This thesis explores the role and impact of Rannóg an Aistriúcháin - the Oireachtas Government Translation section - on English-Irish legal translation and terminology, with particular focus on the period 1922-1937; a period bookended by the establishment of the Irish Free State and the enactment of Bunreacht na hÉireann (the Constitution of Ireland) in 1937. It aims to assess the efficacy and consistency of the translation strategies and Irish legal terms employed by Rannóg an Aistriúcháin, and to investigate how modern translation theory – specifically equivalence theory – may be applied to English-Irish legal translation as a whole. While a semantic study of the English and Irish versions of the amended 1937 Constitution has previously been carried out (Ó Cearúil, 1999), there has yet to be any specific study of other translated English-Irish legislative material within the Irish Free State or, indeed, of any laws translated within the Rannóg. This is an area which holds great research potential as regards assessing the efficacy of a particular body of translations, as the position of the Irish language in the Republic of Ireland is a unique one. Not only is Irish an official language of the European Union, but it enjoys constitutional status as the National and First Official language of the Republic of Ireland, with Article 25.4.6o of the Irish Constitution 1937 providing that: ‘In case of conflict between the texts of a law enrolled under this section in both the official languages, the text in the national language shall prevail’. In other words, should the Irish translation deviate in any way from its English legislative counterpart, it is the Gaelic translated legislation - along with all its construed connotations and associations - which has the upper hand. With this reasoning in mind, this thesis takes a corpus of EN-GA legislative material translated by Rannóg an Aistriúcháin during the period 1922-1937, from which legal terms are chosen for analysis and qualitatively and semantically assessed in the context of Equivalence translation theory and legal translation. Ultimately, this thesis provides a new critical assessment of the reliability of Irish language legal terminology in primary legislation from this period; an analysis of how Equivalence theory may be applied to EN-GA legal translation as a whole; and provides some guidelines for future endeavours in English-Irish legal translation and terminology.

This Master's thesis is focused on zero equivalence in legal texts. The theoretical part deals with technical text and legal language in general. Legal Spanish is characterized and compared to the legal Czech. Translation of the legal language is described along with some obstacles that may be associated with it. At the end of the theoretical part, there are several findings summarized, and the methodology for the practical part is delineated. In the practical part the reader is acquainted with the concept of equivalence and functional equivalence. Equivalence is divided into absolute, partial, and zero equivalence. The following chapters are concerned with the translation of the terminology with zero equivalence, specifically translation methods, strategies and stages. Furthermore, several legal terms are selected and evaluated on the basis of their equivalence. The terms are searched in order to discover their occurrences and counterparts in dictionaries, legal text databases and parallel corpus. Moreover, their possible translation is proposed and applied translation strategies named. The aim of the thesis is to define legal terminology with zero equivalence and provide the classification of the translational strategies that are frequently applied in translation of this kind of lexicon.

Notre thèse étudie les principaux aspects liés au langage juridique, plus particulièrement à la terminologie juridique dans une perspective comparative entre le français et le roumain, et dans ce contexte elle fait une analyse en vue d’élaborer un type de dictionnaire terminologique bilingue des contrats de commerce international. Par cette recherche nous souhaitons contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la terminologie juridique en roumain. La Roumanie connaît dernièrement, surtout depuis l’adhésion à l’Union Européenne [le 1er janvier 2007] un réel besoin d’études terminologiques, d’élaboration de dictionnaires et de bases de données dans tous les domaines d’activité nécessitant la traduction et l’interprétariat. La thèse est structurée en trois parties marquant une progression : • le cadre théorique — démontrant la nécessité de délimiter et de dénommer notre champ d’étude ; •le cadre méthodologique — justifiant la nécessité d’une ontologie, d’un classement des concepts permettant de préciser la nature et l’utilisation des termes et leur définition dans notre dictionnaire ; •le cadre des applications — illustrant notre travail par l’élaboration d’un type de dictionnaire bilingue du droit des contrats de commerce international [français-roumain et roumain-français] pouvant répondre aux besoins des spécialistes qui, à des titres divers, œuvrent dans le domaine du commerce international, professionnels du droit et traducteurs liés à ces activités. / Our dissertation is a comparative study investigating the main aspects of legal terminology in French and Romanian. In this context, the analysis aims at elaborating a bilingual, French - Romanian, Romanian - French, terminological dictionary of international commercial contracts. With this study we intend to improve the knowledge of legal terminology in Romanian. Romania has been faced lately, particularly since January 1st 2007, when it joined the European Union, with a real need for terminological studies, for dictionaries and data bases in all fields relating to translation and interpreting. The dissertation is structured in three parts marking a progression: •the theoretical framework - illustrating the need to define and delimit our field of study •the methodological framework - justifying the need for an ontology, for a classification of concepts that would enable the clarification of the nature and usage of the terms and their definition in our dictionary •the sphere of applications - illustrating our work by the elaboration of a bilingual, French - Romanian, Romanian - French, terminological dictionary of international commercial contracts, able to meet the needs of specialists working in the field of international trade, law professionals and translators working in these areas.

Vom 02. bis 04. Februar 2017 wurde vom Institut für Slavistik der TU Dresden eine internationale Konferenz mit dem Titel Linguistik als diskursive Schnittstelle zwischen Recht, Politik und Konflikt ausgerichtet, die durch die Graduiertenakademie der TU Dresden aus Mitteln der Exzellenzinitiative des Bundes und der Länder gefördert wurde. Der thematische Schwerpunkt richtete sich auf differenzierte Analysen, die im Spannungsfeld zwischen juristischer Terminologie, Herausforderungen der Translationswissenschaft sowie der Konfliktlinguistik angesiedelt sind. Die Dresdner Organisatoren begrüßten anlässlich der Tagung Gäste aus Deutschland, Italien, Rumänien, Russland, Slowenien, Tschechien und aus der Ukraine, die die Ergebnisse aktueller Forschungsprojekte und themenbezogener Studien vorstellten.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A meta principal desta pesquisa é realizar um estudo da semântica dos adjetivos objetivando a sua representação em uma ontologia jurídica. O fato motivador desse interesse foi o estudo de ontologias e léxicos computacionais jurídicos e a constatação de que os adjetivos não recebem um tratamento sistemático nessas ferramentas computacionais de conhecimento especializado. A partir dessa constatação, partiu-se para o estudo de ontologias e léxicos computacionais de linguagem não-especializada, buscando elementos práticos e teóricos para a inclusão sistemática, e não ocasional, de adjetivos em uma ontologia jurídica. Esta pesquisa defende que a eficiência no tratamento computacional da linguagem requer uma combinação de teorias. Assim, a metodologia adotada combina diferentes abordagens teóricas. Através do estudo do corpus e construção da ontologia jurídica, percebe-se a importância dos adjetivos para a organização do conhecimento especializado. Nos domínios de conhecimento especializados, os adjetivos têm a fu / The main goal of this research is to study the semantics of the adjectives in order to codify them into a legal ontology. Through a search for legal ontologies and lexicons one verifies that adjectives are not codified systematically into specialized lexicons and ontologies. Taking the codification of adjectives into a legal ontology as the target of this work, one analyzes non-specialized language ontologies and lexicons. The purpose of such analysis is to find practical and theoretical elements for including adjectives systematically into a legal ontology. This research defends the position that integrating linguistic approaches is more fruitful to natural language processing. Therefore, the methodology applied here combines different theoretical approaches. The corpus analysis and legal ontology construction shows the importance of adjectives in organizing the specialized knowledge. In the specialized domains, adjectives have the main function of classifying entities

Submitted by Patrícia Valim Labres de Freitas (patricial) on 2016-03-18T14:03:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Monteiro Krebs_.pdf: 1391795 bytes, checksum: 587648c97bd0ea733d4c41cbe74697be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-18T14:03:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Monteiro Krebs_.pdf: 1391795 bytes, checksum: 587648c97bd0ea733d4c41cbe74697be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-25 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a variação conceitual de termos do domínio jurídico, compreendendo como um procedimento que contribui para implementação de uma ontologia do domínio jurídico. Caracteriza-se como um estudo exploratório e interdisciplinar, baseado na Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (Cabré), trabalhando com o conceito de variação terminológica. Metodologicamente, utiliza-se a Lexicologia da Verticalidade (Wichter) que possibilita a análise da variação através de categorias conceituais. No estudo examinam-se os termos feminicídio, lenocínio e descaminho, três crimes previstos no Código Penal brasileiro. Para a análise, utilizou-se para cada termo três gêneros textuais com níveis de especialidade diferentes: a legislação, o artigo especializado e uma notícia de imprensa. No desenvolvimento do trabalho foram utilizadas categorias conceituais que emergiram dos textos analisados e balizaram o trabalho comparativo. Propuseram-se as seguintes categorias conceituais: Legislação, Classificação, Tipo, Sujeito do delito, Motivação, Características, Agravantes, Pena e Crimes relacionados. Algumas delas apresentaram facetas internas às quais chamou-se de subcategorias: Legislação (lei), Legislação (artigo do CPB), Legislação (nome popular), Sujeito do delito (ativo), Sujeito do delito (passivo), Motivação (individual), Motivação (coletiva), Pena (tempo), Pena (regime), Pena (com agravantes), Pena (se culposo) e Pena (anterior). A análise dividiu-se em duas partes, sendo a primeira organizada por termo e a segunda por gênero textual. Na primeira etapa (por termo) identificou-se que realização linguística privilegia o público alvo do gênero textual em questão. Também se destacaram diferentes níveis de profundidade conceitual na classificação dos crimes. Na segunda etapa (análise contrastiva entre os gêneros textuais), o texto menos especializado apresentou mais vazios conceituais e o mais especializado, menos. Também identificou-se três casos de esvaziamento conceitual, onde a densidade conceitual diminui do texto mais especializado para o menos especializado. Viu-se ainda que o artigo especializado apresentou mais repetidamente novos conteúdos conceituais no texto. Por fim, apresentou-se os componentes estruturais prototípicos de cada gênero textual para a variação conceitual dos crimes. As descobertas contribuem na implementação de uma ontologia do domínio jurídico em diversos aspectos: percebeu-se que através da análise de diferentes gêneros textuais é possível identificar a relação de causa e efeito de um crime, suas características, definir o que um crime não é, que diferentes leis influenciam a penalidade, que a classificação de um crime influencia diretamente o tempo de pena e a forma como ela será cumprida, e assim por diante. Em síntese, os textos permitiram recuperar atributos do conceito que podem ser aplicados tanto na criação da entidade quanto no posicionamento adequado da entidade em uma estrutura conceitual, atribuindo-lhe propriedades e estabelecendo diferentes tipos de relações. Concluímos que os termos apresentam diferentes densidades conceituais, variando conforme a situação discursiva imbricada no gênero textual e nível de especialidade do público a quem o texto se dirige. / This paper aims to analyze the conceptual variation of legal domain terms, seen here as a procedure that contributes to the implementation of a legal domain ontology. This procedure is an exploratory and interdisciplinary study based on the Communicative Theory of Terminology (Cabré), dealing with the concept of terminological variation. As a methodology, the Lexicology of Verticality (Wichter) is used to allow for the variation analysis through conceptual categories. Femicide, procuring, and embezzlement were the terms examined in the study, three crimes set forth in the Penal Code of Brazil. For this analysis, we used three text genres for each term with different levels of specialty: one legislation, one specialized article, and one press report. As the work unfolded, conceptual categories that emerged from the analyzed texts and that marked off the comparative work were used. The following conceptual categories were proposed: Legislation, Classification, Type, Subject of Crime, Motivation, Characteristics, Aggravating Circumstances, Penalty, and related Crimes. Some of them presented internal features, which were called subcategories: Legislation (law), Legislation (article of the Penal Code of Brazil), Legislation (popular name), Subject of Crime (active), Subject of Crime (passive), Motivation (individual), Motivation (collective), Penalty (time), Penalty (regime), Penalty (with aggravating circumstances), Penalty (if wrongful act) and Penalty (previous). The analysis was divided into two parts, being the first organized per term and the second per text genre. In the first stage (per term) we identified which linguistic realization favors the target-audience of the text genre at hand. We also highlighted different levels of conceptual depth in the classification of crimes. In the second stage (contrastive analysis among the text genres), the least specialized text presented more conceptual voids, and the most specialized one presented less conceptual voids. Three cases of conceptual emptying were also identified, where the conceptual density decreases from the most specialized to the least specialized texts. We further observed that the specialized article more repeatedly presented new conceptual contents in the text. Finally, we presented the structural components that are prototypical of each text genre for the conceptual variation of crimes. These findings contribute to the implementation of a legal domain ontology in several aspects: we realized that through the analysis of different text genres it is possible to identify the cause and effect relation of crime, its characteristics. It is also possible to define what crime is not, which different laws influence penalty, that crime classification directly influences the length of penalty and how it is to be served, and so forth. In sum, these texts allowed us to recover concept attributes that can be applied both to entity creation and to the entity proper positioning in a conceptual structure, assigning them with properties and setting different types of relations. We reached the conclusion that the terms present different conceptual densities, varying according to the discursive situation engendered in the text genre and to the level of specialty held by the audience the text is aimed at.

La thèse porte sur l’étude de l’emploi stylistique du lexique juridique français dans la prose de Georges Simenon. Il existe un nombre considérable d’ouvrages consacrés à la terminologie juridique, aux concepts de loi et de crime, au comportement discursif des avocats, à l’analyse linguistique des textes de lois, aux problèmes de la traduction du lexique juridique, à l’interférence linguistique, à l’étude des particularités pragmatiques, structurelles et sémantiques des textes des traités, et ainsi de suite. Dans notre thèse, le lexique juridique est étudié du point de vue de la stylistique, ce qui constitue sa nouveauté théorique aussi bien que pratique. Dans le premier chapitre, nous examinons certains termes d’appartenance juridique exclusive selon le classement de Gérard Cornu et nous montrons qu’une sixième partie d’entre eux sont susceptibles, au moins potentiellement, d’acquérir des sens figurés. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous étudions 53 termes juridiques utilisés par Georges Simenon au sens figuré décrivant de différentes situations de la vie courante, qui, dans la plupart des cas, ne sont pas liées au droit. Dans le troisième chapitre nous analysons, du point de vue opposé, les figures stylistiques employées pour caractériser de différentes situations juridiques présentes dans la prose de Georges Simenon. Ainsi, même si ces figures stylistiques sont relativement peu nombreuses, les recherches effectuées montrent que Georges Simenon, malgré son intention affichée, n’est pas parvenu à éliminer complètement les figures stylistiques, un des éléments constitutifs essentiels du langage poétique. / Our thesis concerns studies of the stylistic use of the French legal vocabulary in Georges Simenon’s prose. In fact, legal terminology, concepts of law and crime, discursive behavior of lawyers, texts of laws, problems of legal translation, those of linguistic interference, those of pragmatic, structural and semantic peculiarities of the language of international agreements, for instance, were examined by different linguists. So, contemporary linguistics are interested in studying legal terminology from different points of view. On the other hand, during the last decades, linguostylistic studies are also developing very quickly. In our thesis, legal terminology is studied from the point of view of stylistics, and this approach constitutes its’ theoretical and practical novelty. In the first chapter we examine some terms belonging exclusively to legal terminology, in accordance with Gerard Cornu’s classification, and we show that in reality approximately one sixth part of them can acquire, at least potentially, some figural meanings. In the second chapter, we study 53 legal terms used by Georges Simenon in their figural meaning to describe different situations from everyday life which, in the most of cases, are not associated with legal situations. In the third chapter we analyze, from the opposite point of view, stylistic figures used to characterize different legal situations presented in Georges Simenon’s prose. To summarize, even if these figures are relatively small in number, our thesis shows that the writer, in spite of his artistic intention, was not able to eliminate them completely and that they remain one of the most important elements of the poetical language.

L'objectif de la recherche est l'étude comparative du discours juridique en russe et en français. Celle-ci inclut la précision des genres du discours juridique dans les deux langues, la détermination des particularités structurelles et sémantiques des termes et des collocations des deux langues, les particularités de leur fonctionnement dans les genres de discours différents ainsi que les particularités de leur traduction liées à ces deux facteurs. Nous abordons les genres de discours juridique suivants : normatif, juridictionnel, doctrinal et le discours des traités. L'existence de ce dernier comme genre distinct représente une des hypothèses de notre travail. Les genres de discours juridiques en russe et en français ont des traits communs à cause de leurs caractéristiques pragmatiques et communicationnelles imposées par le droit. Ils ont également des différences dues aux systèmes socio-culturels et linguistiques respectifs. Les problématiques suivantes sont analysées : le terme et le concept juridique dans le discours, les processus de la simplification de la structure formelle du terme juridique dans le discours et en particulier l'abréviation juridique, les relations de la synonymie et de l'antonymie dans le discours juridique et les collocations juridiques. Cette recherche apporte une contribution à l'enseignement de la langue juridique et à la pratique professionnelle de la traduction juridique français-russe. / The purpose of this research is the comparative study of Russian and French legal terminology which tries to give a more precise definition of the types of legal discourse in both languages. This study will attempt to determine the structural and semantic specificities of the terms and collocations in both languages, the specific aspects of their functioning in different genres of discourse and the specific requirements for their translation connected to these two factors. We are dealing with the following genres of the legal discourse: normative discourse, jurisdictional discourse, doctrinal discourse and discourse of treaties. The existence of the latter as a self-standing genre constitutes the hypothesis of this thesis. The typologies of French and Russian discourse genres have similar features because of their pragmatic and communicational characteristics imposed by the law system. The differences between the typologies are due to socio-cultural and linguistic factors. The rest of the work addresses the following issues: legal term and concept in discourse, process of simplification of the formal structure of the legal term in discourse, and more specifically legal abbreviations, antonymic and synonymic relations in legal discourse and in legal collocations. This research aims at improving legal language teaching and professional practice of French-Russian legal translation.

Submitted by Sandra Maria Neri Santiago (sandra.neri@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-18T18:26:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) UFPe.FDR.Dissertação.UzielSantana..pdf: 3772684 bytes, checksum: 48d7f4655b26e4e7cd0a59cd4b7d3026 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T18:26:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) UFPe.FDR.Dissertação.UzielSantana..pdf: 3772684 bytes, checksum: 48d7f4655b26e4e7cd0a59cd4b7d3026 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-09-29 / Este trabalho de pesquisa científica, de natureza dissertativa, tem como objeto de estudo uma construção terminológico-conceptual, por certo analítica e distintiva, dos institutos jurídico-processuais, Litígio e Lide, incluindo nesta perspectiva de investigação, apriorística e eminentemente, teorética, uma análise empírico-crítica do fenômeno da teleologicidade processual e da decidibilidade de conflitos, apontando-se e aplicando-se, a posteriori, as implicações teorético-conceptual-metodológicas e tecnológico-pragmáticas que tal distinção traz, como corolário, para a Ciência Jurídico-Processual – e suas instituições e institutos fundamentais – e para a resolução de questões aparentemente aporemáticas da teoria jurídico-processual. Para a consecução deste objeto/problema, fizemos, preliminarmente, uma análise teórico-conceptual e histórico-descritiva dos institutos Litígio e Lide a partir da leitura da dogmática jurídico-processual clássica e moderna, posto que, até então, tais institutos são tomados como elementos conceptuais de mesma referibilidade fenomênica e terminológica. Em seguida, para justificar e mostrar a razão de ser da distinção proposta, demonstramos que tal indiscernibilidade e imprecisão terminológicas resultam numa série de aporias conceptuais para a teoria do processo e, em assim sendo, assentimos, peremptoriamente, como um imperativo categórico e como um verdadeiro pressuposto das teses aqui assentidas, que não há que se falar em conhecimento científico, em Ciência Jurídico-Processual, caracterizada pelos atributos da neutralidade axiológica, da asseptabilidade método-epistemológica, da assertibilidade do discurso científico e da verdade científica, sem a construção de uma terminologia jurídico-conceptual, por certo, específica, apurada e precisa. Nesta perspectiva, assentimos que os termos Litígio e Lide são elementos conceptuais de bedeutung (referência) e sinn (sentido) diferentes, sendo o Litígio um pressuposto processual de natureza fáctico-causal-sociológica, de referibilidade extrínseca, portanto, exoprocessual, caracterizado pela contendere de sujeitos em face de uma pretensão – resistida ou insatisfeita – vetorialmente contrária ao interesse da outra parte e a Lide, por sua vez, um suposto processual – conditio sine qua non do processo – de natureza jurídico-processual stricto sensu, de referibilidade intrínseca, portanto, endoprocessual, caracterizada por uma relação jurídico-processual sinalagmática entre partes e o Estado-juiz. Em síntese, a Lide seria o resultado da dedução quantitativa e qualitativa em juízo do Litígio. Tal construção analítico-distintiva teria, assim, um alto grau de aplicabilidade, sobretudo, para se elucidar algumas aporias da teoria jurídico-processual, tais como a asserção do atributo da jurisdicionalidade na chamada jurisdição voluntária e na aplicação do conceito de Lide na processualística penal. Do mesmo modo, agora do ponto de vista da análise empírico-crítica consecutada, chegamos à conclusão de que a teleologicidade processual, a priori, é a decidibilidade da Lide e, tão-somente, a posteriori – sem isso constituir um telos necessário – a decidibilidade do Litígio; assim também, concluímos que as técnicas processuais de estruturação e formatação de procedimentos diferenciados (especiais) e de limitação da cognição do juiz (Lide < Litígio) são utilizadas, muitas vezes, com influências ideológicas que repercutem, assim, no âmbito de abrangência da res judicata, no direito de acesso à justiça e nos princípios da inafastabilidade do controle jurisdicional e da congruência. / This scientific research project, presented in the format of a dissertation, has as study object a terminological and conceptual construction, more correctly analytic and distinctive, of the institutes legal and procedural, Dispute and Lawsuit, including in this investigation perspective, aprioristic and eminently, theoretical, an empiric and critical analysis of the phenomenon of the teleologicity and the decidability, indicating itself and applying, a posteriori, implications theoretic, conceptual, methodological, technological and pragmatic that such distinction brings, as corollary, for the science legal procedural – and their institutions and fundamental institutes – and for the resolution of questions apparently of difficult solution (aporematicas) of the theory legal procedural. For the development of this problem we have, in the first time, a descriptive conceptual and historic theoretical analysis of institutes Dispute and Lawsuit from the dogmatist’s reading legal procedural classic and modern, in such way that, here such institutes are taken as the conceptual elements in the same way reference phenomenalist and terminological. To justify and show the existence of this proposition we demonstrate then, that such an indiscernibility and terminological imprecision resulting in a set of aporias (of difficult solution) conceptual for the theory of the process and, we approve this form, peremptorily, like a categorical imperative and like a presupposed truly of theses here approved, that cannot speak himself in scientific knowledge, in science legal procedural, characterized by attributes of neutrality axiological, of the acceptability method epistemological, of the assertibility of the scientific speech and scientific truth, without the development of a legal and conceptual terminology, more precisely, specific, refined and precise. In this perspective we approve that terms Dispute and Lawsuit are the conceptual elements of bedeutung (reference) and sinn (sense) different, being Dispute one presupposition procedural of artificial, causal, and sociological nature, of reference extrinsic, therefore, exoprocedural characterized by contendere of litigants in face of a pretension – resisted or unsatisfied – vectorially contrary to the interest of the other party and the Lawsuit, in turn, a presumption procedural – condition sine qua of the process – of natural legal procedural stricto sensu, intrinsic reference, therefore, characterized by a relation legal procedural synallagmatic between parts and the state judges. In synthesis Lawsuit would be the result of the quantitative and qualitative deduction in judgment of the Dispute. So such a distinctive analytic construction would have a high degree of applicability, especially, for the resolution of difficult solution questions (aporias) of the theory legal procedural, as the affirmation of the jurisdictional attribute in the voluntary jurisdiction and in the application of the concept of Lawsuit in the criminal process. Of the point of view of the critical empiric analyses achieved we arrive now to the conclusion in a similar way of which teleologicity procedural, a priori, is the decidability of Lawsuit and, only, a posteriori – without this to constitute a necessary telos – the decidability of the Dispute; thus also, we conclude that the technical procedurals of structuring and formatting of procedures differentiated (special) and of limitation of the judge’s knowledge (Lawsuit<Dispute) are used, several times, with the ideological influences that reverberate, so, in the context of the res judicata, in the law of access to the justice and in principles of the jurisdictional control and of the congruence.

The thesis challenges the notion of effectiveness of law as being based on the formal institutions of courts, law enforcement and written law. It argues that the best way to measure the effectiveness of law is the legal self-efficacy of laymen who are the end users of law.  It presents a new perspective on the effectiveness of law. It turns the traditional perspective of studying the effects of legal institutions around and instead studies the effect of how individuals perceive their own ability to use law. This self-reflexive ability - legal self-efficacy -  is the answer to the question “How comfortable are with communicating with legal terminology?”. The thesis makes several comparisons using the traditional perspective and legal self-efficacy and finds that legal self-efficacy is a better measure of legal effectiveness. This thesis analyzes 246 businesspeople in Russia and their risk behavior  with regards to economic transactions in relation to legal self-efficacy.  The theory behind legal self-efficacy is a combination of Luhmann’s theory of law as communication and Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy.  The first paper applies the traditional approach. It analyzes the effect of legal efficiency on leverage and debt maturity for listed and non-listed companies. The second paper is describes the conceptual foundation of the legal effectiveness based on the individual. The third paper compares the effect of private order (including legal self-efficacy) and public order institutions on the granting of trade credit.  The fourth paper analyzes the impact of legal self-efficacy and formal legal institutions on sanctions against clients in a comparative perspective. The final paper seeks out possible sources of legal self-efficacy. Legal self-efficacy can be used to better understand the interaction of individuals and law including such fields of research as behavioral accounting, behavioral law and finance, legal sociology and legal studies.