Multiple customer needs and rapid technological change are what MNCs are confronted with, thus, they rely on subsidiaries responding to local market needs. The ability of subsidiaries to integrate resources to respond to market opportunities determines its competitiveness, and contributes to whole corporate. The purpose of this dissertation is to construct an integrative framework toward generating subsidiary initiatives and competitiveness. Structural equation modeling was employed to verify the conceptual framework. Based on the results of SEM, entrepreneurial leadership of top management teams enhances the talent on the process of human-capital leveraging to facilitate them to be creative and agile; further, promote collective learning among members. Additionally, with the support of top management teams, learning culture of subsidiaries can be strengthened. Support of top management team, human-capital leveraging and learning culture, improve the absorptive capacity, further, they promote subsidiary initiatives and competitiveness.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Education in the Department Educational Planning & Administration at the University of Zululand, 2017 / This investigation studied the challenges faced by the School Management Teams in promoting quality teaching and learning. The outcry of unsatisfied and demotivated educators and the poor academic performance of learners that is experienced as a result of challenges faced by SMTs in their daily function of school management, administration and leadership prompted me to conduct this investigation. Most South African schools, particularly the state schools perform poorly. It is believed that this study will alert the stakeholders in the education fraternity about challenges encountered and contributions each stakeholder has to make to help remedy the situation. The interpretive paradigm was used and the research design was qualitative. I generated data by means of literature reviewed and empirical research. The multi-case or multiple collective case study method was used for data collection. Data gathering techniques used were the semi-structured interviews for both individuals (school principals) and Focus Groups (all other SMTs excluding the principal), observation, documents and artefacts. Three data gathering techniques were used in order to ascertain credibility and trustworthiness of the results. The tools used were the Interview Schedule, Observation Checklist, Field Notes Pads, and the Voice Recorder. The research covers areas which include problems encountered by SMTs that result in poor academic performance, the role of the SMTs in promoting quality teaching and learning, and measures to employ in solving problems encountered. The findings indicated that some practices and policies of the department of education, uncommitted employees and the lack of full involvement of stakeholders, particularly parents and learners, affect academic results. Urban, township and rural schools are all challenged, but the complexity of problems encountered varied, as did the performance standard. Recommendations made include reviewing departmental policies and practices, giving incentives to hardworking employees, and the need for stakeholders to join hands in supporting teaching and learning in South Africa.

Background Being able to learn from mistakes is a vital aspect of nurse’s professionalism and increasing patient safety. With Crew Resource Management methodologies, aviation and other High Risk Organisations have succeeded in enabling learning cultures that should be applicable also to healthcare. Purpose The purpose was to describe how Crew Resource Management and the inherent learning culture could improve nurse’s professionalism and patient safety within the healthcare system.  Method A literature overview based on database searches in CINAHL, PubMed and a manual search, resulting in 25 scientific articles analysed using an integrated analysis method and quality review.  Results Crew Resource Management implementations have a positive effect on the nurse’s professional role and patient safety but have still not reached the full potential. Incident reporting is a key factor in providing feedback but still encounters barriers as a basis for pre-emptive learning. Identified barriers are not using Crew Resource Management components as a whole, a lack of feedback and an insufficient learning culture. Feedback is connected to nurse’s perception and situational awareness strengthening morale and professionalism. Conclusion Nurses professionalism and patient safety is dependent on being able to learn from mistakes which is a key aspect of Crew Resource Management. Learning is enabled by the reporting of mistakes in incident reporting systems without the fear of being punished. Improvements to both systems and the reporting culture are seen as needed, as-well as changes to the education system promoting reporting as part of an overall safety and learning culture.

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本研究之目的主要為探討國民小學學校學習文化與教師專業承諾二者之間的關係，主要採用文獻分析法與問卷調查法等研究方法。在問卷調查方面，以臺北市24所公立國民小學211位教師與台北縣34所公立國民小學291位教師共計502位為調查對象，問卷回收後以描述統計分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、積差相關分析、多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法進行資料分析。本研究期能透過上述的設計，了解國民小學學校學習文化與教師專業承諾二者關係的具體看法與建議。 本研究之結論歸納如下： 一、國民小學學習文化與教師專業承諾之內涵可分為六大向度 二、國民小學學校學習文化的現況尚佳，其中以「有利學習的核心價值」、「推動學習的知識分享」與「方便學習的結構管道」三向度得分最高，最低則為「鼓勵學習的合作社群」 三、國民小學學校教師專業承諾的現況佳，其中以「專業倫理」向度得分最高，最低則為「留業傾向」 四、在背景變項中，性別為男性、年齡較高、服務年資較長、現任職務為校長或主任、學校規模為12班以下及學校歷史介於21∼30年者其在知覺學校學習文化得分上顯著優於其他組別之教師 五、在背景變項中，最高學歷為研究所、年齡較長、服務年資較長、現任職務為校長或主任、學校歷史介於21∼30年者其在教師專業承諾得分上顯著優於其他組別之教師 六、教師知覺學校不同程度之學習文化在教師服專業承諾上有顯著差 異 七、學校學習文化與教師專業承諾兩者之間具有正向的關連 八、學校學習文化對教師專業承諾具有預測力 本研究依據結論，於教育行政機關、學校行政經營、教師本身以及未來研究，提出以下具體建議： 一、對教育行政機關的建議 （一）建議教育行政機關定期舉辦營造學校學習文化相關知能研習活動，增進國民小學行政經營與教師本身對學習文化的瞭解與實際執行。 （二）建議教育行政機關加強對教師學習的相關評鑑，鼓勵學校營造利於教師學習的環境，促進教師主動學習。 （三）建議教育行政機關鼓勵教師進修，以提升教師的學習態度、方法與整體教育專業承諾。 （四）建議教育行政機關適度調整學校的班級規模，以提昇學校的學習文化。 二、對國民小學行政經營的建議 （一）在學校制度上，建議國民小學行政單位能有效建立與提供方便教師學習的結構管道。 （二）在行政運作上，建議國民小學行政單位能採取以教師學習為中心的經營模式。 （三）在團隊事務上，建議國民小學行政單位能鼓勵學校教師組成緊密的合作社群。 三、對國民小學教師的建議 （一）建議教師本身應隨時省思教學，以促進知識的內化。 （二）建議教師本身應建立良好的同儕關係，以促進彼此的合作分享。 （三）建議教師本身應與學校成員建立良好的溝通對談，以促進彼此的瞭解與學習。 四、對未來研究的建議 （一）研究架構方面：除本研究所探討的學校學習文化外，亦可探討其他的前因變項，如校長領導、校務參與、環境知覺等對教師專業承諾的影響；或探討後果變項與教師專業承諾的關係，如教師專業承諾對教學效能與學校效能等的關係影響。 （二）研究對象方面：除台北縣市公立國小外，可再將研究對象擴大至私立國小與其他縣市之國小。 （三）研究方法方面：除量化的問卷調查外，亦可以質化之深度訪談、觀察與個案研究進行調查。 / The purpose of this study was to inquire the relationship between school learning culture and teacher professional commitment in elementary schools. The study methods were adopted literature review and questionnaire. In questionnaire aspect, the subjects included 502 elementary school teachers in Taipei City and Taipei County. The collected data were analyzed through the methods of descriptive statistic, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s product-moment correlation, and multiple stepwise regression analysis. It is hoping that through this design to collect and understand the relationship between school learning culture and teacher professional commitment as well as real life phenomenon of the researched subject. Conclusions were made as followings: 1. School learning culture is above average. The best dimension is the structure and system of promoting teacher learning. 2. Teacher professional commitment is above average. The best dimension is the professional moral. 3. Teachers among diverse background variables take a different view on school learning culture, except the highest academic background and school location. 4. Teachers among diverse background variables take a different view on teacher professional commitment, except the sex, school location and school history. 5. Teachers who get higher scores on school learning culture would get higher scores on teacher professional commitment, too. 6. There is positive correlation existed between the learning culture and teacher professional commitment. 7. Among all dimensions of school learning culture, the highest prediction to total teacher professional commitment is the structure and system of promoting teacher learning. In the last part, the researcher, based on the findings, proposes some suggestions for the education authorities, school administration, and teachers, hoping to benefit the development of school learning culture and promote school effectiveness in the future.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe the process of learning to perform plain x-ray examinations, and to interpret the learning culture during radiography students’ studies. The aim was to understand how the students learned. Learning was understood as being collaborative and was examined from the perspective of interpretive ethnography. The data were collected during 2004‒2007 from documents, interviews and by observing 17 radiography students as they studied the theory of plain x-ray examinations, performed lab exercises and completed their practical training. The data were analysed using the constant comparison method. A model of the process of learning to perform plain x-ray examinations was created from the results. Based on the results, different learning views prevailed in the contexts of learning how to perform plain x-ray examinations. These governed the formation of five different learning styles, where the link between theory and practice gained different meanings and the learning outcomes varied. In academic studies, learning took place through acquisition of basic professional knowledge. In lab exercises, the students learned by model-based experimentation. In practical training, learning took the form of progress towards expertise through collaboration, active solo work, and working in the background, following instructions. The styles and outcomes of learning were both supported and impeded by factors dependent on the learning contexts and the students. The process of learning to perform plain x-ray examinations was governed by a learning culture that required the ability to interpret and adapt to the learning contexts. Students needed to identify the learning views that prevailed in the learning contexts and adjust their learning style accordingly. It can be concluded that the learning culture provided a varying degree of support to the students' progress towards expertise as they learned to perform plain x-ray examinations. The study produced new information on the learning of health care students from the socio-cultural viewpoint. The results can be exploited when developing the curriculum and the collaboration between Universities of Applied Sciences and trainee job providers towards cooperative learning. Future studies should focus on the learning culture of professional radiographers to develop the education and the field. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata natiivitutkimusten oppimista ja tulkita oppimisen oppimiskulttuuria röntgenhoitajaopiskelijoiden opinnoissa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli ymmärtää opiskelijoiden oppimista. Oppiminen ymmärrettiin yhteisölliseksi ja sitä tutkittiin tulkinnallisen etnografian avulla. Tutkimusaineisto tuotettiin vuosien 2004–2007 aikana 17 röntgenhoitajaopiskelijan natiivitutkimusten teoriaopintojen, laboraatioharjoittelun ja harjoittelun havainnoinnista, kirjallisista dokumenteista ja haastatteluista. Aineisto analysoitiin jatkuvan vertailun menetelmällä. Tuloksista muodostettiin malli natiivitutkimusten oppimisesta. Tulosten mukaan natiivitutkimusten oppimisen oppimiskonteksteissa vallitsivat erilaiset oppimisnäkemykset. Nämä ohjasivat viiden erilaisen oppimistavan muodostumiseen, joissa teorian ja käytännön välinen yhteys sai erilaisia merkityksiä ja oppimisen tulokset vaihtelivat. Teoriaopinnoissa oppiminen tapahtui ammatillista tietoperustaa omaksuen. Laboraatioharjoittelussa oppiminen eteni oppimisena mallin mukaan kokeillen. Harjoittelussa oppiminen ilmeni oppimisena kohti asiantuntijuutta yhdessä toimien, aktiivisuutta osoittaen yksin toimien ja ohjeita noudattaen taustalla toimien. Oppimistapoja ja oppimisen lopputuloksia tukivat ja estivät oppimiskonteksteista ja opiskelijoista johtuvat tekijät. Natiivitutkimusten oppimista ohjasi oppimiskontekstin tulkintakykyä ja siihen mukautumista edellyttävä oppimiskulttuuri. Opiskelijan oli tunnistettava oppimiskontekstien oppimisnäkemykset ja muokattava oppiminen niiden mukaiseksi. Tulosten mukaan johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että oppimiskulttuuri tuki vaihtelevasti opiskelijan asiantuntijuuteen kasvua natiivitutkimuksia opiskeltaessa. Tutkimus tuotti uutta tietoa terveysalan opinnoissa oppimisesta sosiokulttuurisesta näkökulmasta. Tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää opetussuunnitelman sekä ammattikorkeakoulun ja harjoittelupaikkojen välisen yhteistyön kehittämisessä kohti yhteistoiminnallista oppimista. Jatkossa on syytä tutkia työssä olevien röntgenhoitajien oppimiskulttuuria koulutuksen ja alan kehittämiseksi.

The purpose of the study was to determine administrators’ self-assessed perceived knowledge, importance, and perceptions of the International Society for Technology in Education Standards for Administrators (ISTE Standards-A) and the Virginia Technology Standards for Instructional Personnel (VTSIP). A survey instrument based on the ISTE Standards-A and the VTSIP was used in the study. 43 administrators in Virginia participated in the study. The participants were members of the Virginia Association of Elementary or Secondary School Principals. The study found that administrators perceived their knowledge of the ISTE Standards-A as good and their knowledge of the VTSIP as excellent. Administrators strongly agreed that both the ISTE Standards-A and the VTSIP were important in their practice. Additionally, their perceptions of both the ISTE Standards-A and the VTSIP were excellent. There were no statistically significant differences found between the perception of the standards and most of the demographic variables. However, there was a statistically significant difference found between male and female perceptions of the VTSIP. Also, there was a statistically significant difference found between administrators’ perceptions of the ISTE Standards-A and perceptions of the VTSIP. The study provided quantitative data on administrators’ perceived knowledge, importance and perceptions of practicing the ISTE Standards-A and the VTSIP. The findings of this study provide valuable information for administrators as they investigate their technology leadership and note areas of improvement, and for the Virginia Department of Education, local education agencies and universities. It is recommended that future research look qualitatively at administrator perceptions of the standards and why males and females differ in their perception of the standards. Further research is also recommended using a larger sample in the state or nationwide, and conducting more research to look into administrative leadership preparation programs, administrators’ perceptions of practice, program alignment or administrator implementation of the ISTE Standards-A and the VTSIP.

Background: Automation deployment is an innovative solution for organisations andbusinesses to improve efficiency and increase value. This study examines the impact ofleadership, learning culture and willingness to automation deployment and, therefore,organisational performance. Two types of leadership styles, participative and autocratic, havebeen selected to analyse their impact on the promotion and deployment of innovative solutionslike automation. The method to measure the success of the organisational performance wasbased on internal improvements of the team's efficiency and productivity using automated tools.An explanatory study was conducted using a questionnaire shared with 242 professionals in theICT industry in Europe to verify our hypotheses. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate whether leadership, learning cultureand employees’ willingness to change affect the automation deployment and how the latterimpacts the organisational performance. Methodology: A quantitative case study based on an online questionnaire using Google formshas been formed to collect data for analysis. Two multivariate regression models have beendeveloped to evaluate the 77 responses collected from the participants with familiarity andexposure to the automation technology. Results & Conclusions: The results align with the existing literature in the fields of innovation,organisational culture, and performance. More specifically, we discovered that the autocraticstyle negatively affects the automation deployment (B=-2.89, p=0.008), while learning culture(B=0.38, p=0.001,) and willingness to change (B=0.8, p=0,) could be considered as enablerssince both found with positive coefficients. Moreover, the automation deployment has beenidentified as a significant variable that affects organisational performance (B=1, p=0).Additionally, the findings from both models are underpinned by the existing literature provingtheir validity. Recommendations for future research: Future work could be focused on including otherleadership styles, such as transformational or entrepreneurial, to examine the impact onautomation deployment and organisational performance. Additionally, the performance couldbe evaluated based on the final service or product of the company, considering customers'feedback or financial terms. Last but not least, expanding the research to other organisationsthat are considering or have already deployed automation would shed more light on the effectto the organisational performance.