Alternating traditional classroom-based teaching techniques with hands-on learning activities outdoors is beneficial for children of all ages. The purpose of this thesis was to explore whether and how teachers may negotiate the constraints to facilitating hands-on learning opportunities outdoors. A snowball sample was used to identify twelve outdoor educators for semi-structured interviews documenting their characteristics, skills and experiences, perceptions of the constraints to outdoor education and recommendations for building interest in and supporting outdoor education. The findings suggested that participants’ childhood experiences outdoors were influential on their decisions to start teaching outdoor education, and that the participants’ perceptions of the constraints varied dependent on their experiences, objectives and attitudes. The participants’ recommendations were focused on what teachers could do to help themselves and each other to succeed. Altogether, the participants’ experiences suggest that passionate and engaged outdoor educators can have a lasting impact on students’ relationships with the natural world. / October 2016

[pt] Este trabalho identifica os fatores que impedem ou restringem o consumo de atividades de turismo por pessoas de mais idade. Investiga, também, a influência de variáveis demográficas, como idade, sexo, entre outras, na percepção destes fatores. Por meio de um questionário aplicado a pessoas com mais de 55 anos, obtém dados que possibilitaram o teste de várias hipóteses. Os resultados demonstram que os consumidores de mais idade não apresentam fortes restrições a viajar e que se sentem altamente estimulados para este tipo de lazer. Assim como em diversos estudos anteriores sobre restrições ao lazer, os principais fatores identificados foram tempo e recursos financeiros. / [en] This study identifies the factors that constrain senior consumers in their traveling consumption. It also investigates how demographic differences (age, gender, work status and companion at home) affect the perception of travel constraints. Through a sample of senior consumers (age 55+), several hypotheses were tested. Results show that most senior consumers are not likely to have a host of travel constraints and that they are actually enthusiastic towards this kind of leisure activity. As observed in earlier studies of leisure constraints, this study reaches the similar results, primarily that time and money seems the major constraints.

The conceptualization of leisure constraints is dependent on negotiating a hierarchy of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural leisure constraints. It has become a recognizable and distinct subfield within leisure studies. Research has shown that the leisure constraints should not be necessarily viewed as insurmountable obstacles. Individuals can negotiate constraints by applying an array of coping mechanisms. Recently, Iwasaki and Schneider (2003) and Schneider and Stanis (2007) proposed that constraints negotiation and coping with stress share much in common. Leisure constraints are considered elements of stress, whereas constraint negotiation appears to share commonalities with ways of coping with stress. The distinction between negotiation and coping is that negotiation is something people have engaged in prior to participating in the activity, whereas coping involves strategies people more typically engage in during active participation (in response to unwanted or unanticipated situations). Based on past literature, I constructed a constraints-coping model to extend our understanding of constraints negotiation by integrating an understanding of coping mechanisms into leisure constraints-negotiation models. In order to broaden the scope of a constraints-coping framework, I integrated additional social indicators (e.g., commitment, motivation, place attachment, and frequency of participation) into my hypothesized model. First, my testing of the constraints-coping model provided empirical support for Iwasaki and his colleagues' suggestion that coping strategies can be potentially integrated into models of constraints-negotiation processes. Second, I confirmed that the three types of onsite constraints continue to have relevance for active participants. The three types of constraining factors directly influence subsequent aspects of leisure engagement for recreationists already participating. Third, I confirmed that recreationists are more likely to cope with constraints by employing an array of problem-focused coping strategies, rather than to simply adjust cognitively. However, my findings illustrate that recreationists' coping responses vary in response to different types of constraints encountered (e.g., intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural). The experience of constraints did not universally result in the increased use of coping. Fourth, my results confirm that motivation is an immediate antecedent of constraints as well as a potential trigger for encouraging more problem-focused coping strategies. Last, four selected key variables (e.g., place attachment, commitment motivation, and frequency of participation) demonstrated different effects on influencing active participants' perceived constraints and subsequent coping strategies. Future investigations of coping strategies should continue to explore how active participants cope with onsite constraints based on a constraints-coping model in different settings.

The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the structure and antecedents of travelers' behavioral intentions. Understanding travelers' behavioral intentions is an important goal of both destination marketing organizations and host destinations. However, little research has contributed to the theoretical development in this area, and the lack of a solid theoretical framework has negatively influenced the validity of existing research. Thus, this study attempted to explain travelers' behavioral intentions, using a model which was developed based on existing human behavior theories: the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior. Another major objective of the current study was to test the validity of the proposed model. Based on the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior, a conceptual framework was established to explain travelers' behavior intention in a tourism context. Attitude was conceptualized as destination image which is a two-dimensional construct including cognitive and affective components. Subjective norms were conceptualized as the combination of normative beliefs and motivation to comply. Perceived behavioral control was conceptualized as constraints which is a three-dimensional construct including intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural components. An online panel survey was launched in September 2008 to collect data. Respondents were specially asked their perceived image about Texas, what were the barriers preventing them from traveling to Texas, and how their reference groups affected their travel decision to Texas. Totally, 1,448 completed surveys were received and utilized for analysis which included both visitors and non-visitors. The data analysis procedures included six major steps, from descriptive analysis and preliminary data analysis, to model and hypothesis testing. To do so, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 16.0 (SPSS) and Amos 16.0 were utilized. The structural relationships between all variables were tested with using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results of the study showed that destination image and subjective norm positively impacted behavioral intentions while constraints negatively affected behavioral intentions. Hence, this research provides important direction for the development of a more comprehensive theoretical framework to explain travelers' behavioral intentions, and presented a step toward offering practical as well as theoretical implications for future research.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a identificação dos fatores que impedem ou restringem o consumo de atividades de lazer infantil, adotando como base o modelo de restrições ao lazer desenvolvido por Crawford, Jackson e Godbey (1991). Com a finalidade de entender como se dá a escolha do lazer infantil e identificar as restrições existentes, foram pesquisadas mães pertencentes a diversas gerações. Esta abordagem foi adotada pois estudo pretende investigar possíveis diferenças de atitudes frente às restrições ao consumo do lazer infantil pelo target pesquisado. Os dados foram coletados através da utilização da metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa por meio de entrevistas em profundidade e grupos de foco. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que não existem fortes restrições por parte das mães no consumo de atividades de lazer de seus filhos. As barreiras intrapessoais não apresentaram importância significativa para este target. No entanto, independentemente da geração a que pertence a mãe, foram encontrados fortes indícios de barreiras interpessoais e estruturais que se constituem em um importante objeto de estudo, uma vez que impactam diretamente a vida familiar e social da população em geral. As conclusões deste estudo objetivam contribuir para a formulação de estratégias de empresas pertencentes à indústria do entretenimento, bem como subsidiar estratégias de atuação do governo no que tange a investimentos ou financiamentos de projetos de entretenimento para o público infantil. / [en] The purpose of the present study is to identify the factors that prevent or restrict the consumption of children`s leisure activities. In order to achieve the proposed objectives the Constraints to Leisure model developed by Crawford, Jackson and Godbey (1991) was used. To better understand how the Children s leisure decisions are taken and to identify its associated constraints mothers of several generations were chosen as subjects to participate in the field research. This kind of approach was selected as way a to identify different attitudes concerning the topic among the target. The data was collected through qualitative research methodology, using as tools focus groups and in-depth interviews. The results demonstrated that the constraints identified did not represent an issue for the mothers while engaging in leisure activities with their children. The intrapersonal barriers haven`t shown any relevance for the target. However, all mothers interviewed, regardless of their age, pointed out various interpersonal and structural barriers that can have a direct impact in their day-today lives, concerning both family and social aspects. The findings achieved in this study are relevant to help companies in the entertainment industry to build more accurate and efficient marketing strategies and also to help the government by providing information that could support decisions concerning investments and financing projects related to the kids entertainment.

Immigrant entrepreneurship’s social and political dimensions remain largely overlooked in leisure studies scholarship. In Canada, investigations of immigrant entrepreneurship have, with very few exceptions, been limited to the economic sphere. Through the theoretical work of Michel Foucault, critical discourse analysis, semi-structured interviews, and participant observation, in this dissertation I expose and explore the intersections between multicultural citizenship discourses and leisure-oriented non-European immigrant entrepreneurship in the Windsor-Essex region of southwestern Ontario. Written in the publishable paper format, this dissertation is comprised of three stand-alone papers: paper one illustrates how citizenship discourses produced and exercised through Canada’s Multiculturalism Act (Canada, 1988) simultaneously inhibit and enable immigrants’ leisure pursuits; paper two demonstrates how non-European immigrants use leisure-based entrepreneurship to affirm and resist constraints exercised through multicultural citizenship discourses; finally, paper three demonstrates how non-European immigrants use leisure-based entrepreneurship to expand their possibilities for recognition and equal rights in the social, cultural, and political spheres of Canadian society. My findings indicate that leisure-based entrepreneurship is an important site for immigrant minorities’ civic engagement. It is a space and a medium to express and sustain distinctive cultural traditions and practices. Further, it serves as a strategy for immigrant minorities to break down barriers and create opportunities for themselves and others to participate in and experience a wide range of leisure traditions and practices. In short, through this dissertation I show that leisure-based entrepreneurship is a technique employed by immigrant minorities to assert their membership in Canadian society and to lay claims to full and equal citizenship rights. Leisure-oriented immigrant entrepreneurship, I argue, is an important site for active citizenship.

[pt] Este trabalho identifica a intenção dos consumidores seniores - acima de 55 anos de idade - na prática de atividades físicas. Também verifica os motivos que podem restringir a participação dessas pessoas nas atividades. Finalmente, investiga uma segmentação de mercado alternativa, com base no conceito de idade cognitiva. Compara a análise das variáveis demográficas, como idade cronológica, sexo, ocupação e renda familiar, com os resultados. Isto permite averiguar a influência que essas variáveis exercem no desejo de praticar atividades físicas e na percepção das restrições intrapessoais. Uma amostra de conveniência de 231 pessoas acima de 55 anos respondeu ao questionário elaborado para testar várias hipóteses. Os resultados mostraram que os consumidores acima de 55 anos já praticam ou têm intenção de praticar atividades físicas de intensidade leve e de esforço moderado, mas não há esta intenção para atividades que exigem muito esforço. Os resultados também mostram que existem restrições intrapessoais que impedem pessoas mais velhas de praticar as atividades de que gostariam. / [en] This study identifies the intention of senior consumers - over 55 years old - to practice of physical activities. It also looks at factors that restrain these consumers to engage in physical activities. Finally, it investigates an alternative market segmentation based on the concept of cognitive age. An analytical framework is used to cross results with demographic variable, such as chronological age, sex, occupation and family income. It allows to see how demographic factors affect the willingness to practice physical activities and the perception of the intrapersonal restraints. A convenient sample of 231 people over 55 years old answered a questionnaire that was elaborated to test several hypothesis. Basic results show that 55+ consumers already practice or intend to practice only low or moderate intensity physical activities, but not more vigorous. They also show that there are manifested intrapersonal restraints that do not permit older people to practice the activities they would like to.

2010年蘋果推出iPad後，台灣也跟著掀起平板熱潮，並快速普及到中高年齡層使用者。平板現在已經是中年家庭主婦重要的家戶休閒之一。本研究結合休閒領域和性別傳播科技領域探討中年家庭主婦的休閒，分析形成婦女「休閒阻礙」（Leisure constraint）的原因，並觀察平板融入主婦的生活後主婦休閒體驗的變化、平板使用複製過去女性用資通科技進行休閒的特性與限制。 本研究結合使用者日誌與深度訪談探索中年家庭主婦的平板休閒經驗。結果顯示本地中年家庭主婦認為的休閒包含心理閒暇感受，外出活動，社交等，這也反映在她們對於平板休閒的感知。與過往休閒研究歸納的女性休閒特性相似，本地中年主婦的休閒特性包含休閒時間碎片化，習慣多工等，反映她們的休閒受到阻礙。而與其他生命週期的女性不同，步入空巢期的中年主婦因為照顧子女的責任減輕，使她們開始積極追求休閒，休閒意識提高。中年主婦也因為擁有多年家務經驗，使她們發展出抵抗休閒阻礙的策略，獲得更多的休閒機會。 中年主婦的平板使用時機融入她們的生活韻律，因為平板的體積與未連網之故，主婦一旦外出，反而少攜帶；平板之為行動載具的行動性(mobility)未見發揮，平板成為居家休閒的重要裝置。獨自在家時主婦用平板看劇、玩遊戲，主婦也會在此時一邊看電視，一邊用平板，採取「雙螢」休閒模式，極大化休閒體驗。家人同在的晚間家庭時光，主婦平板不離身，陪伴家人、履行情感勞動，透過平板上的社交媒體同步與自己友人聊天，或看喜歡的劇集，沉浸在自己的虛擬空間。 平板為主婦過去透過其他科技物中介的休閒帶來新的意義。然而雖然平板使主婦擺脫不擅電子遊戲的刻板印象、也因平板而掌有觀影權，鬆動過去丈夫主導的家庭觀影秩序，本研究發現母職腳本形成主婦的平板休閒阻礙分別顯現在平板擁有權、使用平板瀏覽資訊、平板的社群通訊軟體使用上。中年家庭主婦休閒受到「妻職」影響，即便主婦用平板休閒受到丈夫中斷，她們也將其視為理所當然，因為經過與丈夫多年的相處磨合，中年婦女大多都能接受與容忍配偶的行為。 / After Apple introduced the iPad in 2010, the tablet quickly earned many middle–aged users' attention in Taiwan. Nowadays, the tablet has become one of the most important household leisure devices for middle-aged housewives. This study adopts diary study and in-depth interviews to explore how the tablet has been integrated into middle–aged housewives' lives. Additionally, it examines what kinds of leisure constraints housewives confront when they use a tablet. This study explores the leisure of Taiwanese middle-aged housewives. The result shows that Taiwanese middle-aged housewives have varied definitions of leisure which include relaxed mental state, outdoor activities and social activities. Those definitions reflect on housewives' feeling about tablet use. What’s more, a number of leisure researchers have indicated fragmented leisure time and multitasking characterize women's leisure. Taiwanese middle-aged housewives' leisure shows similar characteristics. However, Taiwanese middle-aged housewives feel a sense of entitlement with regards to leisure since they no longer have the responsibility of care-taking as their younger peers still carry. Besides, middle-aged housewives have developed strategies to resist and transform leisure constraints imposed on them along the way. The timing of tablet use of middle-aged housewives is closely related to their lifestyle. The finding suggests that the mobility of a tablet is limited. Tablets are heavy and lack network access, which is why housewives reserve their use for domestic leisure. Housewives who are alone at home usually use a tablet to play games or watch dramas. They also watch TV and use the tablet at the same time. Using this “double screen” model, housewives can broaden their leisure experience. During family hours in the evening, housewives bring their tablets to the living room so that they not only show their emotional support to be there with their family but also enjoy their personal tablet at the same time. The nature of leisure and the related images which housewives obtained in the past by using other technology have undergone great transformations. For example, instead of non-gamers or incapable gamers, housewives have proven themselves to be the ones who also enjoy game play. Moreover, the tablet has become housewives' “second screen” with which they can watch any program they like instead of being forced to watch the programs chosen by their husbands. However, the findings suggest the scripted motherhood affects housewives' tablet use, and it reflects on their tablet’s ownership, their use of social media and the web-browsing. The scripted wife- hood also affects housewives' leisure. For instance, their husbands often interrupt their tablet use, but housewives see interruptions as the way things have always been.

A review of literature has revealed a dearth of research on leisure swimming patterns of Black females. Black youth, both male and female, have a higher rate of drowning than any other racial/ethnic group in the United States (“Water‐related injuries: Fact sheet”, 2005). Two known studies produced by (Irwin et al., 2009; 2010) examining hair as a constraint to swimming for African American youth produced conflicting results. In order to comprehensively examine hair as a constraint to African American female participation in swimming, the current study adopted a qualitative approach which allowed exploration of the cultural background and experiences of the participants enrolled in a required swimming class at Yates University (this is a pseudonym used throughout this research). The following research questions guided the study (a) How does hair influence swimming participation choices of Black females and (b) What is the self-reported degree of difficulty in the constraints negotiation process for Black females who do swim? The major finding is that hair acts as a constraint to swimming for participants of this study, but participants offered ways of negotiating this constraint to still be active participants in swimming.

The purpose of the study was to thematically map and describe what motives and factors previous ice hockey women experienced as contributing to their dropout from ice hockey. The study involved 15 interviewees; women aged 17–42 (M = 23.3 SD = 6,8) where all participants previously played ice hockey but have now chosen to quit. In the study, interviews were conducted with all participants and the participants had been active in ice hockey between 3 and 24 years (Average = 13.3). The result was analyzed via a thematic analysis. The results show that the participants experience several different intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints as contributing reasons for terminated sports participation (i.e., negative emotions, low competence, coach's behavior, teammates' behaviors, and financial constraints). To reduce the number of dropouts from sports, federations, clubs, and districts are recommended, among other things, to work to increase coaches' knowledge of psychological and psychosocial aspects to create better and more pleasant environments in women's hockey. This together with strengthening the participants' three basic needs (competence, autonomy & relatedness). Future research in the field is recommended to focus on a broader societal perspective and how it is related to dropouts from sports. / Syftet med studien var att tematiskt kartlägga och beskriva vilka motiv och faktorer tidigare ishockeykvinnor upplevde bidragande till deras avhopp från ishockey. Studien involverade 15 intervjuade; kvinnor i åldrarna 17–42 år (M = 23,3 SD = 6,8) där samtliga deltagare tidigare spelat ishockey men nu har valt att sluta. I studien genomfördes intervjuer med samtliga deltagare och deltagarna hade varit aktiva i ishockey mellan 3 och 24 år (genomsnitt = 13,3). Resultatet analyserades via en tematisk analys. Resultaten visar att deltagarna upplever flera olika intrapersonella, interpersonella och strukturella begränsningar som bidragande orsaker till avslutat idrottsdeltagande (ex. negativa känslor, låg kompetens, tränares beteende,lagkamraters beteende och ekonomiska begränsningar). För att minska antalet bortfall från idrott rekommenderas förbund, klubbar och distrikt bland annat att arbeta för att öka tränarnas kunskap om psykologiska och psykosociala aspekter för att skapa bättre och trevligare miljöer inom damhockey. Detta tillsammans med att stärka deltagarna tre grundläggande behov (kompetens, autonomi och tillhörighet). Framtida forskning inom området rekommenderas att fokusera på ett bredare samhällsperspektiv och hur det är relaterat till bortfall från idrott.