Although universities have not historically focused on their own organisational leadership as a subject of academic enquiry, there has been much academic substantiation of leadership knowledge as theory. My PhD dissertation was designed to explore the current typology of leadership in South African universities and to validate a conceptual model proposed in the dissertation. The model is based on complexity science and Ken Wilber’s theory of holism, and employs such key concepts as values, personal development, and mechanistic and holistic performance. The rationale for this study was the researcher’s desire to explore the qualities required of those in higher education leadership positions, in order for them to meet demands to widen access to education as well as to contribute to the social, cultural, and economic development of South Africa. The selected sample was composed of personnel occupying the senior management positions of Vice-Chancellor (VC) and/or Principal and/or Rector; Deputy Vice-Chancellor (DVC) and/or Vice-Principal; and Faculty Dean. The primary data collection methods were both quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative results of the Cassandra© survey and the qualitative findings utilizing semi-structured interviews were merged at the interpretation stage. The data were analysed, coded, and organized according to the research questions. Significant findings were that the current funding crisis was a major challenge within the sector; however, fee-free higher education for all in the current economic context is neither equitable nor likely to be affordable in the medium term. The research revealed weakness in the understanding and practice of diversity within the sector. The strengths of staff who work directly with leaders were found to be wanting, as they are not always adequately skilled to do their jobs. Innovation was not a priority for leadership and the sector did very little to provide the space for innovation. Complexity science provides a useful tool for the analysis of leadership in higher education. Finally, a cogent model of leadership for South African higher education institutions is described, synthesized and presented.

Projects have become a key strategic working form and it has been shown that all industries can benefit from project-based working. Each project is unique and present different challenges to managers, which requires good project management skills in order to face these chal-lenges. These skills are referred to as the science and art of project management. The science consists of skills in using different tools and techniques and the artistry refers to skills in practising leadership, which some researchers argue is the most important quality for manag-ers to posses. Since each project is a new situation, project manager s needs to be able to adapt their leadership style to the unique situation of the project. This way of exploring leadership has been done in the Situational Leadership Model originally developed by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard. The interaction between a leader’s behaviour and the situational factors, ability and willingness, of the members are em-phasized. The purpose of this study is to study project management from a situ-ational leadership perspective, using the Situational Leadership Model. The empirical research was conducted through interviews made with representatives from four different companies located in or just outside the city of Jönköping. The representatives included one project leader from each company as well as one or two project members. The study showed that the Situational Leadership Model was able to predict the appropriate leadership behavior to adopt. Even though it was able to predict the appropriate behavior, it was not adopted in all projects. Two of the five project members were confronted with a faulty leadership behavior.

<p>Projects have become a key strategic working form and it has been shown that all industries can benefit from project-based working. Each project is unique and present different challenges to managers, which requires good project management skills in order to face these chal-lenges. These skills are referred to as the science and art of project management. The science consists of skills in using different tools and techniques and the artistry refers to skills in practising leadership, which some researchers argue is the most important quality for manag-ers to posses. Since each project is a new situation, project manager s needs to be able to adapt their leadership style to the unique situation of the project. This way of exploring leadership has been done in the Situational Leadership Model originally developed by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard. The interaction between a leader’s behaviour and the situational factors, ability and willingness, of the members are em-phasized.</p><p>The purpose of this study is to study project management from a situ-ational leadership perspective, using the Situational Leadership Model.</p><p>The empirical research was conducted through interviews made with representatives from four different companies located in or just outside the city of Jönköping. The representatives included one project leader from each company as well as one or two project members.</p><p>The study showed that the Situational Leadership Model was able to predict the appropriate leadership behavior to adopt. Even though it was able to predict the appropriate behavior, it was not adopted in all projects. Two of the five project members were confronted with a faulty leadership behavior.</p>

The value of heads of department in the management of their departments and the school is currently not fully utilised or taken into consideration by the different role players in education. In many cases the appointment as head of departments is rather experienced as just another level in the educator's career to become a principle. The specific responsibilities and roles, coupled to this post, are not fully realised. The effectiveness of heads of departments as appointed managers in the school can only by determined through the degree in which they can provide guidance. The training of managers is traditionally placed in the forefront, but in changing times and progress rather endeavours to find a leader who can activate, motivate and effectively communicate. The objective of this research is to determine which roles in education are fulfilled by heads of department as leaders, and to what degree there is a need to develop the leadership skills of heads of department. To achieve the objective of the research, it was necessary to firstly determine what leadership roles, functions and skills are expected of heads of department in secondary schools and why leadership development for heads of department is important. A literature study on the determinants of leadership in general and applicable to the head of department was then done. Focus was also placed on the models used to determine leadership training of heads of department. After a questionnaire was distributed to representative secondary schools in the Potchefstroom and Klerksdorp districts and responses statistically analysed, was it possible to draw a number of correlations and make recommendations. iii The general impression created by the results was that heads of department do have a need for the development of their leadership skills. The cause of this is in all probability the dynamic nature of the education environment in South Africa and the lack of effective leadership in the management of change. The deduction can justly be made that it is essential that formal attention by paid to now and in the future. The training of teachers must without a doubt deal with elements of leadership. When the preceding requirements are met and when the Department of Education continuously present empowerment workshops on this subject, it will definitely lead to more effective and heads of department. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The value of heads of department in the management of their departments and the school is currently not fully utilised or taken into consideration by the different role players in education. In many cases the appointment as head of departments is rather experienced as just another level in the educator's career to become a principle. The specific responsibilities and roles, coupled to this post, are not fully realised. The effectiveness of heads of departments as appointed managers in the school can only by determined through the degree in which they can provide guidance. The training of managers is traditionally placed in the forefront, but in changing times and progress rather endeavours to find a leader who can activate, motivate and effectively communicate. The objective of this research is to determine which roles in education are fulfilled by heads of department as leaders, and to what degree there is a need to develop the leadership skills of heads of department. To achieve the objective of the research, it was necessary to firstly determine what leadership roles, functions and skills are expected of heads of department in secondary schools and why leadership development for heads of department is important. A literature study on the determinants of leadership in general and applicable to the head of department was then done. Focus was also placed on the models used to determine leadership training of heads of department. After a questionnaire was distributed to representative secondary schools in the Potchefstroom and Klerksdorp districts and responses statistically analysed, was it possible to draw a number of correlations and make recommendations. iii The general impression created by the results was that heads of department do have a need for the development of their leadership skills. The cause of this is in all probability the dynamic nature of the education environment in South Africa and the lack of effective leadership in the management of change. The deduction can justly be made that it is essential that formal attention by paid to now and in the future. The training of teachers must without a doubt deal with elements of leadership. When the preceding requirements are met and when the Department of Education continuously present empowerment workshops on this subject, it will definitely lead to more effective and heads of department. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The author has studied Lean and Transformative leadership in the real estate industry. The purpose of this study is to seek a connection between the company's own will to lean and transformative leadership within the organization. The various ranks within the organization that have been studied are employees, firstline managers and the management team. The theoretical frame of reference is based on previous research in the subjects Lean and Transformative Leadership. The method for this study is a case study where and triangulation of data has taken place. Results give indications that it would be favorable from the organization's perspective to adapt to Lean and atransformative leadership. The study contributes to an understanding of how a company in the housing industry can reason within the organization regarding Lean and Leadership, and what the benefits of a Lean approach can be. / Författaren har studerat Lean och Transformativt ledarskap i fastighetsbranschen. Syftet med denna studie är att söka samband mellan företagets egna vilja till lea noch transformativt ledarskap inom organisationen. De olika leden inom organisationen som har studerats är medarbetare, chefer och ledningen. Den teoretiska referensramen utgår från tidigare forskning inom ämnena Lean och Transformativt ledarskap. Metoden för denna studie är en fallstudie där och trianguleringen av data har skett. Resultat ger indikationer att det skulle vara gynnsamt ut organisationens perspektiv att anpassa sig till Lean och ett transformativt ledarskap. Studien bidrar till en förståelse för hur ett företag i bostadsbranschen kan resonera inom organisationen avseende Lean och Ledarskap, och vad fördelarna med ett Lean arbetssätt kan vara.

Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka och bidra med kunskap om ledarskapets påverkan på personalomsättning i fastighetsmäklarföretag samt att besvara forskningsfrågan -Vilka ledarskapsstilar ledare med låg personalomsättning inom fastighetsmäklarbranschen tillämpar. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ metod med en abduktiv ansats och tillämpar semistrukturerade intervjuer för att samla in data. Urvalsgruppen består av tio ledare med låg personalomsättning i den svenska fastighetsmäklarbranschen. Studiens empiri organiseras och analyseras tematiskt utifrån en teoretisk referensram, Full range leadership model, som innehåller tre olika ledarskapsstilar Laissez-faire ledarskap, transaktionellt ledarskap samt transformativt ledarskap.   Resultat och slutsats: Studiens respondenter har genom sina intervjusvar förmedlat en nyanserad bild av ledarskapets roll i fastighetsmäklarbranschen samt ledarskapets påverkan på personalomsättning. Studien har kommit fram till att ledare med låg personalomsättning i fastighetsmäklarbranschen arbetar aktivt med att skapa motivation hos sina medarbetare. För att lyckas med detta tillämpar ledarna samtliga tre ledarskapsstilar i Full range leadership model på ett individanpassat sätt. Ledaren manövrerar mellan ledarskapsstilarna beroende på vem medarbetaren är samt om denne är nyanställd, under-, normal-, eller överpresterande.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar primärt med teoretisk och praktisk kunskap om hur ledare i fastighetsmäklarbranschen med låg personalomsättning arbetar. Sekundärt bidrar studien med kunskap om samt utvecklingsförslag till full range leadership model.  Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Undersöka trender av personlighetsdrag hos framgångsrika ledare i fastighetsmäklarbranschen. Undersöka medarbetarnas och fastighetsmäklarföretagens huvudkontors perspektiv på ledarskap och personalomsättning i fastighetsmäklarbranschen. Undersöka hur rekrytering och selektering av ledare går till i fastighetsmäklarbranschen.   Nyckelord: Ledarskap, ledarskapsstilar, Full range leadership model, personalomsättning, fastighetsmäklarbranschen. / Aim: This thesis aims to contribute with knowledge about leadership impact on staff turnover in realtor companies. The research question is what type of leadership styles do leaders, who are successful in working with staff turnover, apply within Swedish realtor companies.  Method: This thesis applies a qualitative method with an abductive approach and semi structured interviews as its primary methodology for collecting data. The selection group of the thesis consists of ten leaders from realtor companies who are successful in their staff turnover. The empirical data was thematically organized and analyzed based on the theoretical framework, full range leadership model, which contains the three leadership styles Laissez-faire leadership, transactional leadership and transformational leadership.  Results and conclusions: The selection group has provided a nuanced image of leadership in Swedish realtor companies and leadership impact on staff turnover. This thesis shows that leaders with low staff turnover in the Swedish realatorbussines are working actively with creating motivation for their staff. The way they achieve this is by applying all three of the leadership styles in the full range leadership model in a for the staff individually tailored way. The leaders are maneuvering in between the leadership styles based on who they are leading and if they are recently hired, under-, normal- or overachievers.     Contribution of the thesis: This thesis primarily contributes with theoretical and practical knowledge about how leaders, with low staff turnover, apply leadership in Swedish realtor companies. Secondarily the thesis contributes with knowledge about and suggestions for development of the full range leadership model.  Suggestions for future research: Examine personality traits of successful leaders within realtor companies. Examine staff and or main office perspectives on leadership in realtor companies. Examine how leaders are recruited and selected within realtor companies.    Key words: Leadership, leadership styles, full range leadership model, staff turnover, realtor companies.

Ledarskap har visat sig ha en stark anknytning till motivation och arbetsengagemang, vilket i sin tur påverkar den organisatoriska prestationen positivt och leder till mer konkurrenskraftiga företag. Det övergripande syftet med den här studien var att få en bredare förståelse för hur ledarskapet kan påverka medarbetares arbetsengagemang inom försäkringsbranschen. Studien utgår ifrån Full Range Leadership Model (FRLM) som består utav tre olika ledarskapsstilar, Laissez-faire ledarskap, transaktionellt ledarskap och transformativt ledarskap. I studien har det transformativa ledarskapet analyserats då det i tidigare forskning visat sig ha ett starkt samband med arbetsengagemang. Det har undersökts med hjälp av en kvalitativ intervjustudie där fem djupintervjuer har genomförts via telefon. Respondenterna är anställda vid ett stort svenskt försäkringsbolag och har svarat på frågor kopplat till deras närmaste chef. I helhet visar studiens resultat på ett samband mellan det transformativa ledaregenskaper och arbetsengagemang vilket konfirmerar tidigare forskning. Respondenterna uppfattade mjuka värden som att vara glad, ödmjuk, ha positiv energi och förmågan att vara personlig som egenskaper hos gruppchefen de anser sig behöva för att motiveras i arbetet. De beskriver även att stöd, beröm, förtroende och bli behandlad likvärdigt andra medarbetare är attribut som driver arbetsengagemang. Studien är inriktad på ett försäkringsbolag i försäkringsbranschen och är därför inte en beskrivning av branschen i helhet, utan är taget ur en mindre kontext. Studien bidrar till en ökad förståelse för ledarskapets påverkan på arbetsengagemang i en branschspecifik kontext, i det här fallet försäkringsbranschen. Resultatet kan hjälpa chefer att identifiera vilka ledaregenskaper som av anställda anses mest gynnsamma för ökat arbetsengagemang, i en kontext där yttre belöningar inte är övervägande.

Ökad digitalisering samt påverkan från covid-19 pandemin har bidragit till en ökning av hybrida arbetsplatser och flexibilitet i arbetet. Hybridarbetets påverkan på de anställdas motivation och chefers ledarskap är därmed någonting nytt och relativt outforskat. Studien använder sig av kvalitativ forskningsansats för att erhålla chefers subjektiva upplevelser hur de motiverar sina anställda i en hybrid arbetsmiljö. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer samlades empiri från fyra chefer för att generera en djupare förståelse för hur de motiverar sina anställda i en hybrid arbetsplats, samt vad de största utmaningarna och möjligheterna är. Studien genomfördes via en riktad innehållsanalys som analysmetod. Den genererade datan från intervjuerna tolkas tillsammans med teorierna Full Range Leadership Model och Självbestämmandeteorin. Studiens resultat visar på att hybridarbetet bidrar till en ökad motivation hos de anställda, men också utmaningar kring chefernas sätt att motivera sina anställda. Motivationen ökar genom att flera typer av motivation bemöts och anställda får större möjligheter att tillgodose inre behov i och med flexibiliteten samt yttre behov i form av verbala och materiella belöningar. Utmaningarna består i att bemöta alla individuella behoven, bibehålla företagskulturen samt flexibiliteten och därmed tilliten och kontrollen av de anställda. Vidare visar resultaten att dagliga möten, medarbetarsamtal, belöningar, målsättningar, kravställan, stöttning och främjande av traditionellt arbete är arbetssätten respondenterna använder sig av för att motivera och bemöta utmaningarna. Att sätta tydliga regler, transparenta förväntningar och upprätthålla högkvalitativ kommunikation innebär därmed ökad motivation.

Cette thèse s’appuie sur le cadre théorique du « leadership spiritual » , le Spiritual Leadership Theory (SLT). En s’appuyant sur le SLT nous explorons trois perspectives différentes: laique, religieux et eco-humaniste. Pour le faire, nous mobilisons un modèle de Leadership Spirituel : le Spiritual Leadership Model (SLM). La thèse comporte trois études. La première étude a pour objectif de transposer le modèle SLM à un contexte particulier: l’Islam. La deuxième étude, empirique, étudie le cas d’une entreprise d’Arabie Saoudite. Au travers du modèle théorique développé dans la première étude : l’ ILM. La troisième étude, empirique, explore la présence de spiritualité dans une organisation française exerçant son activité principale dans le commerce équitable. / The purpose of this dissertation is to link spiritual leadership in three diverse organizational environments-secular, religious (Islam) and eco-humanist (Fair Trade)- through a specific model of spiritual leadership, the Spiritual Leadership Model (SLM).The task is undertaken through three studies. Study 1 proposes a theoretical transposition of the SLM into Islam. The result of this transposition is the creation of an Islamic leadership model, the Islamic Leadership Model (ILM). Study 2 is a qualitative theory testing case study. It tests the ILM in an Islamic organization in Saudi Arabia. Study 3 is a qualitative theory building case study. First, it argues that spirituality can help Fair Trade to avoid dilution of its message and business. Second, this theoretical proposition is explored in a french coffee Fair Trade organization.