Belysning är en väsentlig del i ett fungerande samhälle. Utveckling av belysning går framåt hela tiden, för att bli så användarvänligt som möjligt. Idag kan belysning förutsäga hur utrymmen används med hjälp av information från andra armaturer, så att området blir belyst även om brukaren rör sig precis på gränsen av det belysta området. Att få fram en energieffektiv belysning tillsammans med dagsljus, utan att ge avkall på den visuella komforten är en viktig fråga för beställare av belysning. Visuell komfort är dock mer komplicerat än energibesparing, eftersom det innebär fler faktorer och det gynnsamma resultatet är svårare att uppskatta. Visuell komfort, så som rumsuppfattning beskriver hur vi ser ett rums storlek och form. Något att ha i åtanke är också att rummet inte alltid uppfattas så som det är planerat och tänkt. Idag blir energibesparande styrsystem allt viktigare i kommersiella byggnader då det finns hög potential att minska energiförbrukningen. Utöver att spara energi kan smarta styrsystem också användas för att förbättra ljuskvalitet samt öka produktiviteten. Följande examensarbete undersöker hur smarta styrsystem kan påverka den visuella rumsuppfattningen i kontor, samt om energiförbrukningen förändras av styrsystem, kontra statisk belysning. Undersökningen utgår från två frågeställningar. För att besvara den första frågeställningen som behandlar rumsuppfattning utgår arbetet från en kvantitativ ansats i form av en digital enkätundersökning. Undersökningen omfattar hur belysningen på kontor uppfattas av personal på olika företag som använder sig av smarta styrsystem, jämfört med de som använder statisk belysning. Enkätens syfte var att få reda på deltagarnas uppfattningar om belysningen på sitt kontor. Deltagarna fick svara utifrån sina egna uppfattningar och värderingar. Totalt svarade 37 personer på enkäten. Den andra frågeställningen som handlar om energiförbrukning, beräknas utifrån en armatur från Aura Light. Undersökningen går ut på att jämföra armaturens energiförbrukning då den är statisk och har 100% ljusflöde och sedan titta på energiförbrukningen när den är uppkopplad till ett styrsystem. Därefter jämförs resultaten. De slutsatser som dras i studien kring resultatet av rumsuppfattningen påvisar att det förekom skillnader. Majoriteten av de som hade statisk belysning uppfattade rummet som allmänt och ljust, medan majoriteten med styrsystem uppfattade rummet som lugnt och trivsamt. Detta tyder på att styrsystem i viss mån kan ha en påverkan på hur människor uppfattar ett rums karaktär tillsammans med belysningen. Gällande resultatet kring energiförbrukningen med styrsystem kontra statisk belysning, visar det att det finns potential att spara energi vid byte av belysningssystem på kontor. / Lighting is an essential part of a functioning society. The development of lighting is constantly advancing in order to be as user-friendly as possible. Illumination can predict how spaces are used, using information from other luminaires, so that the area is illuminated even if the user moves exactly on the border of the illuminated area. Obtaining an energy-efficient lighting together with daylight without sacrificing visual comfort is an important issue for lighting buyers. However, visual comfort is more complicated than energy saving, as it means more factors and the favorable result is more difficult to estimate. Visual comfort, such as room perception describes how we see a room's size and shape. Something to keep in mind is that the room is not always perceived as planned and intended. Today energy-saving control systems are becoming increasingly important in commercial buildings as there is a high potential to reduce energy consumption. In addition to saving energy, smart control systems can also be used to improve light quality and increase productivity. This thesis examines how smart control systems can change the visual room perception in offices, as well as how energy consumption is affected by control systems, versus static lighting. The thesis is based on two questions. To answer the first question that deals with room perception, the study is based on a quantitative approach in the form of a digital survey. The survey covers how office lighting is perceived by staff at different companies using smart control systems compared to those using static lighting. The purpose of the survey was to find out the test persons' perceptions of the lighting in their office. The test subjects were given answers based on their own perceptions and values. A total of 37 people answered the survey. The second question is about energy consumption, which is calculated from a luminaire from Aura Light. The study is based on comparing the luminaire, when it is static with 100% flux and then when it is connected to a control system, so as to be able to compare the energy consumption. The conclusions drawn in the study of the result of the room perception show that some differences existed. The majority of those who had static lighting perceived the room as general and bright, while the majority with control systems perceived the room as calm and pleasant. This indicates that control systems can to some extent have an impact on how people perceive a room's character together with the lighting. Regarding the result of energy consumption with control systems versus static lighting, it shows that there is definitely potential to save energy when changing lighting systems in offices.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In crime scene investigations it is necessary to capture images of impression evidence such as tire track or shoe impressions. Currently, such evidence is captured by taking two-dimensional (2D) color photographs or making a physical cast of the impression in order to capture the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the information. This project aims to build a digitizing device that scans the impression evidence and generates (i) a high resolution three-dimensional (3D) surface image, and (ii) a co-registered two-dimensional (2D) color image. The method is based on active structured lighting methods in order to extract 3D shape information of a surface. A prototype device was built that uses an assembly of two line laser lights and a high-definition video camera that is moved at a precisely controlled and constant speed along a mechanical actuator rail in order to scan the evidence. A prototype software was also developed which implements the image processing, calibration, and surface depth calculations. The methods developed in this project for extracting the digitized 3D surface shape and 2D color images include (i) a self-contained calibration method that eliminates the need for pre-calibration of the device; (ii) the use of two colored line laser lights projected from two different angles to eliminate problems due to occlusions; and (iii) the extraction of high resolution color image of the impression evidence with minimal distortion.The system results in sub-millimeter accuracy in the depth image and a high resolution color image that is registered with the depth image. The system is particularly suitable for high quality images of long tire track impressions without the need for stitching multiple images.

The phenomenon of introducing public lighting in Czech cities is mainly associated with the increase in population in regionally important centres of industry, trade, craft, or administration. Unlike classical historiographical monographs, this work aims to investigate how the introduction of public lighting took place, who was involved in it, and what was at stake. Through the analysis of literary sources, particularly newspaper articles (both national and local) and archival records, the thesis seeks to highlight the attributes of light not only as a purely practical urban element, but also as a carrier of symbolic levels of security and progress. It is shown that light played an important role as a maintainer of security and prevented criminal behaviour by its presence. It is further revealed that light was a manifestation of civilization, education, and progress. Having public lighting on the streets was therefore not only a practical but also a symbolic issue. It was also reflected in the electoral programs of local political parties. It was not, however, the municipalities that incurred considerable costs in upgrading the lighting infrastructure (setting up gas plants, power stations, laying pipes); it was private entities that entered into contracts with municipalities for decades. However,...

This thesis deals with an object surface analysis in a simple scene represented by two-dimensional raster image. It summarizes the most common methods used within this branch of information technology and explains both their advantages and drawbacks. It introduces the design of an surface profile analysis algorithm based on the lighting analysis using knowledge and experiences from previous work. It contains a detailed description of the implemented algorithm and discusses the experimental results. It also brings up options for the possible enhancement of the projected algorithm.

The architectural project of Exhibition Hall is located in a part of Brno-Pisárky, in northern area of BVV. The objective of the land-use planning and architectural proposal was to integrate the Hall in proximity to the second entry of BVV. The pavilion is situated on the primary northen axe, which perpendiculary join the pedestrian bridge. The binding foot-bridge is used for path between the entry of BVV and the western entry into the exhibition section. Surrounding the building is situated green park. There are open areas for pedestrian, tree-hemmed paths and relaxation spots around the entire building. The exhibition hall combines four basic parts: the western entrance connected with the pedestrian bridge, public part, storage part and the multi-purpose exhibition space in between. There are two-floor restaurant and snack bars with an open view to the south part of BVV, in particular to the Hall Z. The pavilion was concieved as a ruled rectangular volume. The creative proposal was to involve the ruled surface geometry, which is formed by connecting two curves with a series of straight lines and covers the entire building. The outer curtain wall is implied «the Curtains», reveals a lightness and airiness by dynamic effect. Geometrical curved profiles clearly point the basic entry spaces outside the exhibition hall. The western entry section allows two different points of entrance: from the pedestrian bridge to the first level and from the ground level. In time of trade fairs there are possibilities to use industrial doors along northern and southern elevations as a secondary entrances. There is a lobby space with the monumental staircase in the centre of public section. The circular shape of staircase rises towards atrium. A collaboration of atrium and natural lighting optically extends and makes easier the foyer space. In addition to the trade fairs, the multi-purpose exhibition hall permits diverse possibilities of using – in time of cultural and sports events u

In this thesis body of work, I have interacted and collaborated with five friends to create images exploring human relationships. The subject matter illustrates my friends and myself acting out interpersonal issues with paper representations of one another. It has been my aim to represent my imagery in a campy thematic way. I include a discussion of the images in my body of work from both my perspective and the perspective of my models. The figurative paper images "stand in" as representatives of the genders of their subjects. I have explored multiple points of view, constructing, reconstructing and deconstructing complex compositions; experimenting with a variety of focal points; and I have increased my knowledge of lighting and color effects through digital manipulation.

Traffic safety has been considered one of the most important issues in the transportation field. Crashes have caused extensive human and economic losses. With the objective of reducing crash occurrence and alleviating crash injury severity, major efforts have been dedicated to reveal the hazardous factors that affect crash occurrence. With these consistent efforts, both fatalities and fatality rates from road traffic crashes in many countries have been steadily declining over the last ten years. Nevertheless, according to the World Health Organization, the world still lost 1.24 million lives from road traffic crashes in the year of 2013. And without action, traffic crashes on the roads network are predicted to result in deaths of around 1.9 million people, and up to 50 million more people suffer non-fatal injuries annually, with many incurring a disability as a result of their injury by the year 2020. To meet the transportation needs, the use of expressways (toll roads) has risen dramatically in many countries in the past decade. In fact, freeways and expressways are considered an important part of any successful transportation system. These facilities carry the majority of daily trips on the transportation network. Although expressways offer high level of service, and are considered the safest among other types of roads, traditional toll collection systems may have both safety and operational challenges. The traditional toll plazas still experience many crashes, many of which are severe. Therefore, it becomes more important to evaluate the traffic safety impacts of using different tolling systems. The main focus of the research in this dissertation is to provide an up-to-date safety impact of using different toll collection systems, as well as providing safety guidelines for these facilities to promote safety and enhance mobility on expressways. In this study, an extensive data collection was conducted that included one hundred mainline toll plazas located on approximately 750 miles of expressways in Florida. Multiple sources of data available online maintained by Florida Department of Transportation were utilized to identify traffic, geometric and geographic characteristics of the locations as well as investigating and determination of the most complete and accurate data. Different methods of observational before-after and Cross-Sectional techniques were used to evaluate the safety effectiveness of applying different treatments on expressways. The Before-After method includes Naive Before-After, Before-After with Comparison Group, and Before-After with Empirical Bayesian. A set of Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) which predict crash frequency as a function of explanatory variables were developed at the aggregate level using crash data and the corresponding exposure and risk factors. Results of the aggregate traffic safety analysis can be used to identify the hazardous locations (hot spots) such as traditional toll plazas, and also to predict crash frequency for untreated sites in the after period in the Before-After with EB method or derive Crash Modification Factors (CMF) for the treatment using the Cross-Sectional method. This type of analysis is usually used to improve geometric characteristics and mainly focus on discovering the risk factors that are related to the total crash frequency, specific crash type, and/or different crash severity levels. Both simple SPFs (with traffic volume only as an explanatory variable) and full SPFs (with traffic volume and additional explanatory variable(s)) were used to estimate the CMFs and only CMFs with lower standard error were recommended. The results of this study proved that safety effectiveness was significantly improved across all locations that were upgraded from Traditional Mainline Toll Plazas (TMTP) to the Hybrid Mainline Toll Plazas (HMTP) system. This treatment significantly reduced total, Fatal-and-Injury (F+I), and Rear-End crashes by 47, 46 and 65 percent, respectively. Moreover, this study examined the traffic safety impact of using different designs, and diverge-and-merge areas of the HMTP. This design combines either express Open Road Tolling (ORT) lanes on the mainline and separate traditional toll collection to the side (design-1), or traditional toll collection on the mainline and separate ORT lanes to the side (design-2). It was also proven that there is a significant difference between these designs, and there is an indication that design-1 is safer and the majority of crashes occurred at diverge-and-merge areas before and after these facilities. However, design-2 could be a good temporary design at locations that have low prepaid transponder (Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)) users. In other words, it is dependent upon the percentage of the ETC users. As this percentage increases, more traffic will need to diverge and merge; thus, this design becomes riskier. In addition, the results indicated significant relationships between the crash frequency and toll plaza types, annual average daily traffic, and drivers* age. The analysis showed that the conversion from TMTP to the All-Electronic Toll Collection (AETC) system resulted in an average reduction of 77, 76, and 67 percent for total, F+I, and Property Damage Only (PDO) crashes, respectively; for rear end and Lane Change Related (LCR) crashes the average reductions were 81 and 75 percent, respectively. The conversion from HMTP to AETC system enhanced traffic safety by reducing crashes by an average of 23, 29 and 19 percent for total, F+I, and PDO crashes; also, for rear end and LCR crashes, the average reductions were 15 and 21 percent, respectively. Based on these results, the use of AETC system changed toll plazas from the highest risk sections on Expressways to be similar to regular segments. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of AETC system was proven to be an excellent solution to several traffic operations as well as environmental and economic problems. For those agencies that cannot adopt the HMTP and the AETC systems, improving traffic safety at traditional toll plazas should take a priority. This study also evaluates the safety effectiveness of the implementation of High-Occupancy Toll lanes (HOT Lanes) as well as adding roadway lighting to expressways. The results showed that there were no significant impact of the implementation of HOT lanes on the roadway segment as a whole (HOT and Regular Lanes combined). But there was a significant difference between the regular lanes and the HOT lanes at the same roadway segment; the crash count increased at the regular lanes and decreased at the HOT lanes. It was found that the total and F+I crashes were reduced at the HOT lanes by an average of 25 and 45 percent, respectively. This may be attributable to the fact that the HOT lanes became a highway within a highway. Moreover adding roadway lighting has significantly improved traffic safety on the expressways by reducing the night crashes by approximately 35 percent. Overall, the proposed analyses of the safety effectiveness of using different toll collection systems are useful in providing expressway authorities with detailed information on where countermeasures must be implemented. This study provided for the first time an up-to-date safety impact of using different toll collection systems, also developed safety guidelines for these systems which would be useful for practitioners and roadway users.

De senaste 10 åren har utvecklingen av LED öppnat stora möjligheter för kreativa lösningar av belysning. Exempelvis kan färgglad och dynamisk fasadbelysning tillverkas. I denna studie undersöks det hur animerat ljus upplevs och hur det skapas en mjuk och sömlös effekt. Detta kan appliceras i flera olika scenarion av programmering av rörligt ljus. Animerat ljus (animering) genereras med LED-belysning och funktionen den har är att växla färg på pixlarna såsom video växlar bild. Studien fokuserar på animerat ljus interiört och exteriört i bilar. Denna studie har genomförts med stöd av Perceived Quality teamet på Volvo Cars AB och fokus har därigenom legat på interiör- och exteriör belysning i bilar. Forskningsmetoden för studien har varit experiment där deltagarna har observerat olika scenarion med animering på en LED-list. Deltagarna fick besvara en enkät och svara på hur de upplever animeringen. Studien visar på att faktorer som hastighet och storlek påverkar hur ljuset uppfattas. Tidigare nämnda faktorer är nödvändiga parametrar för att skapa en sömlös och mjuk animering. / In the last 10 years, the development of LED has opened up great opportunities for creative lighting solutions. This could be used for a colorful and dynamic facade lighting. In this study, it is investigated how animated light is experienced and how to achieve a soft and seamless effect. This can be applied in several different scenarios of programming moving light. Animated light (animation) is generated with LED lighting and to function it has to change the color or intensity of the pixels like a video changes image. The study conducted focused on animated interior and exterior lighting in cars. This study has been done with the support of the Perceived Quality team at Volvo Cars AB and the focus has therefore been on interior and exterior lighting in cars. The research method of the study has been experiments where the participants have observed different scenarios with animation on a LED strip. The participants had to respond on a survey how they experienced the animation. The study shows that factors such as speed and size will affect how light is perceived. Mentioned factors are necessary parameters to create a seamless and smooth animation, which is what the study showed.

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This master’s thesis was conducted in the spring of 2024 at Väderstad AB, a companyknown for producing high-performance agricultural machines, such as seeding machines. Among these machines, the Seed Hawk 600-900C is an important machine for thecompany’s future. The innovation department at Väderstad has developed an automatic Bag Slicer, capable of slicing large bags of seeds/fertilizer without requiring the farmer to climb onto the machine, a cumbersome and hazardous task. Several challenges arisein integrating the Bag Slicer onto their machines, which has hindered its implementation.These challenges have been thoroughly investigated, and one has been selected as thepriority for resolution: enabling the observation of the filling process without the need for climbing onto the hopper. To address this challenge, theoretical studies, concept development, and investigations in the 3D software Blender have been conducted. Creo Parametric was utilized to assemble the Bag Slicer onto the Seed Hawk machine and design other essential components. Coloring, animations, and renderings were created in Blender to create a configuration of cameras, lights, cables, and investigate their properties. This configuration provides users witha comprehensive overview of the filling process and enables operation of the Bag Slicerin the field from the safety of a tractor or wheel loader. Consideration has been given to the conditions occurring inside and around the Seed Hawk machine when specifyingall the different components and operational requirements. The entire configuration was compiled into a complete list of specifications, constituting the main result of this thesis.