Detta arbete undersöker hur tio målningar från 1907 fungerar som bärare av ett andligt budskap. Verket, som är en del av ett större, heter De tio största och är utfört genom Hilma af Klint på uppdrag av Högre väsen som hon sa sig vara i kontakt med. Hilma af Klint var en svensk konstnär som levde 1862–1944.      I undersökningen har en grupp på tio personer i åldrarna 19 till 24 år, en åldersgrupp som kallas generation Z eller zoomers, reflekterat över dessa element och verkets helhet.  Analysen visar att gruppen får en gemensam upplevelse av budskap som kan kopplas till det konstnären formulerat i sina anteckningar och att det framkommer ytterligare ett resultat som matchar det syfte som återfinns i anteckningar från seanser 2 år innan verket påbörjas.  Svaren från de tio informanterna är analyserade genom en fenomenologisk-hermeneutisk tolkningsmetod där den fenomenologiska delen samverkar med hermeneutiken för att fånga informanternas upplevelse av Hilma af Klints verk. Genom fenomenologins fokus på hur en grupp uppfattar och upplever och sedan drar slutsatser från detta ges en djupare inblick i något som tillsynes kan tyckas vara dolt.

In order to obtain a good performance and predict the properties of alloys, it is necessary to control the contents of alloying elements and to evaluate a largest inclusion in the product. Thus, improved techniques for both control of alloy elements and evaluation of the large inclusion in products will enable us to provide better qualities of the final products. In the case of one Ni alloy, (NW2201, >99 mass%Ni), the precise control technique of Mg content is important to obtain a good hot-workability. Hereby, the slag/metal reaction experiments in a laboratory have been carried out at 1873 K, so that the equilibrium Mg content and kinetic behavior can be understood. More addition of Al in the melt as well as higher CaO/Al2O3 value of slag resulted in higher amount of Mg content in Ni. For the same conditions of Al content and slag composition, the mass transfer coefficient of Mg in molten Ni was determined as 0.0175 cm/s. By applying several countermeasures regarding the equilibrium and kinetic process to the plant trials, the value of the standard deviation for the Mg content in an alloy was decreased till 0.003 from 0.007 mass%. The size measurements of largest inclusions in the various alloys (an Fe-10mass%Ni alloy, 17CrMo4 of low-C steel and 304 stainless steel) were carried out by using statistics of extreme values (SEV). In order to improve the prediction accuracy of this method, three dimensional (3D) observations were applied after electrolytic extraction. In addition, the relationship of extreme value distribution (EVD) in the different stages of the production processes was studied. This was done to predict the largest inclusion in the products at an early stage of the process. A comparison of EVDs for single Al2O3 inclusion particles obtained by 2D and 3D observations has clarified that 3D observations result in more accurate EVD because of the absence of pores. Also, it was found that EVD of clusters were larger than that of single particles. In addition, when applying SEV to sulfide inclusions with various morphologies, especially for elongated sulfides, the real maximum sizes of them were able to be measured by 3D observations. Geometrical considerations of these particles clarified the possibility of an appearance of the real maximum inclusion sizes on a cross section to be low. The EVDs of deoxidation products in 304 stainless steel showed good agreement between the molten steel and slab samples of the same heat. Furthermore, the EVD of fractured inclusion lengths in the rolled steel were estimated from the initial sizes of undeformed inclusions which were equivalent with fragmented inclusions. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of inclusion width, EVD obtained from perpendicular cross section of strips was found to be useful to predict the largest inclusion in the final product with less time consumption compared to a slab sample. In summary, it can be concluded that the improvement of the techniques by this study has enabled to precisely control of alloy compositions as well as to evaluate the largest inclusion size in them more accurately and at an earlier stage of the production process. / QC 20101222

Bakgrund: Under senare år har skandaler inom svenska banker uppmärksammats. Det har senare visat sig att många skandaler har uppkommit till följd av brister inom den interna kontrollen. Samtidigt har antalet interna brott som begås på grund av en svag intern kontroll ökat trots att flera noterade bolag har ökat sina investeringar i den interna kontrollen. Banker har en viktig roll i samhället men den interna kontrollens betydelse för att motverka individuell yrkesbaserad ekonomisk brottslighet inom svenska storbanker är inte särskilt utredd. Syfte: Studien ämnar bidra med en förståelse för hur intern yrkesbaserad ekonomisk brottslighet motverkas med de svenska storbankernas interna kontroll med hänvisning till Internal Control – Integrated Framework och Three Lines of Defence. Vidare ämnar studien utreda om orsaker bakom individuell yrkesbaserad ekonomisk brottslighet är kända hos de svenska storbankerna samt om denna kännedom ser olika ut inom organisationerna. Slutligen syftar studien att diskutera eventuella förbättringsområden som upptäckts. Metod: Studien innefattar en kvalitativ del som består av intervjuer med personer som innehar god kännedom om intern kontroll. Även en kvantitativ del ingår i studien i form av enkäter som distribuerats till kontorschefer. Teori och empiri har kontinuerligt utvärderats och anpassats vilket innebär att ett iterativt synsätt har använts i studien. Resultat: Studien har visat att de svenska storbankerna byggt ut och kompletterat de modeller som syftet omfattar. Även indikationer på problemområden inom tillämpandet av Three Lines of Defence har uppmärksammats. Vidare har studien visat att bakomliggande orsaker till individuell yrkesbaserad ekonomisk brottslighet är mindre kända på en lägre organisatorisk nivå inom bankerna. Slutligen har ett antal förbättringsområden inom studiens ramar identifierats. De omfattar främst (1) att medarbetare i större utsträckning skall förstå syftet med den interna kontrollen och (2) att några kontrollaktiviteter har god utvecklingspotential inom bankerna. / Background: Scandals within Swedish banks have been observed during the past years. Many of these have occurred as a consequence of defaults in the internal control. Simultaneously many internal white collar crimes have been committed as a consequence of weak internal control, even though public companies have increased their investments in their internal control. Banks have an important role in society; still the importance of the internal control to counteract internal white collar crime towards Swedish banks is yet to be unraveled. Aim: The study aim to contribute to an understanding of how internal white collar crime within universal banks can be counteracted by means of the internal control, within Internal Control – Integrated Framework and Three Lines of Defence. The purpose is further to investigate if causes to internal white collar crime are well-known among the universal banks at different organizational levels. The study is also aiming to discuss potential improvements that have been identified. Implementation: Both qualitative and quantitative strategies have been used. The qualitative strategy has included interviews with persons who have intimate knowledge of internal control. The quantitative strategy has included a questionnaire that was distributed to chiefs of retail departments. The study is iterative since theory and empirics have been evaluated and adjusted on a regularly basis. Result: The universal banks have made supplements to those models that the study comprehends and there are some problem areas within the use of Three Lines of Defence. Further, the study has revealed that causes to internal white collar crime are less known at a lower organizational level. A few areas that can be improved have been identified. Those of most importance are; (1) the purpose of the internal control must be better understood of employees and (2) some control activities have development potential.Search terms: Internal control, COSO, Three Lines of Defence, the four largest Swedish banks, white collar crime.

Simultaneous operation of different wireless applications in the same geographical region and the same frequency band gives rise to undesired interference issues. Since licensed (primary) applications have been granted priority access to the frequency spectrum, unlicensed (secondary) services should avoid imposing interference on the primary system. In other words, secondary system’s activity in the same bands should be in a controlled fashion so that the primary system maintains its quality of service (QoS) requirements. In this thesis, we consider collocated point-to-multipoint primary and secondary networks that have simultaneous access to the same frequency band. Particularly, we examine three different levels at which the two networks may coexist: pure interference, asymmetric co-existence, and symmetric co-existence levels. At the pure interference level, both networks operate simultaneously regardless of their interference to each other. At the other two levels, at least one of the networks attempts to mitigate its interference to the other network by deactivating some of its users. Specifically, at the asymmetric co-existence level, the secondary network selectively deactivates its users based on knowledge of the interference and channel gains, whereas at the symmetric level, the primary network also schedules its users in the same way. Our aim is to derive optimal sum-rates (i.e., throughputs) of both networks at each co-existence level as the number of users grows asymptotically and evaluate how the sum-rates scale with the network size. In order to find the asymptotic throughput results, we derive two propositions; one on the asymptotic behaviour of the largest order statistic and one on the asymptotic behaviour of the sum of lower order statistics. As a baseline comparison, we calculate primary and secondary sum-rates for the time division (TD) channel sharing. Then, we compare the asymptotic secondary sum-rate in TD to that under simultaneous channel sharing, while ensuring the primary network maintains the same sum-rate in both cases. Our results indicate that simultaneous channel sharing at both asymmetric and symmetric co-existence levels can outperform TD. Furthermore, this enhancement is achievable when user scheduling in uplink mode is based only on the interference gains to the opposite network and not on a network’s own channel gains. In other words, the optimal secondary sum-rate is achievable by applying a scheduling strategy, referred to as the least interference strategy, for which only the knowledge of interference gains is required and can be performed in a distributed way.

Simultaneous operation of different wireless applications in the same geographical region and the same frequency band gives rise to undesired interference issues. Since licensed (primary) applications have been granted priority access to the frequency spectrum, unlicensed (secondary) services should avoid imposing interference on the primary system. In other words, secondary system’s activity in the same bands should be in a controlled fashion so that the primary system maintains its quality of service (QoS) requirements. In this thesis, we consider collocated point-to-multipoint primary and secondary networks that have simultaneous access to the same frequency band. Particularly, we examine three different levels at which the two networks may coexist: pure interference, asymmetric co-existence, and symmetric co-existence levels. At the pure interference level, both networks operate simultaneously regardless of their interference to each other. At the other two levels, at least one of the networks attempts to mitigate its interference to the other network by deactivating some of its users. Specifically, at the asymmetric co-existence level, the secondary network selectively deactivates its users based on knowledge of the interference and channel gains, whereas at the symmetric level, the primary network also schedules its users in the same way. Our aim is to derive optimal sum-rates (i.e., throughputs) of both networks at each co-existence level as the number of users grows asymptotically and evaluate how the sum-rates scale with the network size. In order to find the asymptotic throughput results, we derive two propositions; one on the asymptotic behaviour of the largest order statistic and one on the asymptotic behaviour of the sum of lower order statistics. As a baseline comparison, we calculate primary and secondary sum-rates for the time division (TD) channel sharing. Then, we compare the asymptotic secondary sum-rate in TD to that under simultaneous channel sharing, while ensuring the primary network maintains the same sum-rate in both cases. Our results indicate that simultaneous channel sharing at both asymmetric and symmetric co-existence levels can outperform TD. Furthermore, this enhancement is achievable when user scheduling in uplink mode is based only on the interference gains to the opposite network and not on a network’s own channel gains. In other words, the optimal secondary sum-rate is achievable by applying a scheduling strategy, referred to as the least interference strategy, for which only the knowledge of interference gains is required and can be performed in a distributed way.

p. 1 - 182 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-02-18T20:19:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 88888888.pdf: 1893132 bytes, checksum: 1f59302ec0c18cf4575eef06d03a0135 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fatima Cleômenis Botelho Maria (botelho@ufba.br) on 2013-02-21T13:41:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 88888888.pdf: 1893132 bytes, checksum: 1f59302ec0c18cf4575eef06d03a0135 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-02-21T13:41:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 88888888.pdf: 1893132 bytes, checksum: 1f59302ec0c18cf4575eef06d03a0135 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Motivado pelo aparente paradoxo entre o discurso da Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC), simultaneamente ao quadro geral brasileiro – marcado pelo aumento de desemprego, redução de salários reais, avanço do setor informal, crescimento de acidentes de trabalho, sonegação de tributos e envolvimento de algumas empresas em denúncias de corrupção – buscou-se, como objetivo principal, investigar as contribuições advindas das maiores corporações que atuam no Brasil, em termos de geração e distribuição de riqueza, geração de empregos e investimentos em saúde, educação e preservação ambiental. Como objetivo secundário, discutiu-se a RSC no contexto mais amplo da divisão de trabalho entre a iniciativa privada, o Estado e as organizações da sociedade civil. Foram mostradas as diferentes expectativas das pessoas sobre a RSC e descritas, sucintamente, as principais instituições e iniciativas que objetivam a promoção da ética e da RSC. A despeito das centenas de trabalhos acadêmicos e empíricos que foram publicados sobre o tema, nas últimas décadas, uma das principais conclusões é que faltam teorias explicativas e normativas sobre como as empresas podem maximizar suas contribuições para o bem-estar social. Uma questão que permanece sem resposta é se as corporações devem priorizar o desempenho econômico ou o social, persistindo a antinomia entre a visão clássica de maximização do valor do acionista e a teoria do stakeholder, que dá suporte ao movimento da RSC, havendo críticas severas para ambos os lados. Na parte empírica deste trabalho, concluiu-se que as grandes empresas vêm gerando mais riqueza e empregos, pagando mais impostos e melhorando a produtividade, independentemente de terem ou não compromisso formal com a RSC. As contribuições para a saúde e educação também têm sido positivas, mas os salários seguiram a tendência decrescente do mercado de trabalho brasileiro nos últimos anos. A maioria das empresas brasileiras já realiza algum tipo de ação social, contudo predomina o espírito de caridade, um dos traços culturais da sociedade brasileira. Por outro lado, são citados estudos que demonstram haver um grande desperdício de recursos públicos no Brasil. Para que as ações sociais e ambientais sejam mais eficazes, as empresas precisam contribuir para melhorar a qualidade da gestão pública no país porque, evidentemente, não se pode esperar que a RSC possa remediar a má governança pública. / Salvador

I have decided to deal with the issue of "Risk Sources of Ammonia Cooling Systems and Their Eventual Accidental Impacts" as the risk of leakage from the cooling systems using ammonia as a coolant still prevails these days. Eventual accidental leakage simulation models were applied to several winter stadiums using ammonia as a coolant. Based on these results, it has been assessed how dangerous these sources for the citizens living in their surroundings are and measures to increase safety were suggested, too.

The digital transformation is affecting every dimension of every business while the retailindustry is no exception. The changing expectations from the customer of today set increasedrequirements on distribution. Correspondingly, it seems that distribution is an area within whichdigital technologies can have major impact for retail companies. However, there is a lack ofpractical cases that demonstrate this impact in the Swedish market. As many retailers havestarted to integrate digital tools within their supply chains, different players have achieveddifferent levels of digital maturity in their distribution.The purpose of this research is to investigate the digital maturity level of retail companies withindistribution as well as their perception of digitalization alongside its impact on distributionprocesses. The method for data gathering consisted of qualitative interviews in combinationwith a questionnaire. The collected data in combination with theoretical research was used tofulfill the research purpose.The analysis revealed the digital maturity level within distribution for ten of Sweden’s largestretailers operating in different branches. All ten case companies were categorized as eitherAdopters or Collaborators. With respect to what literature have mentioned as benefits of digitaldistribution, the analysis further revealed the benefits that case companies have gained bydigital tools. Cost efficiency, traceability, delivery accuracy, improved lead time, shelfavailability, and increased free time in stores were the major benefits gained by digital tools, asdescribed by case companies.

This thesis investigates protein markers linked to pulmonary embolism risk using proteomics and statistical methods, employing unsupervised and supervised machine learning techniques. The research analyzes existing datasets, identifies significant features, and observes gender differences through MANOVA. Principal Component Analysis reduces variables from 378 to 59, and Random Forest achieves 70% accuracy. These findings contribute to our understanding of pulmonary embolism and may lead to diagnostic biomarkers. MANOVA reveals significant gender differences, and applying proteomics holds promise for clinical practice and research.

One of the problems with the modern radio communication is the lack of availableradio frequencies. Recent studies have shown that, while the available licensed radiospectrum becomes more occupied, the assigned spectrum is significantly underutilized.To alleviate the situation, cognitive radio (CR) technology has been proposedto provide an opportunistic access to the licensed spectrum areas. Secondary CRsystems need to cyclically detect the presence of a primary user by continuouslysensing the spectrum area of interest. Radiowave propagation effects like fading andshadowing often complicate sensing of spectrum holes. When spectrum sensing isperformed in a cooperative manner, then the resulting sensing performance can beimproved and stabilized. In this thesis, two fully distributed and adaptive cooperative Primary User (PU)detection solutions for CR networks are studied. In the first part of this thesis we study a distributed energy detection schemewithout using any fusion center. Due to reduced communication such a topologyis more energy efficient. We propose the usage of distributed, diffusion least meansquare (LMS) type of power estimation algorithms with different network topologies.We analyze the resulting energy detection performance by using a commonframework and verify the theoretical findings through simulations. In the second part of this thesis we propose a fully distributed detection scheme,based on the largest eigenvalue of adaptively estimated correlation matrices, assumingthat the primary user signal is temporally correlated. Different forms of diffusionLMS algorithms are used for estimating and averaging the correlation matrices overthe CR network. The resulting detection performance is analyzed using a commonframework. In order to obtain analytic results on the detection performance, theadaptive correlation matrix estimates are approximated by a Wishart distribution.The theoretical findings are verified through simulations. / <p>QC 20170908</p>