Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:30:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 hernandez_eav_me_fran.pdf: 877088 bytes, checksum: fc49d7f229fdc2b52cb808cfff0da49b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Direito é uma ciência em constante evolução e adaptação aos anseios sociais em determinado local em certo momento histórico, por isso podemos dizer que estamos falando de uma ciência em construção. Nesse sentido, o Direito não se encontra pronto e acabado, especialmente em países de tradição legiferante como o Brasil, mas se faz renovado a cada dia, com a implementação de novas normas nos mais variados assuntos. No presente trabalho veremos um estudo das recentes alterações legislativas ocorridas no Direito Processual Civil e seus principais reflexos no Direito Processual do Trabalho, através da análise crítica das Leis n.º 10.352/01, n.º 10.358/01, n.º 10.444/02, n.º 11.187/05, n.º 11.232/05, n.º 11.276/06, n.º 11.277/06, n.º 11.280/06 e n.º 11.382/06. No primeiro capítulo, deste estudo, tem-se uma abordagem sobre os princípios e fontes do direito do trabalho como premissas hermenêuticas a nortear e fundamentar os demais capítulos da pesquisa. Na seqüência, encontra-se um capítulo que trata do ordenamento jurídico de maneira genérica, sua autonomia, a noção de sistema e a relação existente entre as disciplinas estudadas; de forma especifica verifica-se a abordagem de questões hermenêuticas, para fundamentação e aplicação das normas do processo civil ao processo do trabalho. Superados as questões propedêuticas dos primeiros capítulos, passa-se a explorar especificamente as alterações efetuadas no Direito Processual Civil, procurando de forma prática e conclusiva demonstrar sua co-relação e eventual utilização no Direito Processual do Trabalho. O estudo nesse capítulo é complementado com referências jurisprudenciais a fim de confrontar o entendimento empossado com a tendência do judiciário ao decidir o caso concreto. O desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa, não procura atender a um único objetivo, mas de maneira geral... / The Law is a science in a constant evolution and adaptation to the social cravings in a certain place and in a certain historic moment, because of that we can say we are talking about a science under construction. With that meaning, the Law is not ready and done, especially in countries of legislative tradition like Brazil, but it is renewed at every single day with implementation of new norms about the most varied subjects. This paper shows a study of the recent legislative alterations occurred in the Civil Procedural Law and its main reflexes in the Work Procedure Law through the critical analysis of the Laws nº 10.352/01, nº 10.358/01, nº 10.444/02, nº 11.187/05, nº 11.232/05, nº 11.276/06, nº 11.277/06, nº 11.280/06 and nº 11.382/06. In the study performed in the first chapter, there is an approach about the principles and sources of the labor law as hermeneutic premises to lead and ground the other chapters of the research. In the sequence, there is a chapter about the legal system in a generic way, its autonomy, the notion of system and the relation found in the studied disciplines; in a specific way, an approach of hermeneutic matters is checked to foundation and implementation of the norms of the civil procedure to the labor procedure. Solved the propaedeutic matters of the first chapters, an exploration, specifically in the alterations performed in the Civil Procedural Law, starts to be done; trying to show, in a practical and conclusive way, its correlation and possible use in the Work Procedural Law. The study in this chapter is concluded with jurisprudential references in order to confront the understanding installed with the tendency of the judiciary when deciding the concrete case. The development of the present research does not try to serve an only objective, but in a general way, to show the complexity and the incompleteness of the legal system, in a way... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

By which rules and principles does our sources oflaw system work? What is the relevance of our Constitution and of the Constitutional Court in thematter?In this article, the renowned constitutionalist falls in on these topics with a detailed work, but he also traces a path through our legal system, describing the norms it consists of according to their hierarchyin “the pyramid”. / ¿Por qué reglas y principios se rige nuestro sistema de fuentes de Derecho? ¿Cuál es la importancia denuestra Constitución y del Tribunal Constitucionalal respecto?En el presente artículo, el renombrado constitucionalista incide sobre estas cuestiones con una detallada exposición, así como también hace un recorrido a través de nuestro sistema jurídico, describiendo las normas que lo componen de acuerdo a su jerarquía en “la pirámide”.

Este trabalho versa sobre a atividade de controle exercida pelo Ministério Público sobre a Administração Pública no âmbito extrajudicial. A vinculação do Poder Público ao próprio direito é o pressuposto básico da função de controle, a qual teve seu nascedouro exatamente na implantação do princípio da legalidade. O estudo aborda também o dinamismo do direito e das concepções jurídico-filosóficas, mencionando as modificações ocorridas no paradigma da legalidade nas últimas décadas, especialmente pelas tendências de constitucionalização do direito e de valorização do intérprete. Em seguida, discorre-se sobre o Ministério Público Brasileiro, com análise de suas finalidades constitucionais, de sua legitimidade democrática e processual e da disciplina básica de sua atuação. Menciona-se cada um dos instrumentos de atuação extrajudicial, tratando-se de sua caracterização infraconstitucional. Passa-se, então, à reflexão e identificação de um regramento próprio da atuação extrajudicial do Ministério Público, em especial no que se refere ao âmbito do controle que o órgão exerce sobre a Administração Pública. Sob esse enfoque, discutem-se questões atinentes ao regime jurídico de tal atividade, tais como a proatividade do membro do Ministério Público, a flexibilidade das medidas e soluções propostas pela instituição, a incidência dos postulados gerais do direito na atividade extrajudicial do Ministério Público. Avalia-se também a questão relativa aos efeitos jurídicos da atuação extrajudicial do Ministério Público no exercício de controle sobre a Administração Pública, cuidando-se de temas como a consensualidade necessária à vinculação da Administração Pública às propostas do Parquet e a revisibilidade judicial das interpretações e soluções propostas. Trata-se, ainda, de aspectos intimamente relacionados ao tema central do trabalho, tais como a responsabilidade política que recai sobre o Ministério Público, em face de seu status constitucional, a necessidade de se garantir adequadas estruturação dos órgãos e formação dos membros do Ministério Público, com vistas à sua mínima preparação para o enfrentamento de temas multidisciplinares. O trabalho busca estabelecer o básico regramento da atividade extrajudicial do Parquet, em especial no seu relacionamento com a função de controle da Administração Pública que a instituição exerce por força das disposições constitucionais pertinentes. / This work is about the control activity carried out by the Public Prosecution of the Public Administration in the extrajudicial context. According to the text, what links the Government to the right itself is the basic assumption of the control function, which just had its origin in the implementation of the principle of legality. The study also addresses the dynamics of law and legal-philosophical concepts, mentioning the changes in the paradigm of legality in recent decades, especially by trends in the constitutionalization of rights and enhancing the interpreter. Then it discusses the Public Prosecution, with analysis of its constitutional purposes, its democratic and legal standing and the basic discipline of its performance. It mentions each of the instruments of extrajudicial action, in the case of its infraconstitutional characterization. Then goes on to the reflection and identification of its own rules of the extrajudicial actions of Public Prosecution, in particular as regards the scope of the control that the body carries on the Public Administration. Under this approach, we discuss matters pertaining to the legal system of such activity, such as proactive member of the Public Prosecution, the flexibility of the measures and proposed solutions by the institution, the effect that the law general postulates on extrajudicial activity of the Public Prosecution. It also discusses the matter as to the legal effects of court actions of the Public Prosecution in the exercise of control over the Public Administration, with consideration given to issues such as consensual required for binding the Public Administration to the Parquet proposals and judicial revisibility of the interpretations and proposed solutions. It also discusses about aspects that are closely related to the main topic of this work, such as the political responsibility that lies with the Public Prosecution, in view of its constitutional status, the need to ensure adequate structuring of organs and training of prosecutors, with a view to its minimal preparation for dealing with multidisciplinary issues. This work seeks to establish the basic rules of the extrajudicial Parquet activity, especially in its relationship with the controlling function of the Public Administration that the institution carries under the relevant constitutional provisions.

Nachdem 2004 bereits unter dem Obertitel „Institut und Prinzip“ eine über eintausend Seiten starke Auswahl der Schriften von Okko Behrends zum römischen Privatrecht erschienen ist, folgt nun anlässlich des 75. Geburtstages des Göttinger Emeritus für Römisches Recht, Bürgerliches Recht und Neuere Privatrechtsgeschichte eine Auswahl seiner Aufsätze zur römischen Verfassung. Insgesamt neun Aufsätze, mit teils fast monographischer Länge, erwarten den Leser, der sicher nicht immer alles sofort nachvollziehen, aber vielfach angeregt und durch die Lektüre stets bereichert wird.

1 Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland Abstract The aim of this thesis is to outline the position of the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland in the Swiss legal system and to discuss whether an extension of the judicial review on federal statutes should de lege ferenda take place. The first chapter serves as a brief description of the formation of Switzerland as well as of the Federal Supreme Court itself. The second chapter deals with the position of the Federal Supreme Court in the Swiss legal system along with its internal organisation. The third chapter is dedicated to the various types of constitutional jurisdiction from a theoretical point of view. The fourth chapter's purpose is to offer an overview of the current legal framework of constitutional jurisdiction in Switzerland. The fifth chapter acts as an evaluation of the various arguments for and against the implementation of judicial review of federal statutes. The Swiss legal system is generally very well known for its uniqueness and emphasis on the principle of sovereignty of the people. Although it is often used as an example of a well functioning democracy, there are parts of it that can be subject to critical dispute. Key words: Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, swiss legal system, judicial review

Cette thèse porte sur le rôle des avocats d’intérêt public dans les procès que les paysans intentent pour défendre leur droit au logement en Chine. Concernant les avocats d’intérêt public en Chine, deux figures sont valorisées dans cette thèse : l’avocat gouvernemental travaillant comme médiateur et l’avocat libéral travaillant comme acteur social. Le premier type d’avocat se compose de deux sous-groupes : les avocats recrutés comme fonctionnaires par le gouvernement local et les avocats libéraux sollicités provisoirement par le gouvernement local dans certaines affaires. Le deuxième type est également divisé en deux groupes : les avocats militants dans les grands cabinets et les avocats des petits cabinets. Dans sa dimension historique (chapitre 1), Cette profession s’inscrit dans la culture confucianiste de l’Empire - même si elle subit aussi l’influence de l’implantation juridique occidentale depuis la fin du XIXe siècle. Le concept occidental d’avocat a été introduit par le régime chinois de la dynastie de Qing de façon « top-down », et ce concept s’est superposé à la tradition du « Songshi ». Ces deux courants composent le fond sur lequel s’est construite la profession d’avocat chinois en se concentrant d’abord dans la région maritime du sud-ouest, surtout dans les grandes villes comme Shanghai et Canton. Dans les régions continentales, l’image de l’avocat reste encore fortement influencée par la tradition du « Songshi ». A partir de l’instauration de la République populaire de Chine, la profession d’avocat a obtenu du régime sa reconnaissance, mais elle a hérité de la tradition locale du « Songshi », et elle a fait partie des gestionnaires du régime (les fonctionnaires), au lieu d’être une profession libérale. Cette recherche met aussi en évidence la spécificité de l’institution judiciaire chinoise (chapitre 2): l’encastrement du système politique dans le système judiciaire conduit à une symbiose ; le passage par le politique est l’unique moyen de résoudre les problèmes ; les questions judiciaires et les problèmes sociaux sont politisés. Au niveau macro, l’organisation des grands corps de l’État est complexe et chaque corps défend son propre intérêt, bien davantage que l’intérêt général. Au niveau micro, tous les acteurs de l’action publique ont envie de devenir acteurs de l’action politique. Les avocats gouvernementaux sont un exemple, mais les avocats libéraux veulent aussi pénétrer dans l’administration de l’État par les activités extérieures de l’institution et du monde judiciaires. Les « cause lawyers » ont des prédispositions politiques (à gauche et à droite), et ils se confrontent au défi de défendre l’intérêt de leurs clients en même temps que de réaliser leur objectif politique. Dans le chapitre 3 et le chapitre 4, il nous montre les logiques d’activité dans différents groupes d’avocat, surtout dans l’affaire de démolition et d’expropriation. L’analyse de l’activité des avocats gouvernementaux qui travaille comme médiateur montre que ceux-ci utilisent la légitimité de la domination de l’État pour faire croire aux paysans que la destruction de leurs logements est une action politique légale. Leur rôle est plutôt celui d’un médiateur ou d’un conseil judiciaire que celui d’un avocat. La recherche porte sur les avocats libéraux s’engageant dans l’action publique comme acteurs. À cause du caractère politique de leurs interventions devant le tribunal, ces avocats perdent souvent leurs procès. Ils organisent des mobilisations à l’extérieur du tribunal comme des actions de ‘lobbying’, en espérant lancer un scandale sur les forums internet de sorte à faire pression sur les groupes d’intérêt. En utilisant internet, ils cherchent à transformer un procès en cause. / My study is about the role of Chinese public interest lawyers in the case of housing demolition of peasants. I want to know if there is a legal profession in China who has some similarity of cause lawyers in America. If there is, considering the reality of Chinese society, what are the same point and the difference between this professional group and the cause lawyers in the liberal democracy? These questions are relatives to the complex relation among the law, the politic, and the social change in chine. To answer these questions, I try to analyse the role of the lawyer in this relation from three dimensions. Firstly, it is necessary to describe the Chinese legal system in which the lawyer shows their characteristics, specially the relation between the law and the politic in China(Chapter 1 and chapter 2). Secondly, on the basis of interviews with the lawyers, observing the activity and the strategy of the lawyer inside and outside of their professional domain, I seek to make a conclusion of the specificity of the Chinese public interest lawyers (chapter 3); Thirdly, I will try to make a comparison with the cause lawyers according to these characteristics of Chinese public interest lawyers(chapter 4). This comparison can answer the question in the beginning of my study and give a good window into the role of Chinese public interest lawyer.

Conscription in the legal system of the Czech Republic The main goal of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive take on a conscription legislation in the Czech legal system. With this in mind the beginning of the thesis includes a definition of conscription as well as the differences between conscripted army and a professional army since both these systems currently are or have been present in Czech armed forces. To better understand the different types of conscription used throughout the history, the thesis also contains a chapter encompassing a basic development of Czech (Czechoslovak) foreign policy and defence strategy since the birth of an independent Czechoslovakia up to this day, focusing its impact on the concrete type of conscription used in the particular period. Then, a comprehensive third chapter about a historical development of different types of providing defence to the area of the contemporary Czech Republic is included. Each subchapter is dedicated to a certain historical period since the early system of princely retinues during the 10th century up till the 21st century and a fully professional army. The main part of the thesis consists of chapters four to seven which describes individual aspects of current conscription legislation such as organization of Czech armed forces,...

Studien har undersökt upplevelsen av att vara anhörig till frihetsberövade samt utforskat anhörigas tillgång till stöd. Vidare har studien undersökt huruvida anhöriga upplever ett krav att bidra till den frihetsberövades återanpassning i samhället. I den tidigare forskningen som presenteras i studien beskrivs det att anhöriga till frihetsberövande kan drabbas av bland annat försämrad ekonomi, stigmatisering och stress. Bland den tidigare forskningen finns det en avsaknad av studier som undersöker detta ämne utifrån en svensk kontext, framförallt rörande vuxna anhöriga. Detta kan indikera på en kunskapslucka inom det svenska forskningsfältet och ämnet kan därför behöva utforskas i syfte att uppmärksamma målgruppens behov. För att genomföra denna studie har en kvalitativ metod tillämpats och fem intervjuer har genomförts som har utgått från en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Utifrån intervjuerna har en tematisk analys utförts i syfte att framföra studiens resultat. Respondenternas svar har tolkats utifrån Foucaults teori om makt, Goffmans beskrivning av stigma och begreppet skam. I resultatet framkommer det bland annat att anhöriga till frihetsberövade upplever skam och krav på att bidra till den frihetsberövades återanpassning i samhället. Anhöriga upplever också att Kriminalvård och Socialtjänst bemöter dem illa vilket har genererat en negativ syn på svenska myndigheter / This study aims to investigate the impact on relatives of incarcerated individuals, as well as the availability of support services for these relatives. Additionally, the study explores whether relatives feel a sense of responsibility to contribute to the reintegration of the incarcerated individual into society. To conduct this research, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with relatives who currently have incarcerated close ones. The findings have been analyzed using shame and stigma, as well as Foucault's theory of power. Results indicate that relatives experience changes in their financial situation, feel pressure to provide support to the incarcerated one to prevent them from relapse, and often face canceled visitations. Moreover, many respondents have expressed negative views towards the justice system due to their ill treatment. Social media serves as a support system for the majority of respondents, although there is also a presence of shame and stigma within the target group in other contexts. The motivation behind studying this topic is because of the lack of research on relatives of incarcerated individuals within the Swedish context. Additionally, there is a hope that by raising this issue, relatives can actively participate in the reintegration process for their incarcerated relatives, resulting in increased well-being for both parts

The object of this thesis is to investigate the application of international law in municipal law, and more specifically to focus on international human rights law. A determination of the sources of international human rights law constitutes the point of departure. Treaties are the primary source of international human rights law, followed by customary law. Recent authority indicates that the formation of customary human rights law differs from that of customary international law in general. There are, however, also international documents on human rights not falling within the scope of the traditional sources as embodied in section 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. Non-binding sources of law, or soft law - most notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - are shown to play an important role in the formation of both treaties and custom and directly influence state practice. Theoretical explanations expounding the application of international law in the domestic law of states are examined, assessing their suitability for effective implementation of international human rights instruments. Since the application of international law in municipal law depends on, and is regulated by rules of domestic law, the relevant rules of legal systems which may, due to historical factors or regional proximity, impact on South Africa, are examined. State practice points to two primary methods of dealing with international law obligations in domestic law, namely transformation (associated with the dualist theory) or direct application (associated with the monist theory). The specific method of incorporation adopted by a state is often closely related to that state's constitutional system. The advantages and disadvantages associated with each particular method are related to the intricacies of individual legal systems. From an internationalist perspective the often misunderstood doctrine of direct application, has the advantage of making the intended protection afforded by human rights treaties to individuals directly enforceable by domestic courts with a minimum of state intervention. The position of international law in South Africa is assessed against this background. South Africa's constitutional history under British rule followed British law requiring legislative transformation of treaty obligations, but permitting customary law to be directly incorporated into common law. The position of international law became constitutionally regulated in South Africa with the introduction of a constitutional democracy. Drafting errors and practical difficulties experienced with the 1993 Constitution, were largely ironed out by the 1996 Constitution. The post-apartheid Constitutions introduced changes and new dimensions compared to the pre-1993 position of international law, including: the consideration of international law when interpreting the constitutionally protected human rights; the involvement of the legislature in the treaty-making process; and provisions for both transformation and direct application of treaties subject to the provisions of the Constitution. Customary international law is confirmed as forming part of South African law, and courts are obliged to interpret legislation in accordance with international law. An analysis of court decisions after 1993 reveals the following broad trends: (i) The impact of international law as part of South African law is still largely overlooked. (ii) The majority of references to international law by the courts are to international human rights agreements and decisions by international tribunals under section 39 of the Bill of Rights. (iii) The distinction between international law and comparable foreign case law, as directed by section 39, is often blurred. (iv) No distinction is made between international hard and soft law when deciding on human rights matters. (v) Courts have refrained from applying international human rights obligations which form part of South African law because they are self-executing or form part of customary international law. (vi) Binding international human rights obligations are only referred to for comparative purposes. (vii) The term "treaty" is interpreted in accordance with the definition of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The intention to create legally binding obligations is therefore implicit. It has been the policy of the post-apartheid South African government to ratify or accede to the major international human rights agreements as swiftly as possible. The execution of this policy has, however, met with numerous problems. As a result, South Africa has to date not become party to the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights. Many treaties to which South Africa is a party have not yet been incorporated into South African law and compulsory reports on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights are overdue. Despite the post-apartheid euphoria about the creation of a human rights culture in South Africa and the formal commitment by government to give effect to international human rights instruments, much remains to be done before South Africa can be regarded as formally complying with international human rights standards. / Law / LL. D. (Law)

This thesis discusses the interaction between the concepts of ”justice” (ma‛at) and ”law” (hpw) in ancient Egypt. Ma‛at, one of the earliest abstract terms in human speech, was a central principle and, although no codex of Egyptian law has been found, there is abundant evidence of written law, designed to realise ma‛at on earth. The king, as the highest legal authority, was the nexus between ma‛at and the law. Egyptologists have few sources of knowledge about law and justice in ancient Egypt because the ancient Egyptians used commonplace language in legal documents and they only had a few imprecise technical terms relating to law. For Egyptology to advance, therefore, we need to reappraise its sources. The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant has a strong legal background and should be treated as an additional source of information about how law and justice were perceived and carried out in ancient Egypt. / Classics and Modern European Languages / M.A. (Ancient Languages and Cultures)