention might mediate temperament-language relationships. Temperament, language, and joint attention were assessed in 51 21-month-olds. Results indicated an inverse relationship between aspects of temperamental difficulty, including low executive control and high negative affect, and language development. Temperamental aspects of negative affect were also inversely predictive of joint attention. However, the utility of a model in which joint attention mediates the relationship between temperament and language during the second year was not supported.

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between family structure including family size, number of parents at home, and presence of an older sibling at home, and the language development of young Latino children. I used data from the Head Start--Family and Child Experiences Survey (FACES) year 2000, which included information on 746 Latino preschool children and their families in different Head Start programs nationwide. A subgroup of 369 children were identified as English-language learners (ELL) because they were determined to be primarily Spanish speaking. Some of the findings indicate that more than two thirds of children (69%) who do not have two parents at home are primarily English speakers and more than two thirds of children (68%) who have two parents at home are primarily Spanish speakers. Independent sample t tests indicate there are statistically significant differences between Latino primarily Spanish speakers and Latino primarily English speakers on vocabulary and early literacy outcomes. Family background variables such as English language proficiency of parents and parent education are important factors that affect early language and literacy development of their children. In addition, family structure variables have some effects on these outcomes. The variables family poverty and family size, specifically having an older sibling, had negative impacts only on the primarily English-speaking group. The most influential social factors for the Latino primarily English-speaking preschool children's language and literacy outcomes are different than the most influential social factors for the same outcomes of their primarily Spanish-speaking preschooler counterparts who in general experience less favorable outcomes overall.

Poverty is known to affect many areas of life for poor children, particularly young children’s language development. To address language development issues as well as other educational needs, the Head Start Program was created. The purpose of this sequential mixed-methods study was to describe the professional development experiences of Head Start teachers on language modeling. In addition, this study sought to explore teachers’ views on language modeling and the activities they find most effective to support student learning. Analysis of the data revealed that teachers wanted more training and workshops, to be paired with a mentor/coach, pay raises for achieving higher education, strategies for working with children, and encouragement from administration to effectively achieve their professional development plans and goals. Additionally, teachers demonstrated an understanding of the importance of language modeling for children to build vocabulary, to improve school readiness goals, and to communicate and express their needs. Finally, teachers felt very strongly that they use frequent conversations, wait for student responses during conversations, use back and forth conversations, encourage peer conversations, use more than one word as well as a variety of words to support children’s language development. Findings from this study may be utilized to provide the necessary support teachers need to improve their language modeling skills and to help programs in their planning and evaluation of an ongoing professional development model. This study adds to the literature on bridging the gap between learning about practices and using them in the classroom to improve children’s language development by including teacher voices into their professional development and how to effectively implement coaching practices to promote teacher knowledge and skills.

Thesis (M.A. (Translation Studies and Linguistics)) --University of Limpopo, 2012 / The research reported in this mini-dissertation is an ethnographic case study which sought to investigate the development of biliteracy in one of the rural primary schools in the Limpopo province. Its focus is on how Grade 3 learners engage with texts and the strategies that teachers use to promote biliteracy (in English and Sepedi). Data collection methods included classroom observation, semi-structured teacher interviews and analysis of teaching and learning materials and the print environment. A brief analysis of the school’s language policy was also completed. The research revealed that the learners are hardly being taught to read and write whether in Sepedi, (their home language) or in English. While the school language policy states that English should be introduced in Grade 2, it is actually taught only in Grade 3. Additionally, as the learners do not understand English, the teachers frequently code-switch into Sepedi and therefore the learners hardly get any exposure to English. Many other negative aspects were uncovered. Out of the 28 lessons scheduled to be observed only 20 lessons actually took place. The learners are therefore not actually spending the allocated time on literacy development. The teaching is highly routinised with teachers, by and large, using an approach that emphasises repetition and rote-learning. The learners hardly ever get a chance to engage with texts independently. Even the textbooks available are not used but are stored away in the cupboards. Teachers painstakingly copy material from the textbooks on to the chalkboard and learners then copy this into their exercise books. The classroom environment is uninspiring, as there are hardly any learning materials on display. The interviews showed that the teachers had not been adequately trained to teach literacy and were in fact unaware of more effective ways of getting learners to engage with texts. They saw themselves as victims of frequent policy and curricular changes and blamed Government for poor training and lack of resources. The study in fact confirms findings of earlier research that the acquisition of literacy is simply not taking place in the poor, rural schools of South Africa and there is indeed a crisis in education in these schools.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att få kännedom om hur studiero i klassrummet är kopplat till elevers språkutveckling. Den språkliga utvecklingen är nödvändig för eleverna och för att den ständigt ska kunna utvecklas behövs en lugn och trygg klassrumsmiljö där undervisningen ska kunna bedrivas på bästa möjliga sätt. Studien har utgått ifrån frågeställningarna Vilka ledarskapskompetenser använder lärare för att främja studiero under lektionerna? och Hur reflekterar lärare kring sambandet mellan klassrumsmiljö och elevers språkutveckling? Studien har utförts med en kvalitativ ansats där lärare som varit verksamma på Umeå kommun, Botkyrka kommun, Haninge kommun samt Järfälla kommun berättat om sina tankar och tillvägagångssätt om ämnet. Syftet med att intervjua olika lärare från olika delar i landet har varit för att göra studien så nyanserad som möjligt där flera lärare från olika ställen delat med sig av sina reflektioner och tillvägagångsätt i sitt yrke. Resultatet indikerade att klassrumsmiljön är starkt kopplat till elevers språkutveckling och att det inte går att förbise detta. Ett lugnt och tryggt klassrumsklimat är nödvändigt för att eleverna ska kunna ständigt stimulera sitt språk på bästa möjliga sätt. Enligt samtliga respondenter var goda lärar- och elevrelationer avgörande för att skapa studiero och trivsel i klassrummet. Lärarna bör således ständigt sträva efter att skapa goda relationer till sina elever eftersom det ger goda förutsättningarna till att skapa ett trivsamt klimat där en ömsesidig respekt mellan alla parter blir befintlig. Sammanfattningsvis ansåg samtliga lärare att strävan för att skapa en god arbetsro kan vara komplex, men att det är ett aktivt ledarskap hos pedagogen som är nödvändig där goda och tillitsfulla relationer till eleverna är centralt. Pedagogerna delade synpunkten om att en trygg klassrumsmiljö stimulerar elevernas språkutveckling och därför är dessa delar nödvändiga för att läraren ska kunna bedriva en undervisning som ger förutsättningar för en god språkutveckling bland eleverna. / The purpose of this study has been to gain knowledge about how a good classroom environment is connected to pupils' language development. Language development is necessary for pupils and in order for it to be constantly developed, a good classroom environment is desirable. The study has been based on the questions What leadership skills do teachers use to promote a calm and good classroom environment? and How do teachers think about the connection between a good classroom environment and pupils’ language development? The study has been carried out with qualitative methods and five interviews were conducted with different teachers from the country where they have talked and discussed about their thoughts on the subject. The results showed that the teachers believed that the classroom environment is strongly linked to pupils' language development and that it is necessary for the teachers to create good relationships with their pupils in order to create a good classroom climate. Teachers should therefore constantly strive to create good relations with their pupils as it provides good conditions for creating a good learning climate. Overall, the teachers considered that the striving to create a good learning environment can be complex, but an active leadership of the teacher is necessary where good relationships with pupils are a central part. The teachers also considered that a good classroom environment bring better language development among pupils, therefore, a good classroom environment is necessary so the teacher can be able to conduct a teaching that provides the conditions for good language development.

Some syntactic aspects of the oral language of 20 mildly intellectually handicapped, 20 normal seven year old and 20 normal ten year old children were examined in order to determine the comparative development of the mildly intellectually handicapped children and some of the difficulties they might experience. The language was classified into 24 categories for various types of analysis. These types included traditional counts and an examination of the types of subordination as well as of non-conventional usage. In addition, Developmental Sentence Scoring (Lee : 1974) was used to assess the maturity of personal pronoun and main and secondary verb usage. The sentence repetition technique was employed as a means of assessing competence in a variety of later-developing structures. Questions were designed to assess ability in other specific syntactic areas. Analysis of variance was used to compare group scores and determine if any significant differences occurred. Several significant differences did occur. The findings provided strong evidence that the language of mildly intellectually handicapped children is more like that of children of the same chronological age than it is like that of children of the same mental age and that it is less mature than the former. These handicapped children experience considerable delay in the development of pronouns and verbs and have a high incidence of non-conventional usage. This study also provided evidence of the continuing language development of normal primary age children. Some methods of sampling and analysing oral language were found to be of particular value. Of these the sentence repetition technique seems promising both as a research tool and as a classroom instrument for assessing individual children's language competence. The importance of this and similar research lies in its implications for educational programming.