Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-09T13:03:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rogério Moreira Orrutea.pdf: 1454577 bytes, checksum: 0bcf01c76281e9a5c082ac3742d3bad5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T13:03:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rogério Moreira Orrutea.pdf: 1454577 bytes, checksum: 0bcf01c76281e9a5c082ac3742d3bad5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-28 / The work is focused, and specifically, discussing the theory of law with its structure focused on the role of the system and what it provides the frame of the enclosure itself. On this context there is a concern also unravel on its axis, and as unfolding, its effectiveness. Hense statement The Right to Closed System and its Legal Effectiveness. Motivation is a concern with the legal theory under a scientific reach, what is necessary for its preservation. This desideratum is placed on the agenda some basic paradigms for a theoretical range, and in order to explain the legal phenomenon as a closed system involving everything emanating from the latter. Without forgetting the positive aspect of the law is placed as a starting point the concepts inaugurated under the Philosophy of Law with its consequences. The systematic dimension of what we do is understand it and accept it as something indispensable to the law, and with a role in both the significance of its structural organization, as well as a cognitive role on the positive legal phenomenon. The systematic stands the legal system prone to a closed model, which is extracted and it is stated from a trilogy composed by the idea of the legal system and autonomy legal, legal system and legal valuation, and also the idea of the legal system and language legal. Of these basic sectors are witnessing a theoretical assertion that entitles the condition of a closed system, which situation faced its effectiveness in both corporis inner end, with a stability effect, such as corporis outer end, with an efficacy effect social / O trabalho tem como foco, e de forma específica, discutir a teoria do Direito com sua estrutura voltada para o papel do Sistema, e naquilo que ele providencia a moldura da própria clausura. Neste contexto há uma preocupação em desvendar também no seu eixo, e como desdobramento, a sua efetividade. Daí a afirmação O Direito como Sistema Fechado e sua Efetividade Jurídica. A motivação é uma preocupação com a teoria jurídica sob um alcance científico, naquilo que é necessário para a sua preservação. Nesse desiderato coloca-se em pauta alguns paradigmas básicos para um alcance teórico, e com vistas em explicar o fenômeno jurídico como um sistema fechado envolvendo tudo aquilo que emana deste último. Sem deixar de lado o aspecto da positividade no Direito, coloca-se como ponto de partida os conceitos inaugurados no âmbito da Filosofia do Direito com seus desdobramentos. Na dimensão da sistematicidade o que se faz é compreendê-la e aceitá-la como algo indispensável ao Direito, e com um papel tanto na significação da sua organização estrutural, como também com um papel cognitivo sobre o fenômeno jurídico positivo. Da sistematicidade sobressai o Sistema Jurídico com propensão para um modelo fechado, o que se extrai e se afirma a partir de uma trilogia composta pela ideia de sistema jurídico e autonomia jurídica, sistema jurídico e valoração jurídica, e ainda pela ideia de sistema jurídico e linguagem jurídica. Destes setores básicos assiste-se uma afirmação teórica que dá ao Direito a condição de um sistema fechado, de cuja conjuntura deparamos a sua efetividade tanto no sentido interna corporis, com um efeito de estabilidade, como no sentido externa corporis, com um efeito de eficácia social

Trata o presente estudo da submissão (adequação) do exame tecnológico em locais de crime de furto de energia elétrica ao ordenamento jurídico penal vigente, de tal forma a atender as necessidades próprias da lei penal e processual penal, específicas ao tema. Aspectos como a classificação entre furto de energia ou estelionato, ou mesmo a de furto de energia mediante fraude, ou ainda, simplesmente, a de ligação abusiva, assim como as comparações do preceito legal com a obtenção clandestina do acesso à TV a cabo e ao uso de impulsos de telefonia, devem ter a análise tecnológica adequada à sua destinação pelo Perito encarregado do exame, haja vista ser seu Laudo não só o documento hábil para tais discernimentos, que darão rumo ao processo penal e, por via de conseqüência, influenciarão em sua conclusão, mas também fonte de processo de conhecimento eventualmente levado a cabo pelo judiciário, este, destinatário final de tal trabalho. / The present study deals with the submission (Adequacy) of the technological examination, in places of electric energy robbery crime, to the effective criminal legal system, such way to take care of the proper necessities of criminal and procedural law, specific to the subject. Aspects as the classification between robbery of energy or fraud, or simply of abusive linking, as the comparisons of the legal rule with the clandestine attainment of the access of cable TV and the use of telephony impulses, must have the technological analysis adjusted its destination for the in charge Connoisseur it examination, it has seen to be its Finding the skillful document for the discernment of important questions, which one will give route to the criminal proceeding and, by the way, they will influence in its conclusion.

Trata o presente estudo da submissão (adequação) do exame tecnológico em locais de crime de furto de energia elétrica ao ordenamento jurídico penal vigente, de tal forma a atender as necessidades próprias da lei penal e processual penal, específicas ao tema. Aspectos como a classificação entre furto de energia ou estelionato, ou mesmo a de furto de energia mediante fraude, ou ainda, simplesmente, a de ligação abusiva, assim como as comparações do preceito legal com a obtenção clandestina do acesso à TV a cabo e ao uso de impulsos de telefonia, devem ter a análise tecnológica adequada à sua destinação pelo Perito encarregado do exame, haja vista ser seu Laudo não só o documento hábil para tais discernimentos, que darão rumo ao processo penal e, por via de conseqüência, influenciarão em sua conclusão, mas também fonte de processo de conhecimento eventualmente levado a cabo pelo judiciário, este, destinatário final de tal trabalho. / The present study deals with the submission (Adequacy) of the technological examination, in places of electric energy robbery crime, to the effective criminal legal system, such way to take care of the proper necessities of criminal and procedural law, specific to the subject. Aspects as the classification between robbery of energy or fraud, or simply of abusive linking, as the comparisons of the legal rule with the clandestine attainment of the access of cable TV and the use of telephony impulses, must have the technological analysis adjusted its destination for the in charge Connoisseur it examination, it has seen to be its Finding the skillful document for the discernment of important questions, which one will give route to the criminal proceeding and, by the way, they will influence in its conclusion.

A fair, unbiased jury that follows the courts instructions is a crucial aspect of the American criminal justice system, mandated by both the California and United States Constitution. When jurors violate judicial instructions, it can jeopardize the impartiality of a case. Despite this, little research has been completed on what individual differences are indicative of greater willingness to commit jury misconduct. Misconduct can occur when jurors fail to follow judicial instructions in circumstances that a reasonable person may be tempted to disobey. This study explores potential individual differences that correlate with a greater likelihood of excusing and even committing juror misconduct under specific circumstances. Participants (N = 148) in an online survey read one of six vignettes relating to a mock court case. These vignettes either presented clear or confusing information, and included one of three types of juror misconduct witness [googled a term, talked to their spouse about the case, or went to the crime scene]. Neither the severity of the juror misconduct nor the clarity of expert testimony significantly affected participant’s perceptions of the behavior. However, participants Right Wing Authoritarianism and Belief in a Just World scores did affect their likelihood of reporting the juror misconduct as well as influenced their report of whether they would engage in these behaviors.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the law regarding gross violations of women and its application in the Swedish legal system. We have investigated how the legal system takes into account a holistic perspective of the vulnerable situation of women in the investigation and assessment and the extent to which psychological violence in the form of verbal abuse, threats and harassment attention. We also wanted to find out how the law's design may contribute to difficulties in the implementation and interpretation of it. In this study, we used a qualitative research approach when we decided to conduct an interview with a police officer and a textual analysis of four cases from the district court. Interview questions were semi-structured in order to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. The previous research we have chosen highlights how the law of gross violations of women came about, how gender is created and made visible in the legal system, and the criticism that has been leveled at the act's applicability. In the analysis of the empirical material we have used the four theoretical perspectives, commercial construction and interpretation of the law, social control, gender power structure and suppression techniques.A brief summary of the results we have found is that there is a clear gender power structure in the Swedish legal system that reinforces female subordination. The laws and the legal system standards are created and maintained by the male norm. The construction of the law contribute to difficulties in the application of the law when the methods that can be used when interpreting results in the judicial assessment performed on insufficient grounds due to subjective values​.We have also recognized a clear pattern that shows that the justice system does not apply a holistic approach in its analysis of the cases where only the physical violence is considered. When they pay attention to the psychological abuse it´s not considered being sufficient evidence for the men to be convicted of gross violations of women. Court cases show that woman's ability to prove the violence she has been subjected to the basis for the district court's judgment regarding the woman's self-esteem. In summary, the results of this study that there is an incorrect application of the law of gross violations of women that lead to women's situation is questioned and the men are not expected to commit the offense was considered to be the reason for the introduction of this law. This occurs due to psychological violence is not considered in the same way as the physical violence which is the basis for how the self-esteem to be valued. / Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka lagen om grov kvinnofridskränkning och dess tillämpning i det svenska rättssystemet. Vi har undersökt hur rättsväsendet beaktar ett helhetsperspektiv av den utsatta kvinnans situation vid utredning och bedömning samt i vilken utsträckning det psykiska våldet i form av verbala kränkningar, hot och ofredande uppmärksammas. Vi ville även ta reda på hur lagens konstruktion kan bidra till svårigheter vid tillämpningen och tolkningen av den. I denna studie har vi använt oss av en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi då vi valt att genomföra en intervju med en polis och en textanalys av fyra stycken rättsfall från tingsrätten. Intervjufrågorna har varit semistrukturerade för att få en djupare förståelse för fenomenet. Den tidigare forskning vi valt att presentera belyser hur lagen om grov kvinnofridskränkning kom till, hur genus skapas och synliggörs i rättssystemet samt den kritik som har framförts mot lagens tillämplighet. Vid analysen av det empiriska materialet har vi använt oss av fyra stycken teoretiska perspektiv, rättens konstruktion och tolkning av lagen, social kontroll samt könsmaktsordning och härskartekniker. En kort sammanfattning av det resultat vi kommit fram till är att det finns en könsmaktsordning i det svenska rättssystemet som befäster kvinnans underordning vid tillämpningen och tolkningen av lagen. Lagarna och rättssystemets normer skapas och bibehålls utifrån den manliga normen. Lagkonstruktion bidrar till svårigheter vid tillämpningen av lagen då de metoder som kan användas vid tolkningen leder till att rättsväsendets bedömningar utförs på otillräckliga grunder till följd av subjektiva värderingar. Vi har även urskiljt tydliga mönster som visar på att rättsväsendet inte tillämpar ett helhetsperspektiv i sin bedömning av fallen då endast det fysiska våldet beaktas. När de psykiska övergreppen uppmärksammas anses inte bevisen vara tillräckliga för att männen ska kunna dömas för grov kvinnofridskränkning. I rättsfallen synliggörs det att kvinnans möjlighet att bevisa det våld hon blivit utsatt för ligger till grund för tingsrättens bedömning gällande kvinnans självkänsla. Sammanfattningsvis är resultatet av denna studie att det sker en felaktig tillämpning av lagen om grov kvinnofridskränkning som leder till att kvinnornas situation ifrågasätts och männen döms inte till det brott som ansågs vara anledningen till införandet av denna lag. Detta sker till följd av att det psykiska våldet inte beaktas i samma utsträckning som det fysiska våldet vilket ligger till grund för hur självkänslan ska värderas.

This research uses the five major frameworks of Administrative Law to cover the current challenges the Chinese government faces and proposes recommendations on the legal system. First, in the area of the ¡§basic principle,¡¨ I cover the history of the organizational structure, which helps us understand the current problems existing in China. I also discuss how we can make adjustments to the system, reconcile politically and through regulations. Second, lessons from the developed countries also serve as a comparison when I discuss ¡§law compliance,¡¨ ¡§procedural justice¡¨ as well as ¡§citizen participation.¡¨ The aforementioned form the basic principles of this research. Furthermore, when discussing the administrative organization, I propose replacing the traditional rigid organization with the ¡§project based organization¡¨ and the ¡§learning organization.¡¨ ¡§Accountability¡¨ should be promoted to adjust civil servants¡¦ mentalities. Government budget should protect citizens¡¦ fundamental rights and show commitment to fulfilling international obligations in response to the ¡§globalization.¡¨ In the topic of ¡§Administrative Competence¡¨, any administrative implementations should go through the administrative investigations to understand where the problem is and to set the ¡§administrative plan¡¨ accordingly. Based on the principle of ¡§law compliance,¡¨ a sound legislation makes the legislative activities of the government more predictable. Besides the traditional ¡§administrative punishment,¡¨ the legislature can choose more equal administrative measures such as ¡§administrative contract,¡¨ ¡§administrative guidance,¡¨ and ¡§administrative reward¡¨ to replace the less equal measures in the past. This research also discusses ¡§administration first,¡¨ ¡§pilot,¡¨ and ¡§counterpart support¡¨, all of which are unique to China¡¦s legal system. The speedy mechanism with attributes of pragmatism and border-crossing assistance will be beneficial to China¡¦s coping with the challenges coming from the ¡§globalization.¡¨ When discussing ¡§Administrative Remedy,¡¨ this research suggests protecting diversity in opinions, simplifying the administrative reconsideration process, giving civil servants accountability, expanding administrative proceedings, reducing improper interference from people, expanding state compensation, solidifying the legal procedure for a sound interpretation of the Constitution, normalizing the referendum mechanism. These measures should help China cope with the growing administrative power in the era of globalization, and enhance the principle of ¡§wherever there is right, there is remedy.¡¨ Finally, of administrative supervision, we can ensure that the administrative power will remain uncorrupted and that the government will be more efficient and effictive through audit and internal oversight systems, supervision mechanisms from both the legislative and the supervisory power, the public opinion network, and the media. We can understand the challenges China government is facing by analyzing the aforementioned ¡§basic principles,¡¨ ¡§administration organization,¡¨ ¡§administrative authority,¡¨ "administrative remedies" and "administrative supervision." The recommendations in this research can be a reference for China or any other countries when they try to solve the globalization challenges.

Šiame darbe norima atskleisti laidotuvių reglamentavimą kanonų teisėje bei Lietuvos Respublikos teisinėje sistemoje. Darbe nagrinėjama tema yra aktuali, nes su ja neretai susiduriama praktiniame tikinčiųjų gyvenime. Šį magistro darbą sudaro keturios dalys. Pirmoje dalyje aptariami ligos ir mirties istoriniai ir teologiniai aspektai Senajame ir Naujajame Testamentuose bei Bažnyčios Tradicijoje. Šioje dalyje kalbama apie ligą kaip sunkiausią išmėginimą žmogaus gyvenime ir apie mirtį kaip žmogaus žemiškosios kelionės pabaigą. Antroje dalyje aprašoma žmogaus teisė į palaidojimą įvairaus amžiaus tarpsniuose: laidojant nekrikštytus kūdikius ir katechumenus, kūdikius ir vaikus bei suaugusius žmones. Šioje dalyje apžvelgiama krikščioniškos laidotuvių apeigos, laidojimo būdai bei vietos. Trečioje dalyje pateikiama laidotuvių sąvoka kanoninėje doktrinoje. Šioje dalyje aprašomas Bažnyčios požiūris į laidotuves; atskirai įvardijami atvejai, atsakant laidotuves. Daug dėmesio skiriama kremavimui plintančiam mūsų dienomis, bei Bažnyčios požiūris į kremavimą. Ketvirtoje dalyje apžvelgiamas laidotuvių reglamentavimas LR Civilinėje teisėje. Šioje dalyje analizuojamas kremavimo reglamentavimas LR Civilinėje teisėje bei įstatymai susiję su kapinėmis ir jose esančiomis laidojimo apeigomis. Šį darbą galima panaudoti praktikoje – t.y. savo parapijos liturginėje ir teisinėje veikloje ir taip pat naudoti kaip medžiagą dalinantis darbo patirtimi įvairiuose seminaruose, konferencijose, paskaitose... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This work has an aim to present funeral regulation in Canon Law and in Lithuania legal system. The topic of the work is important because it is often met in practical life of believers. This master work consists of four parts. The first part discusses historical and theological aspects of illness and death in the Old and the New Testaments, as well as in Church Tradition. This part introduces illness as the most difficult trial in human life, and death as the end of human journey in Earth. The second part describes a human right to burial in different life periods: burial of non-baptized babies and catechumen, babies and children, and adults. This part gives an overview of Christian burial services, ways and places of burial. The third part presents a burial term in Canon Doctrine. This part describes the point of view of Church to burial; the cases for denying of burial are listed separately. Much attention is paid to cremation, that is so widespread nowadays, and to the point of view of Church regarding cremation. The fourth part gives an overview of burial regulation in Lithuania Civil law. This part analyses regulation of cremation in Lithuania Civil Law, and the laws about cemeteries and their burial services. This work can be used in practice – i.e. in the liturgy and law of own county, as well as material for exchanging experience at different seminars, conferences, lectures or as teaching material in Faith lessons.

Lietuvai atgavus Nepriklausomybę, pradėta kurti nacionalinė teisės sistema, laisva nuo politinio diktato ir orientuota į demokratinės visuomenės teisinio reguliavimo poreikius. Įstojus į Europos Sąjungą labai svarbus tampa demokratinių valstybių pripažįstamų teisinių prioritetų įgyvendinimas mūsų šalyje. Šių dienų demokratinė visuomenė ypatingą reikšmę teikia žmogaus teisių ir laisvių prioritetui, atviros pilietinės visuomenės, teisinės valstybės idėjoms. Demokratija, žmogaus, kaip individo, teisių gerbimas, geras valdymas − tai geistini XXI amžiaus modernios Lietuvos visuomenės ir valstybės gyvavimo elementai. Demokratinėje visuomenėje piliečiai ne tik turi teisę, bet ir yra skatinami patys įgyvendinti savo teises suteikiant jų įgyvendinimui subjektinių teisių ir pareigų vienovės pavidalą. Tokį pavidalą įgyjantis teisės įgyvendinimas yra abipusės pagarbos ir apsikeitimo paslaugomis tarp visuomenės narių procesas. Lietuvos Respublikos, kaip šiuolaikinės demokratinės valstybės, teisinė sistema orientuojasi į pilietinę teisės sampratą ir teisinę valstybę. Pilietinė teisės samprata – kad teisių ir pareigų vienovė yra prigimtinė, o ne nustatyta valstybės; ji kyla ne iš valstybės valios, o iš pačių piliečių abipusių pastangų užtikrinti savo teisių saugumą ir plėtrą remiantis lygiavertiškumu ir lygiaverčiais mainais. Tačiau tais atvejais, kai pačių piliečių pastangų įgyvendinti ir apginti savo teises nepakanka, jie turi teisę kreiptis pagalbos į valstybės institucijas, turinčias... [to full text] / The Seimas Ombudsmen of the Republic of Lithuania make a part of the international system of ombudsman institutions. The origin of this system, which is a constituent part of parliamentary democracy, was and is related to the need to defend human rights from unlawful or even criminal acts of officers of state government and municipal institutions when they take the form of abuse of office and bureaucracy. The Master’s thesis titled „The Place of the Seimas Ombudsmen in the Legal System of the Republic of Lithuania” aims to analyse the specific features of the activity of the Seimas Ombudsmen and its importance when ensuring the protection of citizens’ constitutional rights and improving state governance, as well as to identify the problems of efficiency of its activity and propose solutions. In my thesis I: 1. Identified the distinguishing features of the activity of the Seimas Ombudsmen of the Republic of Lithuania; 2. Investigated the specific features of relations between the Seimas Ombudsmen institution and the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania and the principles of legal regulation; 3. Disclosed the role of the Seimas Ombudsmen when improving public administration; 4. Analysed the main similarities and differences between the powers of the Seimas Ombudsmen and those of administrative courts; 5. Identified the problems of efficiency of activity of the Seimas Ombudsmen‘s Office and proposed solutions how to improve its activities. Aiming to reveal as many aspects of the... [to full text]

Background: Child sexual abuse is a global public health and human rights concern. Despite beinga crime in most countries, and with well-known physical and mental health consequences, the majority of sexual offences are not reported. Child sexual abuse is a maltreatment form characterized by contact or non-contact acts perpetrated by adults or older children toward younger children who have little power to resist. This thesis aims to understand the social context of child sexualabuse, and the perceived roles of parents, community, and key professionals in handling such incidents in urban Tanzania. Methods: A combination of qualitative and quantitative research designs were applied to four sub-studies performed in Temeke district, Dar es Salaam. Qualititative content analysis was conducted on 23 in-depth interviews to describe the perceptions of key professionals and their experiencesof handling cases of child sexual abuse, in addition, eight in-depth interviews with parents to capture their experiences of legal reporting of child sexual abuse incidents. Grounded theory was used to analyse 13 focus group discussions held with male and female community members to explore norm systems and community awareness related to child sexual abuse. Findings from these exploratory sub-studies paved the way for a school survey among 1359 students from 23 randomly selected secondary schools. Using descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analyses, prevalence, risk factors, and health consequences of child sexual abuse were estimated. Results: Lack of working tools and financial support were perceived as major problems among the key professionals. Corruption at community and institutional levels was seen as jeopardizing justice. Community passivity and lack of knowledge about laws regulating sexual offences were identifiedas additional challenges for conducting fair investigations. The community perspective illustrated that children’s rights were challenged by lack of agency. Community awareness about child sexual abuse was clear but there was also a lack of trust in that the healthcare and legal systems were capable of handling such cases. Myths and cultural beliefs justified abuse. Disclosure of abuse was threatened by fear of stigma and discrimination. Parental interviews identified four types of sexual abuse incidents. The type most strongly associated with a determination to seek justice was one with an innocent child. The youth who was forced into sex elicited feelings of parental betrayal. The consenting, curious youth created uncertainty in how to proceed, while the transactional sex youth evoked feelings of parental powerlessness. Shame and stigma, but also fear of perpetrator retaliation and breach of confidentiality, were seen as challenges for disclosure. The school survey showed that 28% (boys=30%, girls=26%) of the students were exposed to child sexual abuse, with boys more often affected than girls. Twenty-six per cent of boys and 19% of girls reported being forced to look at pornography. Forced sexual intercourse was experienced by 9.8% of boys and 8.7% of girls. Abuse increased with age and diminished self-rated health. Perpetrators were most often neighbours, teachers and peers. In contrast, survivor confidants were most often teachers, family members and friends. Most survivors did not want any action taken for the abuse. Proportions of students who perceived having fair/poor health increased with severity of abuse comparing the none-abused (7.0% and 6.3% of boys and girls respectively) with the ever abused (26% and 41% of boys and girls respectively) and those reporting penetrative sex (35% and 53% of boys and girls respectively). Likewise, suicidal ideation and attempts increased with severity of abuse when compared with those not abused. Conclusions and recommendations: Sexual abuse of children poses a devastating social, and public health challenge. In Tanzania neither the community nor the health or legal institutions are adequately prepared to handle these cases. Educating the community, economically empowering women and strengthening the medico-legal system are needed to increase the opportunity for human,legal and fair investigations and reactions. A national child protection system is needed to address the complexities of abuse at different levels and to safeguard the rights of children in Tanzania.

During the past 10 years Sweden has updated its penal code for sexual crimes twice. Despite this few are convicted for the crime of rape in Sweden. As the majority of perpetrators being male, this is a problem concerning women’s rights to respect for their bodies and personal integrity. A possible explanation, and this study’s point of departure is a potential discrepancy between the intention of the law and the interpretation of the same as the Swedish legal system rests on a foundation of legal positivism. Hence focus of this study has been the motives behind the definition of rape in the law and the interpretation of the same. The purpose has been to establish the development of the rape law and its political motives, how the judicial system has interpreted the legal text in actual cases and if this is in alignment. As to explain why so few are convicted for the crime of rape and to critically examine how this affects women’s rights as well as how the interpretation of the definition of rape can be carried out in a more legally secure way for the victims. This has been done firstly by examining the states public investigations and state bills before the update of the penal codes definition of rape in 2005 and 2013. Secondly by an analysis of arguments used by the Swedish courts, mainly the district courts, in two rape convictions and three verdicts of acquittal. Arguments used by the courts have then been compared to the motives behind the legal definition of rape to see if the perceived discrepancy between the intended meaning of the law and the interpretation of the same existed. Thirdly, the judicial systems legal basis for interpretation was criticised from the two theoretical perspectives of the study; a criticism to legal positivism and a gender hierarchical perspective.   The analysis shows that the updates of the rape law are clearly morally motivated and women’s rights based. In contrast to the legal positivistic judicial system interpretations, avoiding morally based argumentation relying on the systems foundation solely. The critical investigation shows that both a the perceived gender neutral system as well as legal positivistic tradition of sidestepping moral argumentation in courts result in lack of questioning the system and how it comes to its decisions.  Hence the discrepancy between the two systems can be a part of the explanation why women’s rights are not secured in Sweden.