Cette recherche porte sur la lexicologie, la lexicographie et l’enseignement/apprentissage du lexique. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet Modélisation ontologique des savoirs lexicographiques en vue de leur application en linguistique appliquée, surnommé Lexitation, qui est, à notre connaissance, la première tentative d’extraction des savoirs lexicographiques — i.e. connaissances déclaratives et procédurales utilisées par des lexicographes — utilisant une méthode expérimentale. Le projet repose sur le constat que les savoirs lexicographiques ont un rôle crucial à jouer en lexicologie, mais aussi en enseignement/apprentissage du lexique. Dans ce mémoire, nous décrirons les méthodes et les résultats de nos premières expérimentations, effectuées à l’aide du Think Aloud Protocol (Ericsson et Simon, 1993). Nous expliquerons l’organisation générale des expérimentations et comment les savoirs lexicographiques extraits sont modélisés pour former une ontologie. Finalement, nous discuterons des applications possibles de nos travaux en enseignement du lexique, plus particulièrement pour la formation des maîtres. / This research is about lexicology, lexicography and vocabulary teaching/learning. It is part of a project called Ontologization of lexicographic abilites for use in the fields of applied linguistics, nicknamed Lexitation, which is, to our knowledge, the first attempt at extracting lexicographic abilities using experimental techniques. The project relies on the assumption that lexicographic abilities play a role in teaching and acquisition of lexical knowledge, and not only in lexicography per se. We will describe the methods and results of our initial set of experiments, that are based on the use of so-called Think Aloud Protocol (Ericsson et Simon, 1993). We will explain how experiments have been set up and how we are currently proceeding with the extraction and modeling of various types of knowledge and strategies used by lexicographers while performing lexicographic tasks. Finally, we will present possible applications of our work in the field of language teaching, more specifically, teachers’ training.

Ce mémoire présente une évaluation des différentes méthodes utilisées en lexicographie afin d’identifier les liens lexicaux dans les dictionnaires où sont répertoriées des collocations. Nous avons ici comparé le contenu de fiches du DiCo, un dictionnaire de dérivés sémantiques et de collocations créé selon les principes de la lexicologie explicative et combinatoire, avec les listes de cooccurrents générées automatiquement à partir du corpus Le Monde 2002. Notre objectif est ici de proposer des améliorations méthodologiques à la création de fiches de dictionnaire du type du DiCo, c’est-à-dire, des dictionnaires d’approche qualitative, où la collocation est définie comme une association récurrente et arbitraire entre deux items lexicaux et où les principaux outils méthodologiques utilisés sont la compétence linguistique de ses lexicographes et la consultation manuelle de corpus de textes. La consultation de listes de cooccurrents est une pratique associée habituellement à une approche lexicographique quantitative, qui définit la collocation comme une association entre deux items lexicaux qui est plus fréquente, dans un corpus, que ce qui pourrait être attendu si ces deux items lexicaux y étaient distribués de façon aléatoire. Nous voulons mesurer ici dans quelle mesure les outils utilisés traditionnellement dans une approche quantitative peuvent être utiles à la création de fiches lexicographiques d’approche qualitative, et de quelle façon leur utilisation peut être intégrée à la méthodologie actuelle de création de ces fiches. / This paper presents an evaluation of the various methods used in lexicography in order to identify the lexical bonds in dictionaries where collocations are indexed. We compared the contents of entries of the DiCo, a dictionary of semantic derivatives and collocations created according to the principles of explanatory and combinative lexicology, with the lists of cooccurrents generated automatically from the Le Monde 2002 corpus. Our objective here is to propose improvement in the methodology of creation of dictionary entry of DiCo-like dictionaries, i.e., dictionaries of a qualitative approach, where collocation is defined as the recurring and arbitrary associations between two lexical items and where the principal methodological tools used are the linguistic ability of its lexicographers and the manual consultation of corpus of text. The consultation of lists of cooccurrents is a practice associated traditionally with a quantitative lexicographical approach, which defines collocation as an association between two lexical items, which is more frequent, in a corpus, than what could be expected if these two lexical items were randomly distributed in corpus. We want to evaluate in what respect the tools used traditionally in a quantitative approach can be used for the creation of lexicographical entries of a qualitative approach, and how their use can be integrated into the current methology of creation of these entries.

Cette étude porte sur les différentes formalisations du sens linguistique dans le cadre de la théorie Sens-Texte (TST) ; elle s’intéresse notamment à la représentation sémantique, la représentation la plus importante dans la modélisation du sens d’énoncés et d’unités lexicales de la langue. Cette étude a trois objectifs : premièrement, décrire trois formalisations de la représentation sémantique existant dans la TST – les réseaux sémantiques, les définitions lexicographiques et les définitions de la BDéf (des définitions très formalisées) ; deuxièmement, identifier les disparités et les décalages entre les formalisations choisies ; troisièmement, proposer des modifications aux formalisations existantes pour réduire au maximum ces disparités. / This study explores the different formalisations of linguistic meaning as encountered in the Meaning-Text Theory (MST) framework. Its main interest is semantic representation, which is the most important representation in the modeling of the meaning of utterances and lexical units. This study has three objectives: first, describing three existing formalisations of semantic representation in the MST – semantic networks, lexicographical definitions, and BDéf definitions (definitions that are extremely formalized); second, identifying the discrepancies between these formalisations; finally, proposing modifications to these formalisations in order to reduce the disparities as much as possible.

Cette thèse de doctorat, qui fait partie du projet des « Plus anciens documents linguistiques de la France », s’inscrit à la fois dans le domaine de la linguistique et dans celui de la philologie. L’étude lexicologique qu’elle propose est basée sur des documents d’archives du XIIIe siècle et s’accompagne de la transcription de deux corpus de chartes inédites. L’analyse détaillée de cinquante mots liés au champ lexical de l’agriculture, présentée sous forme de dossiers lexicologiques, constitue le noyau du travail. Les apports nouveaux que les dossiers permettent d’obtenir en matière de sens et de formes nouveaux, de réseau sémantique et d’étymologies corrigées sont présentés à la suite des dossiers. La méthode d’analyse intensive qu’ils adoptent fournit un complément indispensable à la lexicographie existante et sa méthode extensive. L’étude comporte en outre une réflexion sur le rôle des chartes vernaculaires dans l’élaboration et le changement linguistiques, à travers notamment le lexique. / This doctoral thesis studying the words related to agriculture in medieval charters is situated in the fields of historical linguistics and philology. It is part of the research project “The most ancient linguistic documents of France” and provides a transcription of two corpuses of charters as well as a lexicological study of 50 words related to agriculture. Each word is treated separately in an article including the word’s etymology, the different writings appearing in the charters, a semantic description, a short context of each occurrence, the information from the most important Old French dictionaries as well as a critique of the latter. The articles, forming the main part of the thesis, are followed by a chapter that sums up their results concerning new words or meanings, etymology, hyperonyms and (co)hyponyms. The words are thus studied in an intensive manner forming a complement to the extensive description provided by the dictionaries. The study also includes a reflection on the role the charters play in language elaboration through their vocabulary.

(in English): The aim of this paper is to examine the role of Slavic substantive borrowings in Romanian vocabulary. Selected substantive loans are divided into five semantic areas. Analysis of each of them contains a series of synonyms, functional and stylistic inclusion in the Romanian vocabulary, idioms of which is part given lexical unit, and its derivatives. The result is a semantic classification of lexems of Slavic origin in the Romanian vocabulary, their stylistic stratification and position within the synonymic series.

The object of the study is to follow and compare the development of the semantics of lexical units, which have the common Proto-Slavonic base and different meanings in modern languages. The development is studied within a time period ranging from the Proto-Slavonic period up to the modern language state. To cover all three representative groups of Slavic languages: West Slavic, East Slavic and South Slavic were selected the appropriate languages: Czech, Russian and Slovenian. The selection of lexical units is morphologically restricted. The research is focused on adjectives. The work contains theoretical and analytical part. The theoretical part specifies terminology and presents a number views on the potential significance of the development of lexical units in terms of diachronic lexicology. The analysis is devoted to the development and is categorized as follows: each of the twelve selected semantic groups includes sections devoted to Proto-Slavonic, Old Church Slavonic, Russian, Czech and Slovenian languages. Each group is enclosed with a brief summary.

La présente thèse analyse les conditions dans lesquelles les traductions des 'Triumphi' de Pétrarque ont apparu et circulé en France entre les années 1470 et 1550. Ce travail a été structuré selon trois axes de recherche. Cet ouvrage essaye de définir tout d’abord le périmètre de circulation des mises en français du poème allégorique de Pétrarque à partir d’une étude codicologique des témoins connus (contexte de production ; hypothèse de datation ; reconstruction des possibles contextes de circulation ; reconstruction de l’historique plus ou moins récent des manuscrits)afin de reconnaître à l’ensemble de ces traductions l’importance du rôle joué dans la réception de l’oeuvre vulgaire de Pétrarque en France aussi bien que dans le développement du pétrarquisme français. Ensuite, nous avons étudié la question des liens qui relient certaines traductions entre elles. Nous nous sommes occupé tant de l’identification du texte de départ utilisé par chaque traducteur que des relations intertextuelles qui semblent relier certaines mises en français du poème et qui sont apparues au cours du travail d’alignement des textes. La thèse analyse, enfin, la question de la langue de convention de Pétrarque par rapport à sa translation de l’italien en français (assimilation et réutilisation de certains ‘iuncturæ’ typiquement pétrarquiennes) avec le but de vérifier si ces traductions ont pu représenter le premier lieu de codification en français des stylèmes lexicaux les plus typiques du langage littéraire du poète toscan, ainsi que des motifs et de quelques figures de style souvent utilisés par le poète. / This thesis analyses the conditions under which translations of Petrarch’s 'Triumphi' appeared and circulated in France between the years 1470 and 1550. This work has been structured along three research axes. This work first attempts to define the perimeter of the circulation of the French translations of Petrarch’s allegorical poem based on a codicological study of known manuscripts (probable context of production ; hypothesis of dating ; reconstruction of possible contexts of circulation ; reconstruction of the more or less recent history of witnesses) in order to recognize to all of these translations the role played in the reception of Petrarch’s vulgar work in France as well as in the development of French Petrarchism. We were concerned then both with the identification of the source text used by each translator and with the intertextual relations that seem to link certain French translations of the poem and that appeared during the work of aligning the texts. Finally, the thesis analyses the question of the language of Petrarch’s convention in relation to his translation from Italian into French (assimilation and reuse of some typically Petrarchan ‘iuncturæ’) with the aim of verifying whether these translations represented the first place of codification in French of the most typical lexical patterns of the Tuscan poet’s literary language, as well as the motifs and some stylistic figures often used by the poet. / La presente tesi si propone di studiare le condizioni in cui le traduzioni dei Trionfi di Petrarca apparvero e circolarono in Francia tra il 1470 e il 1550. Il lavoro è stato strutturato su tre assi di ricerca. L’opera si propone innanzitutto di definire le reti ove circolarono le diverse traduzioni francesi del poema allegorico del Petrarca sulla base dello studio codicologico dei testimoni noti (probabile contesto di realizzazione ; ipotesi di datazione ; ricostruzione di possibili contesti di circolazione ; ricostruzione della storia più o meno recente dei testimoni), al fine di riconoscere a tutte queste traduzioni il peso giocato nella recezione dell’Opera volgare del Petrarca in Francia e nello sviluppo del petrarchismo francese. Successivamente, è stato svolto uno studio di critica testuale, volto all’identificazione del prototesto italiano utilizzato da ciascun traduttore, esaminando al contempo le relazioni intertestuali che sembrano collegare alcune traduzioni in francese e che sono apparse durante il lavoro di allineamento dei testi. Infine, la tesi analizza la questione della lingua letteraria del Petrarca in relazione alla sua traduzione dall’italiano al francese (assimilazione e riutilizzo di alcune ‘iuncturæ’ tipicamente petrarchesche) al fine di verificare se tali traduzioni abbiano rappresentato, in effetti, il primo luogo di codificazione in francese dei più tipici stilemi lessicali della lingua letteraria del poeta toscano, nonché dei motivi e di alcune figure stilistiche spesso utilizzate dal poeta.

Cette thèse étudie le lexique international de l’homosexualité d’un point de vue linguistique, en prenant comme point de départ le fait que les internationalismes sont des emprunts lexicaux qui doivent être étudiés dans une perspective historique et comparative. Après une réflexion critique sur les différentes approches à l’étude de l’emprunt linguistique (philologique vs. sociolinguistique), qui situe la problématique dans le cadre de la néologie en général, il s’agissait d’évaluer jusqu’à quel point le vocabulaire de l’homosexualité dans plusieurs langues d’Europe – le français, l’italien, l’espagnol, l’anglais et l’allemand – résulte de phénomènes d’emprunts lexématiques ou de calques, en émettant et en testant l’hypothèse selon laquelle la plupart de ces dénominations relèvent de la monogenèse, et non de la polygenèse. Pour ce faire, on suit le parcours historique de chaque lexème, dans chaque langue, pour mettre en relief les points de contact entre elles. La nomenclature consiste en 13 séries monographiques : sodomie, contre nature, bougre, bardache, tribade, pédérastie, saphisme, lesbienne, uranisme, inversion, homosexualité (avec hétérosexualité, bisexualité, transsexualité), gay, queer. Chaque série est divisée par langue, pour que les représentants de chacune des cinq langues soient traités selon leurs propres termes. À travers de très nombreux exemples textuels – majoritairement inédits – et une analyse puisant dans une lecture exhaustive de la lexicographie et des sources secondaires, cette thèse propose de multiples corrections, précisions, antédatations et découvertes sur le lexique étudié. / This thesis is a linguistic study of the international lexicon of homosexuality, taking as its central assumption that internationalisms are the product of lexical borrowing and must be studied in a historical comparative perspective. Following a critical review of different approaches to loanword studies (philological vs. sociolinguistic), which places the problem within the more general realm of the neologism, the aim was to assess to what extent the shared homosexual lexicon in several European languages – French, Italian, Spanish, English and German – results from borrowing (loanwords or calques), by testing the hypothesis that most of these denominations can be traced back to a single origin, rather than being independently constructed. The path of each lexeme in each language is followed in order to highlight the points of contact between languages. The nomenclature consists of 13 monographic series: sodomy, against nature, buggery, bardash (with berdache), tribade, pederasty, sapphism, lesbian, uranism, inversion, homosexuality (with heterosexuality, bisexuality, transsexuality), gay, queer. Each series is divided by language so that the representatives of each of the five languages are treated on their own terms. Through a wealth of textual examples – many never before studied – and an analysis drawing on a comprehensive reading of the lexicography and major secondary sources, this thesis presents numerous corrections, clarifications, antedatings and discoveries on the lexicon under study.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Sampaio Volpe.pdf: 893408 bytes, checksum: 4388d284fb62ccf2cc3e889e1797ddf9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-09 / This dissertation, in regard to Portuguese language field, has as its theme the study of the etymon (word root) of the Greek and Latin languages employed on a more frequent basis in the medical discursive domain. The objectives are to contribute to the studies at the Etymology field, aiming at increasing the expressive capacity as well as the degree of accuracy in the use of medical terminology of Portuguese language upon the Greek and Latin etymon knowledge. For that purpose, the most frequent terms of the Dermatology, Cardiology and Oncology specialities have been looked up in three dictionaries, in order to gain a broader understanding of their morphosemantic elements (lexemes, prefixes and suffixes), enabling the deduction of their meanings grounded on the etymological knowledge. This study has been predicated on the basis of theoretical studies developed in Terminology and Lexicology (Mario Viaro, Lídia Almeida Barros, Maria Tereza Biderman, Maria da Graça Krieger e Maria José Finatto) on the principles of the Portuguese Etymology and Morphology (Celso Cunha e Lindley Cintra; Antônio Sandmann). The obtained results indicated that: a) the Greek and Latin lexemes present a high degree of transparency in relation to their etymological meanings; therefore, facilitating the language users comprehension; b) the highest productivity in the etymon lies in the affixes, that is, there is a degree of polysemy in each of them, which justifies the semantic opacity in relation to the lexemes; c) as to the medical specialities, the scientific term presented a higher transparency in relation to their eponym. The main contribution of this study is, therefore, that the knowledge of etymological values presented in every morphic element of a term is paramount for the mastery of its signification / Este trabalho, situado na linha de história e descrição da língua, do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Língua Portuguesa, tem por tema o estudo dos étimos gregos e latinos na língua, empregados com maior frequência na formação de unidades lexicais terminológicas do português em uso no domínio discursivo da Medicina. Seus objetivos são contribuir com os estudos na área de Etimologia, visando ao aumento da capacidade expressiva e do grau de precisão no uso da terminologia médica mediante os conhecimentos dos étimos gregos e latinos. Para a realização desta pesquisa, selecionamos, a partir de três dicionários, termos científicos utilizados nas áreas de Cardiologia, Dermatologia e Oncologia que fazem uso desses étimos, a fim de analisar seus elementos morfossemânticos (lexemas, prefixos e sufixos), permitindo a dedução de seus significados a partir do conhecimento etimológico. Fundamentamos o trabalho em estudos teóricos desenvolvidos em Terminologia, Etimologia e Lexicologia, pautando-nos pelos autores Mario Viaro, Lídia Almeida Barros, Maria Tereza Biderman, Maria da Graça Krieger e Maria José Finatto; quanto à Morfologia do Português, recorremos a Celso Cunha e Lindley Cintra e Antônio Sandmann. Os resultados obtidos apontaram que: a) os lexemas gregos e latinos apresentam alto grau de transparência em relação a seus significados etimológicos, logo, de fácil compreensão por parte dos usuários da língua; b) a maior produtividade nos étimos está nos afixos, isto é, há um grau de polissemia, uma multiplicidade de sentidos na significação de cada um deles, o que justifica a opacidade semântica em relação aos lexemas; c) nas áreas da medicina, o uso do termo científico apresentou maior transparência em relação ao termo eponímico. A contribuição principal da pesquisa, portanto, é que o conhecimento dos valores etimológicos presentes em cada elemento mórfico de um termo é fundamental para o domínio de sua significação