El objetivo de esta tesis es avanzar en el conocimiento de la dinámica ecológica de la almeja fina nativa de Europa, Ruditapes decussatus, y la almeja japonesa introducida, Ruditapes philippinarum. Se estudian aspectos relevantes de la dinámica ecológica que requerían ser investigados, tales como la expansión de almeja japonesa, la interacción competitiva, la dispersión larvaria y reclutamiento o la estimación de la talla mínima de captura. A la vez se explora la idoneidad de una metodología de muestreo para la evaluación continua de estas poblaciones en estuarios de gran extensión. Para el desarrollo de estos estudios se realizaron muestreos y experimentos de las especies objetivo en el ámbito de estudio y se llevaron a cabo los análisis de laboratorio asociados a los mismos. Además, se desarrollaron y se aplicaron modelos ecológicos predictivos. Los resultados de la tesis proveen información y herramientas para apoyar los modelos de gestión del marisqueo de las especies estudiadas tanto, en general, para los estuarios donde están presentes y son explotadas como, en particular, para la Bahía de Santander. / The objective of the thesis is to advance in the understanding of ecological dynamics of the European native grooved carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussatus and the introduced Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Ecologically relevant aspects requiring investigation, such as the expansion of the Manila clam, competitive interaction, larval dispersal and recruitment or suitable specific catch size have been investigated. Moreover, the suitability of a sampling methodology for the assessment of these clam populations in large estuaries have been evaluated. For this purpose, field surveys, laboratory procedures and field experiments have been conducted, together with the development and application of ecological predictive models. The results of this thesis provide information and tools to support the studied species fishery management models both in general, for the estuaries where these species dwell and exploited and, in particular, for the Bay of Santander.

No description available.

Les architectures dynamiques orientées services ( D-SOA) se concentrent sur les interactions client-serveur à couplage faible, où les deux peuvent apparaître et disparaître à l'exécution. Notre objectif est de concevoir des systèmes de surveillance pour ces architectures. Comme les systèmes de surveillance classiques sont statiquement injectés dans les services surveillés, ils ne peuvent pas gérer correctement le cycle de vie des services d'exécution. En outre, quand un service est remplacé par un autre service, d'autres services peuvent toujours utiliser l'ancienne référence. Cette référence vers un service absent, lorsqu'elle est gardée en mémoire, peut induire des comportements non désirés. Cette thèse contribue à la conception d'un système de surveillance de l'utilisation des services, qui soit résistant à la dynamique de la plateforme et qui soit en mesure de faire face à l'utilisation des références obsolètes. Ce but est atteint en trois étapes. Tout d'abord, en considérant le caractère dynamique des systèmes SOA dans un environnement ouvert, nous concevons une approche de monitoring résistant au la dynamique de la plateforme. Nous identifions deux propriétés clés du système de surveillance à couplage faible: résilience à la dynamicité, c'est-à-dire qu'un moniteur d'interface et son état sont maintenus en mémoire et transférés à un nouveau service lors de la disparition d'un service utilisé, et exhaustivité, c'est-à-dire qu'un service surveillé ne peut pas contourner les observations du moniteur. Ensuite, pour éviter l'usage de références vers des services qui ne sont plus actifs, nous proposons un service de sécurité côté client (SSU Layer), qui permet de traiter ce problème de manière transparente. Si un service utilisé disparaît, la couche SSU peut soit substituer le service de manière transparente, soit lever une exception pour avertir explicitement le client. Cette couche SSU est basée sur une approche transactionnelle qui vise à préserver la cohérence des services actifs. Enfin, nous proposons d'intégrer les deux approches dans un nouveau système de surveillance (NewMS). Les NewMS hérite des principes des deux systèmes précédents: la résilience à la dynamicité, l'exhaustivité et la tolérance aux fautes. Il peut dynamiquement surveiller l'utilisation de services et traiter les références obsolètes de manière transparente. Ces trois propositions sont implémentées dans la plateforme OSGi. Nous avons développé une application simple qui simule un système de réservation de place, qui est monitoré par notre systèmes. Nous avons également proposé différentes spécifications pour ce système. Nos résultats démontrent que le coût d'observation de notre moniteur est proche du coût d'un monitor classique, ne prenant pas en compte les problématiques liées à la dynamique.

Submitted by Anderson Silva (avargas@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2012-07-18T19:14:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 paloma_m_mendonca_ioc_bp_0035_2010.pdf: 5136216 bytes, checksum: 96c991db74df0f84ca5c4542f83fd6f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-18T19:14:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paloma_m_mendonca_ioc_bp_0035_2010.pdf: 5136216 bytes, checksum: 96c991db74df0f84ca5c4542f83fd6f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / CNPq E FAPERJ / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Os dípteros muscóides são insetos com notável importância econômica e na entomologia médica e veterinária devido às diversas formas como eles podem estar relacionados ao homem, seja vetorando patógenos, causando miíases ou participando da degradação da matéria orgânica. A entomologia forense é uma ciência que estuda o papel dos insetos na decomposição de cadáveres e uma das principais aplicações destes nesta área é a estimativa do intervalo pós-morte, baseada no período mínimo de atividade dos insetos no corpo. No caso dos dípteros muscóides, que são os primeiros a chegar e podem ovipor logo após encontrar o cadáver, o conhecimento morfológico das fases imaturas desses insetos será mais uma ferramenta que auxiliará peritos e pesquisadores, pois em alguns casos, ovos e larvas são as únicas evidências presentes. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura é um instrumento que permite uma visualização mais detalhada dos caracteres morfológicos. Algumas espécies de muscóides destacam-se devido a sua preferência alimentar, pois buscam a matéria orgânica em decomposição para se alimentar, dentre elas podemos destacar os califorídeos Chrysomy albiceps, Chrysomya putoria e Chrysomya megacephala. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a identificação de ovos, larvas de primeiro, segundo e terceiro instar e pupários destas espécies de dípteros de grande importância forense e disseminadores de patógenos, através da utilização de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foram analisados 30 exemplares de cada estágio correspondente a cada espécie, provenientes de colônias de laboratório, estabelecidas a partir de adultos capturados no campus da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, RJ. Ovos e larvas foram transferidos para placas de Petri contendo hidróxido de sódio e lavados com H 2O destilada. Depois foram fixados com solução de glutaraldeído em tampão cacodilato de sódio e pós-fixados em tetróxido de ósmio, desidratados em séries crescentes de acetona e submetidos ao método de secagem pelo ponto crítico usando CO2 em aparelho de Balzers, montados em suportes metálicos e cobertos por ouro, para permitir a visualização ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Pupas com 48 a 72 horas de formação foram lavadas, congeladas e depois montadas em suportes metálicos e cobertas por ouro para observação. Neste trabalho foi observado que a linha mediana termina arredondada na porção anterior dos ovos de C. putoria, enquanto nas outras duas espécies esta termina bifurcada. As ornamentações da micrópila são do tipo projeções nos ovos de C. megacephala e C. albiceps e do tipo depressões em C. putoria. O corpo da larva em todos os instares é muito semelhante entre as três espécies analisadas. No entanto, somente C. albiceps apresentou o tegumento recoberto por tubérculos organizados em fileiras ao longo do corpo da larva. No ápice dos tubérculos são encontrados espinhos que são característicos dessa espécie. Os pupários são formados a partir do endurecimento da cutícula da larva de terceiro instar, sendo assim, apresentaram estruturas muito semelhantes ao instar anterior. Este estudo permitiu destacar diversas características que podem ser utilizadas para identificar as espécies de importância sanitária e forense, além de fornecer subsídios para a elaboração de uma chave dicotômica específica para estes imaturos. / Muscoids diptera are insects with considerable economic importance and also in medical and veterinary entomology because of the way that they are related to man, as vectors of pathogens, causing myiasis or participating in organic matter degradation. Forensic entomology is a discipline that studies the role of insects in corpse’s decomposition and one of the most commom applications is to estimate postmortem interval by determining a minimum period of insect activity on a decomposing body. Flies are the first visitors to a dead body and are able to oviposit on carrion within a few hours after death. And the morphologic knowledge from imatures can be used as a tool in crime scene investigations because, sometimes, only eggs and larvae can be found in corpses. Scanning electron microscopy gives detailed information about morphologic characters. Some species of diptera are important because their larvae grow up at organic matter, such the blowflies Chrysomya albiceps, Chrysomya putoria and Chrysomya megacephala. The aim of this study was identify eggs, larvae of first, second and third instar and puparium of these species of flies of forensic importance and pathogens vectors, by using scanning electron microscopy. All the imatures examined in this study were obtained from culture set up from wild flies trapped at Fundação Oswaldo Cruz campus, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Thirty samples from each species were observed. Eggs and larvae were transferred to a Petri dish with sodium hydroxid and then washed with destilated water. After it, imatures were fixed in glutaraldehyde in sodium cacodylate and postfixed in osmium tetroxide. They were dehydrated in a series of acetone for critical point drying, using CO 2 in Balzers apparatus. Specimens were adhered in metalic support and gold-coated for SEM examination. Pupae within 48 to 72 hours-age were washed, frozen and adhered in metalic support and gold- coated for SEM examination. Median area ends rounded anteriorly in C. putoria, whereas ended bifurcate in others species. Micropyle showed projections at C. megecephala and C. albiceps, but at C. putoria, micropyle was adorned by depressions. Larvae bodies were very similar among all the species analyzed. However, only C. albiceps body tegument was composed by tubercles organized in lines along larval body. At the apex of these tubercles some spines are only seen at this blowfly specie. The pupae are formed from the hardening of the cuticle of third instar larvae, thus, had structures very similar to the previous instar. This study helped to highlight many features that could be used to identify the species of sanitary and forensic importance, and provides subsidies for the development of a key to these specific immature.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-04-25T18:18:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Eduardo Almeida.pdf: 4456269 bytes, checksum: b74d643c3c7aec835392881bd8989cce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:18:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Eduardo Almeida.pdf: 4456269 bytes, checksum: b74d643c3c7aec835392881bd8989cce (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / O caranguejo uçá (Ucides cordatus) é típico de manguezais, tendo importante papel na ciclagem de nutrientes. Apresenta desenvolvimento indireto e a fêmea transporta os ovos por cerca de um mês, havendo em seguida, fase larval planctônica. Poucos estudos tratam da transferência de elementos-traço das fêmeas para os embriões ou do meio para estes. Trabalhos sobre a contaminação das fêmeas são escassos e até o momento, nenhum abordou a contaminação em embriões e larvas de U. cordatus. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a concentração de elementos-traço em fêmeas, ovos em diferentes estágios e larvas recém-eclodidas de duas populações do sudeste do Brasil (baía de Guanabara e Rio Paraíba do Sul). Também objetivou avaliar se o ciclo reprodutivo da espécie pode resultar em exportação de elementos-traço dos manguezais para a costa adjacente. Por fim, foram analisados o δ13C, δ15N e a razão N/C nas fêmeas. Através de coleta manual, fêmeas ovígeras foram obtidas nos verões de 2012, 2013 e 2014. Parte delas foi levada para aquários de desova, onde foram obtidas as larvas recém-eclodidas. Em laboratório, tecidos, ovos e larvas foram congelados e depois liofilizados e digeridos em ácido nítrico suprapuro, com auxílio de micro-ondas. Concentrações de elementos traço foram obtidas em ICP-MS. Foram analisadas fêmeas com largura da carapaça entre 5,5 e 7,9 cm. A fecundidade foi semelhante nas duas áreas de estudo (média > 110.000 ovos.fêmea-1). A análise de δ13C demonstrou diferenças significativas entre as populações. Apesar disso, os dados apontaram folhas de mangue como principal item alimentar. Os valores de δ15N foram acima do esperado para o nível trófico da espécie. Nas fêmeas, as maiores concentrações de Cu, Cr, Cd e As foram observadas nas brânquias, principalmente anteriores. Níquel foi mais concentrado no hepatopâncreas, enquanto Zn foi mais concentrado em músculos e hepatopâncreas. Fêmeas do Rio Paraíba do Sul apresentaram maiores níveis de contaminação, em especial de Mn, Cr, Cu, Cd e Ba. Tal tendência foi coerente com os níveis observados em sedimentos superficiais e com dados de biodisponibilidade citados na literatura. Em comparação com estágios iniciais dos ovos e larvas recém-eclodidas, as concentrações de V, Cr, Ni e Pb foram maiores em ovos no estágio final de desenvolvimento, indicando que a casca do ovo previne o contato do embrião com certos elementos-traço. As concentrações de Cd e Ni foram maiores no hepatopâncreas das fêmeas do que em ovos e larvas. Por outro lado, os elementos V, Zn, As e Pb foram mais concentrados nas larvas. Os resultados do presente estudo corroboraram as vias de contaminação de embriões postuladas em trabalhos com outras espécies: 1. Transferência de elementos-traço das fêmeas para os ovos, durante sua formação; e 2. Absorção de elementos-traço do meio circundante durante o desenvolvimento embrionário. Considerando as concentrações em larvas e a quantidade de larvas liberadas nas desovas, pode-se afirmar que o ciclo reprodutivo da espécie resulta na transferência de elementos-traço do bentos para o ambiente pelágico. Durante as desovas (liberação larval) de U. cordatus na baía de Guanabara e no Rio Paraíba do Sul, os elementos Zn, Cu, Mn, As e Ba teriam a maior introdução na coluna d’água, sendo provavelmente transportados para a costa adjacente. Considerando as diversas espécies de caranguejos de manguezais que têm hábitos e ciclo de vida muito semelhantes aos do caranguejo uçá, o período reprodutivo destes animais pode resultar em relevante exportação de elementos-traço / The uçá crab (Ucides cordatus) is typical of mangroves and has important role in nutrient cycling. The specie presents indirect development and female carries the eggs for about a month. After, planktonic larvae are released. There are few studies about the transfer of trace elements from female to embryos or from environment for these. Studies about contamination of females are scarce and none was made with embryos and larvae of U. cordatus. The aim of this study were to analyze the concentration of trace elements in females, eggs in different stages and newly hatched larvae of two populations of southeastern Brazil (Guanabara Bay and Paraíba do Sul River). Also aimed evaluate if the reproductive cycle of the species can result in export of trace elements of mangroves for adjacent coast. As complementary data the δ13C, δ15N and the N/C in females were analyzed. Ovigerous females were obtained in the summers of 2012, 2013 and 2014. Tissues, eggs and larvae were lyophilized and digested in superpure nitric acid using microwave. Concentrations of trace elements were analyzed in ICP-MS. Females showed carapace width between 5.5 and 7.9 cm. Fecundity was similar in both study areas (mean > 110,000 eggs female -1). The δ13C analysis showed significant differences among populations. Nevertheless, the data showed mangrove leaves as main food. The δ15N values were higher than expected for the trophic level of the species. The highest concentrations of Cu, Cr, Cd and As were observed in gills, especially anterior gills. Nickel was more concentrated in the hepatopancreas, while Zn was more concentrated in muscle and hepatopancreas. Concentrations of V, Cr, Ni and Pb in eggs of the final developmental stage were higher than observed in early stages and newly hatched larvae. This indicates that eggshell is a barrier for certain trace elements. Cadmium and Ni were more concentrated in hepatopancreas of females than in eggs and larvae. On the other hand, the elements V, Zn, As and Pb were more concentrated in larvae. Females of the Paraíba do Sul River had higher levels of contamination, especially of Mn, Cr, Cu, Cd and Ba. This trend was consistent with the levels observed in surface sediments and bioavailability data cited in the literature. Our data corroborate the pathways of embryos contamination, postulated in anterior studies with other species: 1. Transfer of trace elements between females and eggs, during your formation; 2. Absorption of trace elements from the environment during embryonic development. According to the concentrations of trace elements in larvae and the amount of larvae released in the spawns, it is clear that the reproductive cycle of the species results in transfer of benthic trace elements for the pelagic environment. During spawns of U. cordatus in Guanabara Bay and Paraíba do Sul River, Zn, Cu, Mn, As and Ba were the elements more introduced in water column, being probably transported to the adjacent coast. Considering the various species of mangrove crabs that have habits and life cycle similar to uçá crab, the reproductive period of these animals can result in significant exportation of trace elements

Proper neuronal function requires the preservation of appropriate neural excitability. An adaptive increase in neural excitability after exposure to agents that depress neuronal signaling blunts the sedative drug effects upon subsequent drug exposure. This adaptive response to drug exposure leads to changes in drug induced behaviors such as tolerance, withdrawal and addiction. Here I use Drosophila melanogaster to study the cellular and neuronal components which mediate behavioral tolerance to the anesthetic benzyl alcohol. I demonstrate that rapid tolerance to benzyl alcohol is a pharmacodynamic mechanism independent of drug metabolism. Furthermore, tolerance is a cell autonomous response which occurs in the absence of neural signaling. Using genetic and pharmacological manipulations I find the synapse to play an important role in the development of tolerance. In addition, the neural circuits that regulate arousal and sleep also alter benzyl alcohol sensitivity. Beyond previously described transcriptional mechanisms I find a post-translational role of the Ca2+-activated K+-channel, slowpoke in the development of tolerance. Finally, I explore a form of juvenile onset tolerance, which may have origins that differ from rapid tolerance. The implications of this study go beyond tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster to benzyl alcohol and can shed light on human drug tolerance, withdrawal and addiction. / text

La colonie d’abeille (Apis mellifera L.) est une société complexe où les individus interagissent entre eux, notamment par le biais de phéromones. L’étude de cette communication chimique est indispensable à la compréhension des régulations sociales mises en place dans la colonie. Chez l’abeille, plus de 50 substances chimiques avec des effets incitateurs ou modificateurs sur la colonie ont été identifiées. Malgré ces découvertes, de nombreux travaux sont à accomplir pour mieux comprendre ce système de communication particulier.La problématique de cette thèse vise à caractériser l’histoire de vie d’une phéromone majeure l’Oléate d’Ethyle (EO), qui permet d’optimiser l’équilibre nourrices / butineuses dans la colonie. Parallèlement, d’autres recherches ont été entreprises, notamment l’étude de la communication chimique de la reine et du couvain, chez qui seulement deux phéromones ont été identifiées avec des effets pléiotropiques dans la colonie.Nos résultats ont mis en évidence une production variable d’EO par les ouvrières, en fonction de l’environnement de la colonie. La production de cette molécule chimique dans la colonie peut également être modifiée par un stress : des abeilles parasitées par du Nosema spp. ont une production anormalement élevée d’EO. En outre, cette molécule phéromonale est transmise des butineuses vers les nourrices par contact cuticulaire et par le pollen.Pour la compréhension de la communication entre la reine et les ouvrières, nos résultats montrent que la reine utilise d’autres composés phéromonaux puissant en redondance de la QMP pour orienter la construction de cire, le phénomène de cour et l’inhibition des ovaires des ouvrières.Chez le couvain, nous avons identifié un composé phéromonal volatil, le E-ß-ocimène, produit majoritairement par les jeunes larves, inhibant le développement des ovaires des ouvrières et accélérant leur maturation comportementale.Ces études nous ont permis d’avoir une connaissance plus précise de la communication chimique au sein de la colonie. Ainsi nous expliquons par deux théories le rôle de la complexité et de la redondance phéromonale de la colonie d’abeilles / In the honeybee colony (Apis mellifera L.) studies of the chemical communication are essential to understand social regulations. In the honey bee colony more than 50 chemical substances with releaser and primer effects have been identified. Despite years of research on this type of communication, significant work remains to be done.In this thesis, the aim is to characterize the dynamics of a major pheromone: ethyl oleate (EO), which optimizes the balance between nurses and foragers in the colony. In addition, we initiated research on the queen and brood chemical communication in which only two pheromones have been identified in the colony.We have demonstrated that EO production by workers varies under different colony environment. EO production can also be modified by stress; honey bees parasitized by the Nosema spp. have abnormally high EO production. In addition, we identified that EO is transmitted from foragers to nurses by contact (cuticle and pollen).For the queen, our results indicate that the queen uses multiple redundant pheromones (QMP and other unknown compounds), that affect wax construction, retinue behaviour and worker ovary inhibition.For the brood we have identified a volatile pheromone E-ß-ocimene produced mostly by the young larvae to inhibit the development of workers ovaries and accelerate workers’behavioural maturation.With these studies we clarify some aspects of what is known about chemical communication in the honey bee colony. Then we try to explain the role of complexity and redundancy of pheromones in the honey bee colony by two theories

No description available.

Title: The subnuclear localisation of Notch responsive genes. Candidate Name: Matthew Jones Notch signalling is a highly conserved cell-cell communication pathway with critical roles in metazoan development and mutations in Notch pathway components are implicated in many types of cancer. Notch is an excellent and well-studied model of biological signalling and gene regulation, with a single intracellular messenger, one receptor and two ligands in Drosophila. However, despite the limited number of chemical players involved, a striking number of different outcomes arise. Molecular studies have shown that Notch activates different targets in different cell types and it is well known that Notch is important for maintaining a stem cell fate in some situations and driving differentiation in others. Thus some of the factors affecting the regulation of Notch target genes are yet to be discovered. Previous studies in various organisms have found that the location of a gene within the nucleus is important for its regulation and genome reorganisation can occur following gene activation or during development. Therefore this project aimed to label individual Notch responsive loci and determine their subnuclear localisation. In order to tag loci of interest a CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing method was established that enabled the insertion of locus tags at Notch targets, namely the well-characterized Enhancer of split locus and also dpn and Hey, two transcription factors involved in neural cell fate decisions. The ParB/Int system is a recently developed locus tagging system and is not well characterised in Drosophila. It has a number of advantages over the traditional LacO/LacI-GFP locus tagging system as it does not rely on binding site repeats for signal amplification and can label two loci simultaneously in different colours. This thesis characterised the ParB/Int system in the Drosophila salivary gland and larval L3 neuroblast. Using 3D image segmentation hundreds of nuclei were reconstructed and a volume based normalisation method was applied to determine the subnuclear localisation of several Notch targets with and without genetic manipulations of the Notch pathway.