The commercialisation of military services has increased in importance since the end of the Cold War. Commercial Military Service Providers (CMSPs) have found increased respectability and worked in states on every continent. Writing on CMSPs has similarly increased. Several high profile incidents have come under intense scrutiny, and has led to some portions of the literature demonising their use. However, there are still conceptual and theoretical issues which have been under explored. This thesis contributes to the literature which has sought to address this theoretical lacuna. Historical Sociology and comparative analysis are employed to analyse the implications of CMSP use on the state. A modified version of the Ideological, Economic, Military and Political (IEMP) model developed by Michael Mann, is used to theorise the impact of commercial security providers on existing sources of power within the state, and the relationship between them. The thesis uses two case studies which are representative of the use of CMSPs during this time period. The Sierra Leone Civil War and the invasion and reconstruction of Iraq since 2003. It will be argued that CMSPs alter the balance between power structures within the state, positively and negatively affecting the power of the state. The short term use of CMSPs has proven to be useful and of increasing importance; especially when military weakness is an urgent problem. However, although there has been no example of CMSPs intentionally threatening state stability, they can also subvert the power of the state. CMSPs, particularly when used for an extended period, have undermined the relationship between the sources of power, undermining political stability. Most significantly they weakened the state by undermining the strength it gains from its embeddedness in society.

Det här är ett konstnärligt arbete om att skriva popmusik med utgångspunkt i Sergio Leones spaghettivästern. Jag har valt ut tre ledmotiv att analysera från filmerna För en handfull dollar, För några få dollar mer och Den gode, den onde, den fule, komponerade av Ennio Morricone, för att sedan tillämpa de mest karakteristiska inslagen från harmoniken, melodispråket och arrangemangen i egenskriven popmusik. Analyserna av varje films utvalda musikstycke fokuserar på instrumentering och arrangemang, melodik, harmonik, rytm och bas. För att få fördjupad förståelse för hur Ennio Morricones spaghettivästernmusik är uppbyggd komponerade jag först ett ledmotiv med utgångspunkt i analyserna för att sedan tillämpa innehållet i analyserna för popmusik. Med denna erfarenhet kopplad till analyserna, fortsatte jag sedan att skriva två poplåtar. Resultatet av arbetet och låtarna blev speciell och det var en utmaning att komponera popmusik baserad på spaghettivästern-element i kompositionerna. Stundvis fastnade jag då jag ibland lät spagghetivästern ta för mycket plats i kompositionerna medan visste stunder gick jag loss för mycket.

<p>This paper is a Master thesis for the Master’s program in International and European Relations in the Department of Management and Economics at Linköping University. As the title indicates, the aim of this thesis is to make a comparative analysis of the conflict resolution initiatives that were employed in the Sierra Leonean and Liberian conflicts. The research questions are:</p><p> • What were the root causes and trajectories of the Sierra Leonean and Liberian conflicts? </p><p>• What were the conflict resolution initiatives employed in resolving both conflicts? </p><p>• Why did the Lome Peace Accord succeed in the case of Sierra Leone whilst the Abuja Peace Accord failed in bringing peace to Liberia? </p><p>In order to answer the afore-mentioned questions and fulfil the aim of this paper, a qualitative research method has been chosen. The study is mainly based on secondary sources such as textbooks, official documents from ECOWAS and the UN, articles, magazines and newspapers as well as internet resources. In making the comparative analysis the Conflict Transformation Model as espoused by Kumar Rupesinghe has been utilized. This model has specifically helped in explaining the reasons why peace returned to Sierra Leone but eluded the people of Liberia for a long time. The conclusion drawn from the study is that a multi-track approach is required in dealing with conflicts in West Africa so that it would touch on the context of the conflict, the conflict structure, the intra-party as well as the inter- party divisions and the broader system of society and governance within the conflict area.</p>

This paper is a Master thesis for the Master’s program in International and European Relations in the Department of Management and Economics at Linköping University. As the title indicates, the aim of this thesis is to make a comparative analysis of the conflict resolution initiatives that were employed in the Sierra Leonean and Liberian conflicts. The research questions are: • What were the root causes and trajectories of the Sierra Leonean and Liberian conflicts? • What were the conflict resolution initiatives employed in resolving both conflicts? • Why did the Lome Peace Accord succeed in the case of Sierra Leone whilst the Abuja Peace Accord failed in bringing peace to Liberia? In order to answer the afore-mentioned questions and fulfil the aim of this paper, a qualitative research method has been chosen. The study is mainly based on secondary sources such as textbooks, official documents from ECOWAS and the UN, articles, magazines and newspapers as well as internet resources. In making the comparative analysis the Conflict Transformation Model as espoused by Kumar Rupesinghe has been utilized. This model has specifically helped in explaining the reasons why peace returned to Sierra Leone but eluded the people of Liberia for a long time. The conclusion drawn from the study is that a multi-track approach is required in dealing with conflicts in West Africa so that it would touch on the context of the conflict, the conflict structure, the intra-party as well as the inter- party divisions and the broader system of society and governance within the conflict area.

Försvarsmakter genomgår en transformerning som en följd av omvärldsutvecklingen. Dessutomhar EU ambitioner att spela en större och aktivare roll. Transformeringen innebär en utvecklingmot att delta i snabba och kortsiktiga operationer. Detta innebär förmåga till expeditionäraoperationer och snabbinsatser vilket ställer många krav, ett av dem är inom logistikens område.En fungerande logistik är en förutsättning.Syftet är att undersöka vilka kriterier som krävs för att genomföra expeditionära operationer ochsnabbinsatser med fokus på logistik.Uppsatsen är en beskrivande studie bestående av en kvalitativ textanalys av begreppenexpeditionära operationer, snabbinsatser och logistik med framtagande av kriterier, samt enkvalitativ textanalys av två fallstudier, brittiska Operation Palliser i maj 2000 och det svenskadeltagandet i Tchad-insatsen 2008, följt av en analys där kriterierna operationaliseras påfallstudierna.Resultatet definierar ett antal kriterier samt anger ett antal slutsatser som måste uppfyllasavseende innehåll och åtgärder för att förmågan till expeditionära operationer, snabbinsatser ochlogistik ska vara möjlig. Slutsatserna är bland annat att kunna lämna sitt område, disponerandetav tiden samt att logistiken måste vara med från början med en gemensam logistik. / Armed Forces are going through a transformation as a consequence of the development in theworld. In Addition the European Union has ambitions. The transformation means to deploy unitsand resources, in addition this should happen quickly and in short-term operations. This meanhaving the capability in expeditionary operations, rapid reaction operations and putting highdemands in different areas, one is in the logistical area. A working logistic is a pre-requisite.The aim of this thesis is to examine which criteria are needed to accomplish expeditionaryoperations, rapid reaction operations with a focus on logistics.The thesis is a descriptive study consisting of a qualitative text-analysis of expeditionaryoperations, rapid reaction operations and logistics with development of criteria. It’s also aqualitative text-analysis of two case-studies, the British Operation Palliser in May 2000 and theSwedish participation in EUFOR/ Chad 2008. An analysis follows in where the criteria havebeen operational in the case-studies.The result of the study draw a number of criteria and conclusions that must be fulfilled in relationto substance and measures before the capability exists carry out expeditionary operations, rapidreaction operations and logistics. The conclusions are among others the capability to leavenational areas / Avdelning: ALB – Slutet Mag. 3 C-upps. Hylla: Upps. ChP 07-09

It has been claimed that internationalized, or "hybrid" courts, courts which mix international and local personnel and international and domestic law, can be used to replace or complement the work of the International Criminal Court. Four such hybrid courts---courts located in Kosovo, East Timor, Cambodia and Sierra Leone, have either just completed their work or are far enough along in their operation to provide a type of "justice laboratory" to test this claim. Analysis reveals that the performance of these courts has been poor. It shows that the courts in Kosovo and East Timor were doomed to failure, that the court in Cambodia is headed in the same direction, and that only the court operating in Sierra Leone offers a possibility that something close to justice will result. The summary recommendation drawn from the analysis is that hybrid courts should only be employed where: (1) international personnel control the proceedings, (2) the legal framework of the court conforms to international standards, and (3) the sponsors of the enterprise possess a clear ability, and demonstrate a credible commitment, to try and punish those most responsible for committing gross human rights offenses.

Based on a re-articulated definition of ‘public’ and ‘private’, this thesis challenge the common understanding of the state as a principally ‘public’ provider of force. Taking both a theoretical and empirical approach, this thesis argues that there has been a continuing conflation of state and non-state providers of force, and that the latter can be just as legitimate. Three cases are here analysed: Executive Outcomes in Sierra Leone, The Royal African Company in Guinea and King Leopold II in The Congo Free State. Current events in Iraq and New Orleans will also be addressed. By analysing how force has been used for economic profit at the cost of the public, this thesis argues that the essential question is not who provides security, but for whom security is provided. It has thus taken a broader approach to the debate about the desirability and ramifications of the private military industry.

Orientador: Claudiney Rodrigues de Carrasco / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T00:42:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mancini_OrlandoMarcosMartins_D.pdf: 6805808 bytes, checksum: 7a89e4b87eec71308f7438073bada8d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O pensamento musical no cinema exemplificado pela "música aplicada" de Ennio Morricone originou-se em julho de 1992, na ACCADEMIA MUSICALE CHIGIANA, Siena - Itália, onde Ennio Morricone e Sergio Miceli ministraram conjuntamente o Corso de Perfezionamento in Musica per Film. Sucintamente, o curso propôs a possibilidade de uma confluência entre dois pensamentos relacionados à música de cinema, duas abordagens: uma musicológica, histórica e teórica, voltada a apresentar instrumentos idôneos na análise das relações intercorrentes entre música e imagem (a parte de Sergio Miceli); a outra, profissional, artesanal, estritamente relativa a um pensamento e uma praxe compositiva desenvolvida dentro dos vínculos impostos pela própria produção e linguagem cinematográfica (a parte de Ennio Morricone). Mesmo que primariamente distintas, de modo geral, as abordagens percorreram assuntos que, insistentemente, orbitaram em torno de um mesmo problema: qual o contexto da música e do compositor de cinema na história contemporânea? Utilizando inserções musicais das trilhas sonoras das duas trilogias do diretor Sergio Leone e de alguns filmes representativos situados em momentos importantes da trajetória de Ennio Morricone como referência, este trabalho busca apresentar, situar, estender e aprofundar a proposta de confluência estabelecida na Chigiana, acrescida por tópicos importantes e significativos do instrumental teórico da área de música de cinema, principalmente o referenciado no campo acadêmico. O estudo alterna entre uma vertente mais geral, percorrendo panoramicamente momentos decisivos da vida e da obra de Ennio Morricone, com outra mais particularizada, aprofundando-se em momentos significativos, onde são estabelecidas instâncias reveladoras de seu pensamento musical aplicado no objeto audiovisual / Abstract: Musical Thought in Cinema exemplified by Ennio Morricone's "Applied Music" originated in July 1992 at Accademia Musicale Chigiana, in Siena - Italy, where Ennio Morricone and Sergio Miceli ministered, together, the Corso di Perfezionamento in Musica per Film. Succinctly, the course raised the possibility of a confluence between two approaches related to film music: a musicological, historical and theoretical view aimed to present suitable instruments for the analysis of the reciprocal relations between music and image (Sergio Miceli's focus), and a professional, compositional perspective developed within the constraints imposed by its creation and cinematic language (advocated by Ennio Morricone). Even though primarily distinct, in general, both approaches seem to converge to the same problem: what is the context of film music and composer in history? Using fragments of Sergio Leone's two trilogies and other representative film scores in the career of Ennio Morricone as reference, this study aims to present, situate, expand and deepen the proposed confluence, established originally at Chigiana, by considering various well-known theoretical lenses. This work will alternate between a panoramic overview of decisive moments in Ennio Morricone's life and work and an in depth analysis of key extracts which reveal his applied musical thought in the relationship between the audiovisual object and the soundtrack / Doutorado / Doutor em Música

Magister Legum - LLM / The aim of this study is to scrutinise, in particular, the legal bases of and decisions taken by various hybrid courts with regards to such consolidating or fragmenting effects on substantive international criminal law. The first section (Chapter 2), it will examine what is to be understood by the notion of a hybrid court. This will be followed by an analysis of the hybrid courts that have been established thus far. Furthermore, the advantages and reasons for which hybrid courts have been established in recent decades will be discussed, especially regarding their potential advantages as a transitional justice instrument. Moreover, disadvantages of hybrid courts and their deficiencies in the past will be addressed. Subsequently, the role of hybrid courts within the international legal system and their utility in the future will be discussed. This will include, on the one hand, the scope of the jurisdiction of hybrid courts in relation to other national and international criminal courts, especially vis-à-vis the ICC. On the other hand, it will be addressed whether hybrid courts will – or should – be established in the future, given the creation of the permanent ICC as well as the shortcomings of hybrid courts in the past. Against this background, the impact of hybrid courts on the further development of international criminal law will be assessed in the third section of the paper (Chapter 4). In this regard, the discussion will focus on a representative selection of hybrid courts, namely the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL). It will be discussed how their legal bases as well as their jurisprudence relate to the previous state of international criminal law, and whether they constitute adverse diversifications or positive contributions to international criminal law. In a concluding section (Chapter 5), the results of the study will be analysed and possible correlations between the structural elements of hybrid courts and their impact on international criminal law will be discussed. Finally, further questions regarding the use of hybrid courts in the future will be addressed.

The objective of this diploma thesis is to bring different views on the issue of resource dependence and the origins of conflicts connected to the diamonds from Sub-Saharan Africa; and to point out on the existence of conflict diamonds and the disinterest of international forum to solve this problem in the present and in the past. The diploma thesis consists of three chapters. First chapter analyses the resource dependence, conflict and the connection between them. Second chapter is focused on the definition of conflict diamonds, international initiatives and Kimberley Process. Third chapter represents the practical part of this diploma thesis, it analyses two conflicts connected to diamonds, the conflict in Angola and in Sierra Leone.