This thesis is a study of the inter-institutional translation process through which the Swedish versions of EU legislative acts are created, focusing on the conditions for plain language work within this process. These Swedish translations have long been considered incomprehensible. Complicated originals and strong demands for close correspondence to the source text have been considered the main reason. This study aims to examine the translation process, to see how institutional factors shape the scope for plain language work. The theoretical and methodological bases of the study are the sociology of translation, focusing on translation as a social activity, and ethnography, focusing on the participants’ perspective. The data analysed consist of field notes, interviews, video recordings of participants translating, and revised translations. A key factor for plain language is shown to be the demands for close correspondence to previous texts – not only the source text but also previous Swedish translations. Close correspondence is necessary due to special demands on legal translation but is also supported by other institutional factors, such as translators’ insecurity regarding legal language, short deadlines and the needs of internal readers. The use of CAT tools such as TWB further reinforces this dependence on previous texts. Other institutional factors that stand out are the relative isolation of the translation units, with limited feedback from outside the unit, and the position of the translated documents within the EU legal system. The results indicate that the difficulties for a Swedish reader are often not due to linguistic or textual formulation of the documents, but to the gap this EU position creates, between the reader’s (Swedish) and the text’s (EU) frame of reference respectively. Support for plain language is strong at the units, but the concept appears to have been partially given a local meaning, showing that the traditional understanding of plain language may not be fully applicable in this setting. This shows the necessity to identify the aspects most central to comprehensibility, for different types of texts and in different settings – a necessity not only for plain language work within the EU, but in national settings as well. / I avhandlingen studeras den interinstitutionella översättningsprocessen, till svenska, för EU:s rättsakter, med fokus på hur villkoren för klarspråksarbetet ser ut inom denna process. De svenska översättningarna har länge ansetts svårbegripliga. Svårt skrivna original och starka krav på nära överensstämmelse med källtexten har pekats ut som huvudsakliga skäl till detta. Undersökningen syftar till att ta reda på hur institutionella faktorer formar utrymmet för klarspråksarbete inom översättningsprocessen. De teoretiska och metodiska utgångspunkterna för undersökningen är översättningssociologi, som betraktar översättning som en social aktivitet, och etnografi, som betonar deltagarperspektivet. Materialet består av fältanteckningar, intervjuer, videofilmade observationer av översättnings­arbete samt granskade översättningar. Krav på nära överensstämmelse med tidigare texter visar sig vara centralt för klarspråksarbetet; inte bara överensstämmelse med källtexten utan också med tidigare svenska översättningar. Den nära överensstämmelsen är nödvändig till följd av de särskilda krav som ställs på juridisk översättning, men stöds också av andra institutionella faktorer, exempelvis översättarnas osäkerhet omkring juridiskt språk, korta tidsfrister och interna läsares behov. Användandet av CAT-verktyg som TWB förstärker ytterligare denna bundenhet till tidigare texter. Andra institutionella faktorer är enheternas relativa isolering, med begränsad återkoppling utifrån, och den position som de översatta dokumenten har inom EU:s juridiska system. Resultaten pekar på att svårigheterna för en svensk läsare ofta inte är kopplade till texternas språkliga eller textuella utformning, utan till det avstånd som skapas mellan läsarens (svenska) och textens (EU-) referensram, till följd av just textens position inom EU-systemet. Stödet för klarspråk är starkt på enheterna, men begreppet förefaller ha getts en delvis lokal innebörd, vilket visar att den traditionella innebörden av klarspråk kanske inte är helt tillämpbar i det studerade sammanhanget. Detta visar behovet av att identifiera de aspekter som är mest centrala för begripligheten, för skilda sorters texter och i skilda kontexter – en nödvändighet inte enbart för klarspråksarbetet inom EU, utan även i nationella sammanhang.

Orientador: Diva Cardoso de Camargo / Banca: Francis Henrik Aubert / Banca: Ieda Maria Alves / Banca: Claudia Maria Xatara / Banca: Eli Nazareth Bechara / Resumo: Esta pesquisa visa realizar um estudo a respeito dos termos, colocações e colocações especializadas estendidas presentes em contratos sociais e estatutos sociais que representam os corpora de pesquisa. Nesta pesquisa, também observaremos as semelhanças e diferenças nos corpora de traduções jurídicas e juramentadas, no que concerne ao uso desses termos e padrões lexicais, assim como apontaremos aqueles que são mais frequentemente empregados em documentos do tipo contrato social e estatuto social. A investigação baseia-se na abordagem interdisciplinar dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus, da Linguística de Corpus, da Fraseologia, de modo mais específico das colocações, das colocações especializadas e das unidades fraseológicas especializadas. A Terminologia, por meio de seus pressupostos teóricos, também traz sua contribuição para a pesquisa, assim como os trabalhos sobre a tradução juramentada. Uma das motivações que delineia este estudo reside no fato de a tradução juramentada ser considerada de grande relevância nas relações comerciais, sociais e jurídicas entre as nações. Para realizar este estudo, compilamos um corpus de estudo (CE1) constituído por contratos sociais e estatutos sociais traduzidos no modo juramentado, nas direções tradutórias inglês português e português inglês, extraídos de Livros de Registro de Traduções, pertencentes a tradutores juramentados credenciados pela Junta Comercial de dois Estados brasileiros; e um corpus de estudo (CE2) formado por documentos de mesma natureza traduzidos sem o processo de juramentação, nas mesmas direções tradutórias. Além destes corpora, construímos dois corpora comparáveis, formados pelos referidos documentos originalmente escritos em português e em inglês. Os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram várias semelhanças, no tocante aos termos empregados em documentos traduzidos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This investigation aims at carrying out a study on terms, collocations and extended specialized collocations present in articles of incorporation/articles of organization/articles of association and bylaws that represent our research corpora. We will also observe similarities and differences in sworn and legal translation corpora, which concerns the use of such terms and lexical patterns, as well as point out the ones which are more frequently used in the focused documents. This research derives its theoretical and methodological sources from Corpus-Based Translation Studies, Corpus Linguistics, Phraseology, more specifically from collocations, specialized collocations and specialized phraseological units (SPUs). Terminology, from its theoretical standpoint, also offers its contribution to this study, as well as essays on sworn translation. One of the aspects that motivates this study is the fact that sworn translation is considered to be of great relevance to commercial, social and legal relations among nations. To conduct this research, we compiled a study corpus (CE1) composed of articles of incorporation/articles of organization/articles of association and bylaws submitted to the process of sworn translation in the English Portuguese and Portuguese English directions, excerpted from the Books of Sworn Translation Records, made available by five Brazilian sworn translators, duly sworn by the Board of Trade of two Brazilian States; a study corpus (CE2) made up of documents of the same nature not submitted to the process of sworn translation, in the same translation directions. Besides these corpora, we also built two comparable corpora formed by the referred documents originally written in Portuguese and in English. The results obtained in this research showed some similarities which refer to the terms used in documents submitted to the process of sworn translation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

In base alla politica di multilinguismo dell’Unione europea, la legislazione adottata dall’UE deve essere disponibile in tutte le lingue ufficiali e ciascuna versione linguistica ha pari valore giuridico. La traduzione svolge di conseguenza una funzione fondamentale all’interno dell’Unione europea. La tesi indaga gli schemi traduttivi ricorrenti nelle leggi europee tradotte dall’inglese all’italiano con l’obiettivo di identificare le norme traduttive che governano la traduzione della legislazione europea. In particolare, lo studio si focalizza su determinate espressioni di modalità che ricorrono con una frequenza particolarmente elevata. Lo studio è condotto su un corpus parallelo bilingue costituito ad hoc comprendente leggi europee nella versione in inglese e in italiano e su due corpus monolingue di riferimento contenenti leggi nazionali rispettivamente in inglese e in italiano. L’analisi adotta un approccio corpus-based combinando il quadro teorico degli studi descrittivi sulla traduzione con la metodologia della linguistica dei corpora. I risultati, basati su dati quantitativi e qualitativi, rivelano un’oscillazione tra diverse tendenze: la tendenza a riprodurre gli schemi linguistici del testo di partenza, la tendenza a conformare i testi tradotti alle convenzioni della cultura di arrivo e la tendenza ad introdurre cambiamenti linguistici a vantaggio della leggibilità e chiarezza delle traduzioni rispetto ai testi di partenza. / The policy of multilingualism at the European Union dictates that the legislation adopted by the EU is to be available in all the official languages and that all the language versions are equally authoritative. Consequently, translation plays a key role for the functioning of the EU. The present dissertation investigates the recurrent translational patterns in EU laws translated from English into Italian with the aim of identifying the translational norms that govern the translation of EU legislation. In particular, the study focuses on frequently occurring expressions of modality. For the purpose of the present research, a bilingual parallel corpus of EU law in English and in Italian and two reference corpora of, respectively, British and Italian national laws were compiled. The analysis was carried out with a corpus-based approach combining the theoretical framework of Descriptive Translation Studies with the methodology of Corpus Linguistics. The results, based on quantitative and qualitative data, show an oscillation between various tendencies, namely the tendency to reproduce the patterns of the source texts in the translated texts, the tendency to comply with the conventions of the target culture and the tendency to introduce changes that improve the readability and clarity of the translations.

La présente thèse porte sur la question de l’intelligibilité de la traduction juridique pour un praticien du droit. Notre hypothèse de travail consiste à dire que l’échec de la traduction juridique s’explique par l’absence de pertinence de la traduction pour son utilisateur. Pour éclairer cet aspect, une approche interdisciplinaire est adoptée. Méthodologiquement, nous partons de la critique de la notion d’équivalence et de la conception de la traduction comme recherche d’équivalents. Notre état de l’art se déploie en trois volets. Le premier volet traite de la théorie de la pertinence de Sperber et Wilson. Le second volet expose le traitement de la notion de pertinence en sciences de l’information. Le troisième volet présente la théorie de la pertinence et la théorie des connaissances élaborées par le sociologue Alfred Schütz Notre corpus d’étude comporte 145 bitextes allemand-français servant de base à des analyses contrastives. Dans la dernière partie, nous proposons une définition de la notion de pertinence et de ses conditions en traduction. Enfin, une méthode pratique de traduction fondée sur les notions de pertinence et d’usage est esquissée. / This thesis deals with the question of the intelligibility of legal translation for a legal practitioner. Our working hypothesis is that the failure of the legal translation is explained by the lack of relevance of the translation for its user. To shed light on this aspect, an interdisciplinary approach is adopted. Methodologically, we start from the criticism of the notion of equivalence and the conception of translation as a search for equivalents. Our state of the art is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the relevance theory of Sperber and Wilson. The second part describes the treatment of relevance in information science. The third part presents the theory of relevance and the theory of knowledge developed by sociologist Alfred Schütz. Our corpus includes 145 French-German texts used as a basis for contrasts analyses. In the personal contribution, we propose a definition of relevance and its conditions in translation. Finally, a practical method of translation based on the notions of relevance and usage is outlined.

Translation in Teaching English for Specific Purposes at the Tertiary Level The purpose of this thesis is to explore translation as an aid to language teaching from various perspectives relevant to English for Specific Purposes (ESP) classes at the tertiary level of education. Our intention is to offer the option of incorporating translation activities within ESP courses at universities. The research presented in the thesis is relevant to the context of English as a foreign language, taught in a linguistically homogeneous environment to adult learners of ESP at a tertiary level, with a particular focus on English for legal purposes. The research questions dealt with in this thesis are as follows: 1. Can translation contribute to effective learning of English for Specific Purposes? 2. If the answer to the first question is 'yes,' what forms of translation activities are best suited to make such a contribution? 3. Is translation currently used in courses of English for Specific Purposes, and, more specifically, in courses of English for law taught in the Czech Republic? If so, how is it used? 4. What are learners' perceptions of translation activities? The first two questions are answered through a review of the relevant literature. The third question is answered through semi-structured interviews...

Los estudios que se han realizado hasta el momento sobre la traducción jurídica se centran en analizar las competencias de los traductores y los textos jurídicos y sus dificultades. Sin embargo, a pesar de que la traducción jurídica es una de las especialidades con mayor oferta y demanda en el mercado de la traducción (Diéguez et al, 2014), son escasos los estudios que se han realizado para explorar la situación actual del mercado laboral. Para ello, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el perfil del traductor y cliente del mercado laboral de la traducción jurídica en Lima (Perú). En ese sentido, la investigación toma un enfoque cualitativo en el cual se propone realizar entrevistas a los traductores para conocer su labor y su perfil. De la misma manera, a partir de estas entrevistas, se describirá el perfil del cliente y se analizará el mercado de la traducción jurídica. / The studies on legal translation focus on analyzing the skills of translators and legal texts and their difficulties. However, even though legal translation is one of the specialties with a great supply and demand in the translation market (Diéguez, et al, 2014), few studies have been conducted to explore the current situation of the labor market. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the profile of the translator and client of the legal translation market in Lima (Peru). In that sense, the study takes a qualitative approach in which interviews with translators will be carried out to learn about their work and professional profile. Similarly, the interviews will be used to describe the profile of the client and to analyze the legal translation market. / Trabajo de investigación

In 1866, the Austrian Civil Code (Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch - ABGB) was translated into English for the first time by the Viennese lawyer Josef Maximilian Winiwarter. This is a story about the agency and empowerment of this important legal translator and how his translation influenced other translators and texts. The first part of this dissertation explores Winiwarter's life and his motivations for translating the ABGB into English and introduces the premise that Winiwarter's text was pivotal in creating a standard of legal terminology and phrasing for future civil-law texts in English. With the help of case studies and context-oriented research, the second part maps out the agency of Winiwarter and the influence his landmark translation has had on other translators and legal practitioners. It showcases two additional English translations of the ABGB, one in the mid-twentieth century and the other in the early twenty-first century, in order to substantiate just how influential Winiwarter's translation was, even a century later. The final part looks at the recommendations and strategies of Winiwarter and his successors in an attempt to offer practical guidance to legal translators based on the Winiwarter tradition and the research carried out in the dissertation. It also makes reference to...

This thesis investigates the rate of translation errors in Czech legal texts published in the Official Journal of the European Union using automated quality assurance tools. In the theoretical part, the aim of the thesis-to determine the error rate of analyzed text-is set, and individual hypotheses are defined. Subsequently, individual reasons which make translation for the EU institutions specific and why it is a separate subcategory within legal translation are listed. The method used to achieve the set objective and to confirm or disprove proposed hypotheses is described as well as the corpus which has been created for the analysis is presented. The corpus is comprised of legally binding texts- regulations, directives, and decisions published in the Official Journal of the European Union between 2004 and 2018. In the theoretical part, a definition of an error established for the purpose of this thesis is also provided. The definition was created based on QA tools options and a comparative analysis of different metrics used to evaluate the error rate in translation. The empirical part focuses on the research itself and discuss various issues encountered. The results of the analysis-whether the hypotheses have been proven-are then presented, and future research is outlined.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 orenha_a_dr_sjrp.pdf: 2083225 bytes, checksum: d8f591d9558b95f175aa9e7d6591f835 (MD5) / Esta pesquisa visa realizar um estudo a respeito dos termos, colocações e colocações especializadas estendidas presentes em contratos sociais e estatutos sociais que representam os corpora de pesquisa. Nesta pesquisa, também observaremos as semelhanças e diferenças nos corpora de traduções jurídicas e juramentadas, no que concerne ao uso desses termos e padrões lexicais, assim como apontaremos aqueles que são mais frequentemente empregados em documentos do tipo contrato social e estatuto social. A investigação baseia-se na abordagem interdisciplinar dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus, da Linguística de Corpus, da Fraseologia, de modo mais específico das colocações, das colocações especializadas e das unidades fraseológicas especializadas. A Terminologia, por meio de seus pressupostos teóricos, também traz sua contribuição para a pesquisa, assim como os trabalhos sobre a tradução juramentada. Uma das motivações que delineia este estudo reside no fato de a tradução juramentada ser considerada de grande relevância nas relações comerciais, sociais e jurídicas entre as nações. Para realizar este estudo, compilamos um corpus de estudo (CE1) constituído por contratos sociais e estatutos sociais traduzidos no modo juramentado, nas direções tradutórias inglês português e português inglês, extraídos de Livros de Registro de Traduções, pertencentes a tradutores juramentados credenciados pela Junta Comercial de dois Estados brasileiros; e um corpus de estudo (CE2) formado por documentos de mesma natureza traduzidos sem o processo de juramentação, nas mesmas direções tradutórias. Além destes corpora, construímos dois corpora comparáveis, formados pelos referidos documentos originalmente escritos em português e em inglês. Os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram várias semelhanças, no tocante aos termos empregados em documentos traduzidos... / This investigation aims at carrying out a study on terms, collocations and extended specialized collocations present in articles of incorporation/articles of organization/articles of association and bylaws that represent our research corpora. We will also observe similarities and differences in sworn and legal translation corpora, which concerns the use of such terms and lexical patterns, as well as point out the ones which are more frequently used in the focused documents. This research derives its theoretical and methodological sources from Corpus-Based Translation Studies, Corpus Linguistics, Phraseology, more specifically from collocations, specialized collocations and specialized phraseological units (SPUs). Terminology, from its theoretical standpoint, also offers its contribution to this study, as well as essays on sworn translation. One of the aspects that motivates this study is the fact that sworn translation is considered to be of great relevance to commercial, social and legal relations among nations. To conduct this research, we compiled a study corpus (CE1) composed of articles of incorporation/articles of organization/articles of association and bylaws submitted to the process of sworn translation in the English Portuguese and Portuguese English directions, excerpted from the Books of Sworn Translation Records, made available by five Brazilian sworn translators, duly sworn by the Board of Trade of two Brazilian States; a study corpus (CE2) made up of documents of the same nature not submitted to the process of sworn translation, in the same translation directions. Besides these corpora, we also built two comparable corpora formed by the referred documents originally written in Portuguese and in English. The results obtained in this research showed some similarities which refer to the terms used in documents submitted to the process of sworn translation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)