Problem description: The universities resources is allocated yearly through a regulation letter by the government which might make it more difficult to plan the organisation due to unforeseen events. The adaption and design of the management is a critical event that can cause negative consequences for the operation if made with deficient knowledge understanding about the cause and effect. We argue that this demands the management to clearly communicate the operations unique context, visions, goals and desired approach to create consensus within the organisation.  Research question: How does the balance between interactive and diagnostic control affect the management and the actions between top and local management in universities?  Purpose: The purpose with this research is to describe and understand how the balance between interactive and diagnostic controll in both the management and budget process affects actions in universities.  Methodology: This is a descriptive qualitative research which is mainly deductive. The empirical data is based on six different interviews from six different respondents that has been interviewed according to two different interview guides depending on which management level they were. The interview guide is based on semi structured questions that are well anchored in the theory through a operationalization scheme to fulfil the purpose of gathering the desired data to ensure a high validity.  Conclusions: Actions like budget games occurs despite reached balance between interactive and diagnostic control as a result of the universities context of being a part of the government since local savings is prohibited. / Problemdiskussion: Resursfördelningen i högskolan tilldelas varje år genom att regeringen skickar ut regleringsbrev vilket medför att förmågan att planera långsiktigt till följd av oförutsedda händelser kan försvåras. Anpassning och utformning av styrdialogen är en kritisk händelse som vid bristande förståelse kring orsak och verkan, kan resultera i negativa konsekvenser för verksamheten. Detta ställer krav på en styrdialog som förmår att tydligt förmedla verksamhetens unika kontext, vision, mål och önskat tillvägagångssätt för att skapa samsyn inom organisationen. Forskningsfråga: Hur påverkar balansen mellan interaktiv och diagnostisk kontroll styrdialog och ageranden mellan central och lokal ledning i högskolor? Syfte: Vår undersökning syftar till att beskriva och förstå hur balansen mellan interaktiv och diagnostisk kontroll i såväl styrdialog som budgetprocess påverkar ageranden i högskolor. Metod: Detta är en beskrivande kvalitativ studie med en huvudsaklig deduktiv ansats. Empirin grundar sig på intervjuer från sex olika respondenter som har intervjuats efter två olika intervjuguider beroende av ledningsnivå. Intervjuguiden är baserad på semistrukturerade frågor som är väl förankrade i teorin genom ett operationaliseringsschema i syfte att samla önskad information för att säkerställa en hög validitet. Slutsats: Ageranden såsom budgetspel uppstår trots uppnådd balans mellan interaktiv och diagnostisk kontroll till följd av högskolans kontext av att vara en statlig myndighet då lokalt sparande inte tillåts.

The management control systems (MCS) concept has evolved significantly the past decades with extensive studies that explore not only the concept itself but as well its relation to diverse variables such as performance, innovativeness and organisational learning. Nonetheless, inaccuracy is still present according to some researchers. (Tessier & Otley, 2012; Ferreira & Otley, 2009) By means of a systematic review (Tranfield et al., 2003), an interpretive analysis that embodies academic literatures in the area is presented. As a result, this thesis provides a synthesis delineation of the interactive management control systems’ concept. For the purpose of the study, a systematic selection of published and non-published academic literatures was conducted. (Saunders et al.,2009). Simons (Levers of control. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press,1995) was used as a starting point in order to generate criteria for the subsequent identification of relevant sources and get a grounding understanding of the topic before taking the challenge in form of a literature review in order to establish a distinction of the concept. This paper differs from prior studies in the field because of its attempt to clarify the concept of interactive control systems in a systematic manner which will allow the reader to have a see-through approach on all the procedures undertaken for the study. 111 articles were retrieved and following screening and abstract analysis 17 studies (including Simons, 1995 and Bisbe et al., 2005) were selected for the discussion of this qualitative literature review. In contrast to the existing literatures in the MCS field, I conceptualise the findings in 2 categories order to distinct the concepts of interactive MCS from interactive use of MCS. The main contribution of the study is the finding that there is a difference between interactive control systems and interactive use of control systems. Interactive MCS as such has a functionalist view and are designed to deliver interactiveness regardless of the context or the actors. And interactive use of control systems concerns the enactment of any control systems in an interactive manner. Therefore, the context (innovative environment) and the actor are taken into account in order for the systems to deliver positive effects. In addition, Evidences show that the interactive MCS as such are progressive instruments and characterised by effective and regular discussion among the users. Which lead to positive effects on strategy, workplace and innovation. Interactive use of MCS on the other hand are desirable in a context of R&D where the actor have required knowledge to facility the enactment. Additionally, MCS field interpret the concept of ICS more as interactive use of MCS than as such as interactive control system. When it comes to the connection to innovation, findings are contradictory as there are both positive and negative effects on business variables such innovation.

L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en français / Individuals do not always enact their intentions into behaviours, which may lead to severe outcomes especially in health-related fields. Self-regulation strategies, like cuedependent plans interventions, have shown efficiency to help to counter the intentionbehaviour gap. Yet, no review has been realised recently to bring a qualitative and quantitative analyses of this effect.Firstly, we carried out a qualitative review to evaluate the effectiveness of cuedependent planning intervention to increase health-related behaviours. We included 329 studies with experimental and prospective designs that measured or evaluated the effect of cue-dependent plans (e.g. implementation intention, action planning, coping planning) on health-related behaviours, among general, clinical and student population. The qualitative analysis revealed for instance that implementation intentions were used in majority, even if the if-then format was not systematically adopted. However, we oticed confusion between the terminologies of the plans and the theories. A quantitative review will be realised to evaluate the effect size and the moderators that could magnify or diminish the effects of cuedependent planning interventions on health-related behaviours. Second, we presented two studies that tested the effectiveness of cue-dependent planning interventions on physical activity, which was the most represented health outcome in cue-dependent planning interventions, according to our review. Motivational (mental simulation) and volitional (implementation intention) interventions were combined to promote physical activity participation. The first study, adopting a cluster randomised controlled trial design among students, did not show any significant effect neither of the mental simulation plus implementation intention intervention, nor of the implementation intention intervention compared to the control condition. The second study adopted a more rigorous methodology with a full-factorial randomised controlled design, with a larger sample and objective measures of physical activity (attendance to gym centre). Nevertheless, the study revealed no statistically significant main or interactive effects of the mental simulation and implementation intention conditions on physical activity outcomes. Findings were not in line with previous research that showed effects of cue-dependent plans to promote physical activity. This adds to the necessity of identifying the moderators of these interventions in health behaviours.Thirdly, cue-dependent planning interventions are needed in illness behaviours. In chronic disease, non-adherence to medication is a public health problem that can lead to negative health outcomes. Even if the patients want to take their treatment, they may, for instance, forget it and fail to enact the behaviour. We tested the ability of an intervention adopting implementation intention and coping planning to promote medication adherence. In a randomized controlled trial, outpatients with cardiovascular diseases were randomly allocated to either an implementation intention and coping planning condition, or to a noplanning control condition. Findings revealed no significant effect of the intervention on medication adherence. However, post hoc moderator analyses showed that the beliefs moderated the effect of the intervention, which was effective in patients with lower necessity beliefs compared to those with higher necessity beliefs. The design used in the study did not enable to test the direct an interactive effect on medication adherence, so it would be necessary to replicate these findings with a full factorial design among patients with cardiovascular diseases.

This paper is concerned with the use of management control systems (MCSs) within high growth firms (HGFs) to support rapid growth. Considering that a lack of MCSs has been identified as a major cause of failure among start-ups, as well as that MCSs have been claimed to enable firms to grow more during their early years, this is a highly interesting topic for scholars as well as entrepreneurs. However, despite the exceptional opportunity that HGFs provide in examining this topic, there is a lack of contemporary research on how HGFs use MCSs to support their growth. To fill this gap a multiple case study was conducted, investigating how Simons’ (1995) levers of control were used to support growth within 12 different HGFs. Through drawing upon data from interviews with 19 different key people it was then found that MCSs support growth in various ways. Different boundary systems were found to increase chances of firm survival and provide a platform for growth. Additionally, the use of interactive systems was identified as a potential characteristic of HGFs. Moreover, the research questions former assumptions on the importance of forecasting.

Submitted by Miriam Lucas (miriam.lucas@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-08T14:00:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Joice_Franciele_Wendling_ Damke_2017.pdf: 1022895 bytes, checksum: 81e0dc74536c1b8994fe3b5309eb322c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-08T14:00:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Joice_Franciele_Wendling_ Damke_2017.pdf: 1022895 bytes, checksum: 81e0dc74536c1b8994fe3b5309eb322c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-19 / An increasing number of studies have sought to analyze the relationship between managerial systems control and psychological contracts. There are few studies that evaluate this relationship through the strategic levers of control proposed by Simons (1995). Combining variables in these dimensions, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between strategic systems control and psychological contracts at Itaipu Technological Park Foundation - Brazil. Data collected from a survey of 197 respondents using Simon´s model (1995) as a construct for strategic systems control and by Rousseau (1989, 1995) for psychological contracts and investigated by correlation analyzes revealed positive associations between strategic levers of control and psychological contracts, highlighting the levers of diagnostic and interactive systems, which produced the highest correlations with psychological contracts in the research organization. The results show the relationship of strategic control levers' interdependence in the development of psychological contracts and point to gaps (discrepancies) between expected and performed in terms of the formal use of control systems, one of the managerial contributions of this study / Um número crescente de estudos tem buscado analisar a relação entre sistemas de controles gerenciais e contratos psicológicos. São raros os estudos que avaliam esta relação por meio das alavancas de controle estratégico propostos por Simon (1995). Conjugando variáveis nessas dimensões, este estudo objetivou investigar a relação entre sistemas de controle estratégico e contratos psicológicos na Fundação Parque Tecnológico Itaipu Brasil. Dados levantados em survey junto a 197 respondentes utilizando o modelo de Simon (1995) como constructo para sistemas de controle estratégico, de Rousseau (1989; 1995) para contratos psicológicos, e investigados por análises de correlações, revelaram associações positivas entre as alavancas de controle estratégico e contratos psicológicos, com destaque para as alavancas dos sistemas diagnósticos e interativos, que produziram as maiores correlações com contratos psicológicos na organização pesquisada. Os resultados evidenciam a relação de interdependência das alavancas de controle estratégico no desenvolvimento de contratos psicológicos e apontam os gaps (discrepâncias) entre o esperado e o desempenhado em termos da utilização formal dos sistemas de controle, uma das contribuições de natureza gerencial deste estudo.

Literature study on piano technique, which consists mainly of piano pedagogues' empirical considerations, indicates the existence of common strategies/theories regarding the development of a piano technique. A meaningful and scientifically grounded piano-technical orientation is one of the major factors during the first few months of piano tuition and provides a basis for the development of an advanced piano technique. The majority of beginner piano courses use the adjacent, legato five finger method. The researcher identified six beginner courses, which were analysed in order to measure their presentation of a well-structured piano-technical development against the recommendations of well-known piano pedagogues/author~ in this field. During this process, demerits in the sequence, structure and presentation of the basic movements in piano playing were found. In most instances the use of the bigger levers are not addressed at all. All the levers and their specific movements should be addressed from the very first lesson. A logical motoric and educational process is to concentrate on the bigger levers (giving the support), which perform slower and easier movements, and then move on to the smaller levers, which perform faster and more complicated movements. All theoretical information in the beginner books studied is properly explained and presented in a very structured manner. The researcher is, however, concerned about the fact that there is not enough structure in the sequence of teaching and developing the basic technical movements in the beginner piano courses using the adjacent, legato five finger method. The connection between sound and movement is not made. Authors in the field of piano technique emphasize the fact that the movements the beginner is taught during the first lessons provide the technical foundation for the rest of his/her life. To address demerits in the structure, presentation and discrepancy in the sequence of learning the basic movements, the researcher compiles exercises for the beginner. These exercises concentrate on specific movements and results in sound recommended by well-known authors in the field of piano technique. In addition the researcher strives to explain the movements as clearly as possible and illustrates them with photographs and pictures. / Thesis (DMus (Performing Arts))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Music / unrestricted

Traduit en français en 2017, l’ouvrage séminal de la sociologue Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Managed Heart (1983), approfondit le « travail émotionnel », un concept ensuite repris dans plusieurs champs disciplinaires et contextes d’étude, et qui est au coeur des exigences émotionnelles identifiées par Gollac & Bodier (2010) comme un des facteurs de risques psychosociaux (RPS). Haut lieu d’émotions, où l’« extra-ordinaire » (la maladie, la souffrance, la mort) fait partie du quotidien, l’hôpital est un environnement particulier pour effectuer le travail émotionnel. Ce dernier suppose (1) de gérer ses propres émotions, (2) d’afficher ou d’exprimer certaines émotions pour agir sur celles du patient, (3) en se conformant à certaines « règles émotionnelles », (4) dans un cadre pétri d’une charge émotionnelle variable. Cette thèse vise l’approfondissement du concept de travail émotionnel à l’hôpital : sa caractérisation, sa définition ainsi que les leviers d’action organisationnels susceptibles de faciliter sa réalisation et d’agir sur ses conséquences. Le travail de terrain a été mené dans un CHU auprès de médecins, d’infirmières et d’aides-soignantes dans des services de soins, relevant de différentes spécialités médicales (urgences, gériatrie, rééducation, neurologie), et accueillant des patients vulnérables ou dépendants. Il repose sur une production de données combinant entretiens, observation directe / observation participante et analyse de documents internes. Les résultats émergeant du travail empirique éclairent le travail émotionnel hospitalier dans un cadre français, son importance pour le professionnel de santé et pour le patient. Ils mettent en avant plusieurs éléments : la nature des « règles émotionnelles » dominantes, la modulation de leur appropriation par les professionnels de santé, les différences de charge émotionnelle entre services, la « pénibilité émotionnelle », des indices de fatigue de compassion (un concept qui diffère de l’épuisement émotionnel), le rôle du travail émotionnel dans la prise en charge du patient. Les leviers d’action organisationnels soulignés sont multiples. Il s’agit (1) d’assurer un socle commun de connaissances/compétences par des formations ciblées et/ou transversales, de faciliter les possibilités de self-care et (2) d’encourager les pratiques « vertueuses » que sont les dynamiques de soutien social, l’aménagement de moments de coupure, l’instauration des conditions temporelles et matérielles d’une régulation émotionnelle collective et la réaffirmation de la place du patient dans le service. / Translated into French in 2017, sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild’s seminal work, The Managed Heart (1983), elaborated the concept of “emotional labor” which has subsequently given rise to studies in several disciplinary fields and contexts and which is central to the emotional demands identified by Gollac & Bodier (2010) as one psychosocial risk factor. As a place rich in emotions where the “extra-ordinary” (illness, suffering and death) is an everyday experience, the hospital is a particular environment for the performance of emotional labor, which involves (1) the management of one’s own emotions, (2) showing or expressing certain emotions in order to influence those of the patient, (3) by following “emotional rules”, all (4) within a context marked by a weight of emotions. This thesis endeavors to offer an in-depth examination of hospital emotional labor: characterizing and defining the concept, as well as discussing the organizational levers that could improve how it might be performed and control its consequences. The fieldwork was carried out in a teaching hospital and concerned doctors, nurses, orderlies / nursing assistants working in departments belonging to different medical specialisations (accident and emergency, geriatrics, rehabilitation, neurology) treating vulnerable or dependent patients. Data production was based on interviews, direct and participant observation and analysis of internal documents. The results of this empirical work shed light on hospital emotional labor in France and its importance for the health professional and the patient. They highlight several elements: the nature of the prevailing “emotional rules”, how (far) they are appropriated by health professionals, how the emotional burden differs between departments, the “emotionally onerous nature of the work”, signs of compassion fatigue (not the same concept as burnout) and the role of emotional labor in patient care. A substantial number of organizational levers are outlined: (1) ensuring common knowledge and skills through targeted or broad-based training, facilitating the opportunities for self-care, (2) encouraging “virtuous” practices consisting in social support dynamics, work breaks, making time and space for collective emotional regulation and reaffirming the place of the patient within the care context.

Title: Enabling and coercive control ́s interaction with motivation. Subject: Bachelor's thesis in business administration, 15 credits.  Purpose: Examine how employees in small and medium-sized enterprises perceive enabling and/or coercive control, and how these control systems interact with motivation.  Study question: How do employees' perceptions of enabling and coercive control interact with their motivation in small and medium-sized enterprises?  Method: Initially, the research gap that forms the basis of the study is identified, followed by the formulation of the study question. The question is answered through collection and analysis of empirical data from six semi-structured interviews.  Conclusion: The result of this study shows that the management control within a company is neither fully enabling nor coercive, rather the characteristics interact with each other. The choice of control greatly depends on the size and industry of the company. The study also shows that the characteristics of management control affect motivation, where enabling control predominates.  Keywords: Management control, enabling control, coercive control, Levers of Control, motivation, small- and medium-sized enterprises.

Sveriges regioner har ett samhällsviktigt och omfattande uppdrag, som kräver implementering av olika målsättningar. En lyckad målimplementering förutsätter en riktgivande verksamhetsstyrning med välvalda styrverktyg. Denna studie syftar till att öka förståelsen för styrning inom offentlig sektor genom att undersöka hur en svensk region uttrycker och använder styrverktyg för att implementera ett mål. Studien använder en kvalitativ metod där datainsamlingen baseras på interna dokument och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Arbetet utgår från ett effektmål, Ett klimatneutralt Gotland, från Region Gotlands regionala utvecklingsstrategi. Regionens styrverktyg analyseras utifrån Simons Levers of control, som består av det värdebaserade, gränssättande, diagnostiska och interaktiva styrsystemet. Resultatet indikerar att regionen i den operativa verksamheten använder styrverktyg inom samtliga styrsystem för att implementera effektmålet. Däremot skiljer sig respondenternas uppfattning stundtals, vilket indikerar att implementeringen inte når hela vägen ner i organisationen. Resultatet stärker tidigare forskning som hävdar att implementering av mål är svårt, speciellt i organisationer med en politisk struktur.

Le but de ce travail est de prouver la supériorité d’une technique alternative de propulsion manuelle non-conventionnelle basée sur le système à leviers. La faisabilité d’un prototype intégrant la technique non-conventionnelle ainsi que les avantages et les inconvénients sont également recherchés. Les évaluations objectives et subjectives en relation avec l’interface sujetprototype ainsi que les habiletés sur terrain et les paramètres physiologiques ont fait l’objet d’études expérimentales. Le prototype conçu pourrait constituer une tentative dans le domaine de l’handisport permettant aux sportifs handicapés de recourir à une stratégie de propulsion manuelle non-conventionnelle évitant les complications induites par la technique conventionnelle / Wheelchair propulsion has been reported to be responsible for musculoskeletal pain in the upper extremities. Epidemiological studies have shown a high prevalence of shoulder complaints in paraplegic and quadriplegic spinal cord injured (SCI) people. It has been argued that the high incidence of shoulder complaints in SCI was the result of the weightbearing or propulsion function of the upper extremity in those subjects. This work aimed at proposing an alternative wheelchair propulsion technique based on the levers’ system. The interface prototype-users, the wheelchair skills evaluation, the oxygen uptake and the cardiac frequency are investigated by an objective and subjective studies. Our prototype is designed to be an attempt in the field of disabled athletes having some advantages of a non-conventional manual wheelchair propulsion technique, avoiding complications induced by the conventional one