In this paper, we investigate how controlled changes to image properties and orientation affect eye movements for repeated viewings of images of natural scenes. We make changes to images by manipulating low-level image content (such as luminance or chromaticity) and/or inverting the image. We measure the effects of these manipulations on human scanpaths (the spatial and chronological path of fixations), additionally comparing these effects to those predicted by a widely used saliency model (L. Itti & C. Koch, 2000). Firstly we find that repeated viewing of a natural image does not significantly modify the previously known repeatability (S. A. Brandt & L. W. Stark, 1997; D. Noton & L. Stark, 1971) of scanpaths. Secondly we find that manipulating image features does not necessarily change the repeatability of scanpaths, but the removal of luminance information has a measurable effect. We also find that image inversion appears to affect scene perception and recognition and may alter fixation selection (although we only find an effect on scanpaths with the additional removal of luminance information). Additionally we confirm that visual saliency as defined by L. Itti and C. Koch's (2000) model is a poor predictor of real observer scanpaths and does not predict the small effects of our image manipulations on scanpaths.

隨著中國大陸及東南亞照明燈具產業設備的擴增，和廉價勞力成本的威脅以及受到整體大環境的不利因素，台灣燈具照明業者持續面臨著強敵環伺的處境，無疑對燈具出口貿易更是雪上加霜。但隨著近幾年來環保意識提昇及保護環境愛地球的觀念趨勢下，各國紛紛倡導綠能生活、節能減碳，更是為本研究個案公司創造新的轉型契機。 本研究個案公司藉此一波「綠能生活」趨勢轉折點，重新尋求企業定位並調整公司營運方向，利用顧客對燈具照明需求從傳統白熾燈轉變為LED照明和結合智能科技概念，並藉此導入核心顧客關係管理之經營理念，讓行銷聚焦於”挖掘需求,解決痛點,主動積極、細緻貼心”的顧客服務，塑造堅強之顧問式銷售團隊，深入暸解金字塔最上層之20%核心顧客需求並提供解決方案，增進顧客價值最大化，讓雙方合作形成牢不可破之「夥伴與合作式的核心顧客管理」，孕育雙方命運共同體的革命情感，創造雙方共同價值及雙贏策略。 有鑑於此，本研究個案公司利用個案公司中小企業特性，在資源有限的前提 下，推廣核心顧客關係管理的過程。首先，運用Barrett(1986)提出80/20 法則定律的行銷手法，搭配Malcolm McDonald和Beth Rogers(2006)將核心客戶管理分為六個階段，接著運用HouLun和TangXiaowo(2007)指出顧客價值具有雙重屬性，即顧客感知價值和顧客資產價值。個案公司不只是提供產品創造業績的顧客資產價值，而是再升級為顧客感知價值，”挖掘需求,解決痛點,主動積極、細緻貼心”超越客戶需求的顧客服務，將核心客戶關係管理的理論與實際行銷互相配合，創造個案公司與核心客戶的雙贏。 / With upgrading lighting industry of the mainland China and Southeast Asia, the threat of cheap labor costs and the overall environment of the negative factors, Taiwan's lighting industry continues to face the situation of a powerful enemy around, the lighting export performance is getting worse without doubt. However, with the environmental protection awareness in recent years to enhance and protect the environment of the Earth of trend concept in the world, countries have advocated green energy, energy saving and carbon reduction. Meantime, it brings new opportunities of transformation for the case study company. In this case study, the company turned to the trend of "green energy" which can re-locate and adjust the operating direction of company. The company transformed the lighting trend from traditional incandescent lamp to LED lighting integrated intelligent technology concept become core customer management business. The marketing focused on "find out the needs, solve the pain points, be aggressive and positive, detailed caring service”. To build a strong consultative sales team, to understand deeply of the top 20% of the pyramid core customers’needs,to provide solutions to enhance customer value maximization, so that the corporation of the two parties can make an unbreakable "partnership and cooperative key account management" to create mutual values and win-win strategy. In view of this, the study of the case of small and medium enterprises using the characteristics of SMEs in the premise of limited resources, First of all, the promotion of core customer relationship management process, this paper divides key account management into six stages by using Barrett's (1986) marketing approach of 80/20 rule and Malcolm McDonald and Beth Rogers (2006), then using HouLun and Tang Xiaowo (2007) to point out that customer value has dual Attributes, named customer perceived value and customer asset value. Case-based company is not only to provide customers with product creation performance value of assets, but also upgrade customer perceived value. More than customers’expectation to "Find out the needs, solve the pain points, be aggressive and positive, detailed caring service”. Key account relationship management theory and the practical marketing of the interaction between the case in the company and the core customers to create win-win situation.

Mature industries have played and still play a crucial role in national and world economies. To survive and retain competitiveness, they need to innovate, as innovation is the driver of economics growth and industrial transformation. However, existing research does not provide sufficient explanation of how innovation in mature industries can be enabled based on resources and internal development logic of those industries, i.e. endogenously. Some previous studies focused on incremental innovation patterns, which led to an underestimation of innovation potential of mature industries. Other studies acknowledged a high innovation potential of mature industries, but failed to explain how, through what mechanisms, industry-endogenous logic can bring about major innovations. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to systematically address, explain and conceptualize endogenous industry- innovation and its driving mechanisms in mature industries. To achieve this purpose, three main issues are addressed. First, the thesis investigates and conceptualizes the notion of industry endogenous innovation mechanisms based on the path dependency theory. Second, the thesis addresses strategic choices and actions by established companies that are rooted in the industry endogenous mechanisms and result in highly innovative outcomes. Third, the thesis systematically analyses different aspects of radicalness of innovations resulting from industry endogenous mechanisms. The thesis represents a qualitative, embedded case study with two main industry cases, i.e. the global lighting industry and the Swedish pulp and paper industry. The lighting industry and its sub-cases in the form of specific lighting technologies have been studied via the analysis of patents of leading lighting manufacturers, archival and secondary data sources as well as interviews with different types of actors in the industry. The pulp and paper industry and its sub-cases in the form of innovation initiatives have been studied with the help of interviews with leading manufacturers and research institutes, as well the analysis of annual reports and secondary data sources. The outcomes of the study are presented in the form of the thesis cover paper and five appended papers. The results show that innovations of any magnitude can be endogenously developed in mature industries. At the industry level, endogenous innovation is driven by innovation mechanisms that can be conceptualized as reactive sequences and self-reinforcing mechanisms. At the level of individual companies, the exploitation strategy corresponds to the logic of endogenous innovation mechanisms by enabling highly innovative outcomes and building on a wide range of resources available in the industry. The endogenous character of innovation mechanisms imposes certain limitations on the radicalness of the outcomes in the form of trade-offs in terms of how many and what particular aspects can be radically new at once. With these results, the thesis contributes to a more balanced overall understanding of innovation potential of mature industries and allows shifting the focus of discussion from whether mature industries can develop radical innovation to when and under what conditions they can succeed in this process. The results of the thesis also suggest several recommendations for managers in established companies with regard to how they can they can take advantage of industry endogenous innovation mechanisms. / Mogna branscher har traditionellt sett spelat och spelar fortfarande en viktig roll för såväl nationella ekonomier som för världsekonomin. För att överleva och behålla sin konkurrenskraft behöver mogna branscher fortsätta vara innovativa, eftersom innovation driver ekonomisk tillväxt. Även för enskilda, etablerade företag i sådana branscher är innovation centralt – de företag som inte lyckas med innovation riskerar att förlora i konkurrensen och bli ersatta av andra. Det finns emellertid än så länge inte någon bra förklaring till hur innovation i mogna branscher kan möjliggöras endogent, d v s baserat på befintliga resurser och branschens interna utvecklingslogik. Tidigare studier har antingen tenderat att underskatta innovationspotentialen i mogna branscher eller misslyckats med att visa hur – d v s genom vilka mekanismer – branschens egen logik kan möjliggöra radikala innovationer. Syftet med denna avhandling är att förklara och konceptualisera endogena innovation och dess drivmekanismer i mogna branscher. För att uppnå detta syfte undersöker avhandlingen endogena innovationsprocesser på såväl bransch- som företagsnivå samt analyserar i vilken utsträckning olika aspekter av radikala innovationer möjliggörs av endogena mekanismer. Avhandlingen är baserad på kvalitativa fallstudier av två branscher. Den första branschen är den globala belysningsindustrin, där olika belysningstekniker har studerats via analyser av patent, sekundära datakällor samt intervjuer med olika typer av aktörer i branschen. Den andra branschen är svensk pappersmassaindustri, där ett antal olika innovationsinitiativ har studerats framförallt med hjälp av intervjuer med ledande företag och forskningsinstitut. Avhandlingen består av en kappa och fem bifogade artiklar. Resultaten visar att alla typer av innovationer, inklusive radikala innovationer, kan utvecklas endogent i mogna branscher. På industrinivån drivs denna utveckling av innovationsmekanismer i form av reaktiva sekvenser och självförstärkande mekanismer. På företagsnivån kan processen drivas av en innovationsstrategi som bygger på exploatering av befintliga resurser. Trots att alla aspekter av radikala innovationer kan utvecklas endogent, medför endogena mekanismer emellertid vissa begränsningar i form av kritiska avvägningar när det gäller hur många och vilka aspekter som kan hållas radikala samtidigt. Med dessa resultat bidrar avhandlingen till en mer balanserad, övergripande förståelse för innovationspotentialen i mogna branscher och medger ett skifte av fokus i vetenskapliga diskussioner från frågan om mogna branscher kan utveckla radikala innovationer till när och under vilka villkor de kan lyckas med denna process. I avhandlingen ges även rekommendationer för ledare i etablerade företag med avseende på hur de kan dra nytta av branschens endogena innovationsmekanismer.

Drawing sketches is certainly one of the most important but at the same time elaborate parts of archaeological work. Currently, 3D scanning technology is affording a number of new applications, and only one of them is using virtual copies instead of the originals as the basis for documentation. Our major contribution are methods for automatically generating stylized images from 3D models. These are not only intuitive and easy to read but also more objective and accurate than traditional drawings. Besides some other useful tools we show several examples from our daily work proving that the system accelerates the whole documentation process considerably.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur virtuella takfönster upplevs av människor i en väntrumsmiljö och diskuterar huruvida det är en lämplig lösning som komplement till saknaden av fönster. Tidigare forskning har bekräftat att det finns behov av att undersöka en alternativ belysningslösning i syfte att komplettera saknaden av fönster. Det uppsatta målet för den aktuella studien har därför varit att visa hur en belysningslösning i form av virtuella takfönster med hög eller låg ljusnivå, tillsammans med antingen hög eller låg ljusnivå på allmänljus upplevs.    Med detta som grund har en experimentell studie genomförts med deltagare som har fått uppleva sex olika ljusscener i en väntrumsmiljö. Det som skiljde ljusscenerna åt var att de varierade mellan hög och låg ljusnivå på allmänljuset och på LED-panelerna som även var släckta i två ljusscener.    Resultatet har visat att det finns ett samband mellan ljusnivån på de virtuella takfönsterna och rums- och ljusupplevelsen. Tända LED-paneler var något som deltagarna föredrog över släckta i ett väntrum, i kombination med allmänljus på en hög eller låg ljusnivå. Det var särskilt den tredje ljusscenen, när både allmänljuset och LED-panelerna hade en hög ljusnivå som utmärkte sig mest och gav ett positivt resultat. Det indikerar på att deltagarna föredrog denna ljusscen mest. Anledningen till varför kan bero på att kontrasten av ljuset upplevdes mest behaglig, jämfört med de fem övriga ljusscenerna.     Vidare forskning inom området rekommenderas av författarna för att bidra till en djupare kunskap om hur virtuella takfönster ska appliceras för att skapa brukaranpassade ljusmiljöer i rum som saknar fönster. Upplevelsen av fler ljusnivåer gällande virtuella takfönster bör därför undersökas, samt att studier i fler typer av inomhusmiljöer borde undersökas, förslagsvis i studiemiljöer. Det kan bidra till en bredare kännedom kring applikationsmöjligheterna av virtuella takfönster, som komplement i fönsterlösa rum. / This study aims to examine how virtual sky lights are perceived by people and discuss whether it is a suitable solution as a complement to the lack of windows. Previous studies have confirmed that there is a need to examine an alternative lighting solution in order to supplement the lack of windows. The stated goal for the current study was therefore to evince how a lighting solution of virtual sky lights with a high or low light level, together with ambient lighting of either high or low light level is perceived.        With this as a foundation, an experimental study has been conducted with participants who have experienced six different light scenes in a waiting room environment. The light scenes were distinguished between high and low light levels of the ambient lighting and of the LED-panels, which were also turned off in two light scenes.      The result has shown that there is a connection between the light level of the virtual sky lights and the perception of the room and the lighting. The participants preferred the LED-panels when they were turned on rather than turned off in the waiting room, in combination with an ambient lighting at a high or low light level. It was especially the third light scene, when both the ambient lighting and the LED-panels had a high light level that excelled the most and showed positive results. It indicates that the participants preferred this light scene the most.  It might be because the contrast of light was perceived most pleasantly, compared to the other five light scenes.    Further studies within the field is recommended by the authors to contribute to a deeper knowledge about how virtual sky lights can be applied, to create user adapted lighting environments in rooms that lack windows. The perception of more light levels should therefore be investigated, also more types of environments should be investigated, study environments is one suggestion. It could contribute to a wider knowledge about possible application areas of virtual sky lights as a complement in windowless rooms.

No description available.

Na busca por eficiência energética em serviços e produtos de iluminação pública, a maioria das iniciativas concentra-se em procedimentos voltados estritamente à substituição de tecnologias convencionais por outras mais energeticamente eficientes, considerando somente a fase de operação, onde há mais consumo de energia, e o investimento inicial. No entanto, verifica-se que há uma carência de estudos dedicados à análise da sustentabilidade urbana, em particular com o foco na ecoeficiência das iniciativas, em que pese o crescente interesse das empresas por produtos economicamente e ambientalmente sustentáveis. Portanto, a qualidade do serviço de iluminação pública quanto à sua ecoeficiência (componente importante da sustentabilidade urbana) pode ser desenvolvida utilizando-se o pensamento de ciclo de vida de forma simplificada para avaliar tanto economicamente quanto ambientalmente o empreendimento, de modo a viabilizar a comparação de tecnologias, desenvolvimento de projetos e a tomada de decisão para gestores. O objetivo do presente trabalho é propor um modelo analítico que permita, tanto os desenvolvedores de produtos e projetos como a gestores de serviços de Iluminação Pública IP, gerenciar seus recursos para garantir maior ecoeficiência na transição para tecnologias mais avançadas (como o uso de LEDs em produtos), que mitigam os impactos ambientais e o custo desta transição. Como método, utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, se aplicou a técnica de Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) para avaliação ambiental e econômica de produtos e instalações para IP baseados na tecnologia convencional e produtos com tecnologia LED. Com isso obteve-se uma medida da ecoeficiência associada a diferentes soluções. Na sequência, as informações foram analisadas, comparadas e um conjunto de parâmetros foi definido para constituir um modelo para tomada de decisão. Em particular, foi dada ênfase à qualidade da iluminação na definição da Unidade Funcional. Todas as fases do ciclo de vida foram analisadas (extração de matérias primas, fabricação de componentes, integração e fabricação de luminárias, manutenção e descarte). Como resultados, foram obtidos critérios mínimos de comparação para instalações de Iluminação Pública a LED; identificação dos impactos de novas tecnologias (como uso da tecnologia LED) em termos de emissões de gases de efeito estufa (CO2 equivalentes) do setor de IP; identificação dos impactos de novas tecnologias (como uso da tecnologia LED) no Custo do Ciclo de Vida de instalações para IP e foi desenvolvido um Modelo de Análise para integrar o desempenho econômico ao ambiental (ecoeficiência) de produtos e instalações de IP. / Introduction: in the search for energy efficiency services and street lighting products, most of the initiatives focuses on procedures aimed strictly to the replacement of conventional technologies by more energy efficient ones considering only their use phase. However, it turns out that there is a lack of studies dedicated to analyzing this field with a focus on eco-efficiency initiatives, despite the growing interest of companies by products economically and environmentally sustainable. Therefore, the quality of the street lighting service for their eco-efficiency can be developed using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique in a systematic and objective manner, in order to facilitate the comparison of technologies, project development and decision making for managers. Objective: To generate an analytical model that allows both product and project developers and managers of street lighting services to manage its resources to ensure greater eco-efficiency in the transition to more advanced technologies (such as the use of LEDs in products) that mitigate the environmental impacts and the cost of this transition. Method: it was applied the LCA for environmental and economic evaluation of products and street lighting facilities based on conventional technology and products with LED technology. Further, the information was analyzed, compared and a set of parameters has been set to provide a model for decision-making. In particular, it was given emphasis to the quality of lighting in the definition of a functional unit. Every stage of the life cycle was analyzed (extraction of raw materials, component manufacturing, integration and manufacturing lighting fixtures, maintenance and disposal). Results: we obtained minimum criteria of comparison for Street Lighting LED installations, identifying the impact of new technologies (such as use of LED technology) in the carbon footprint of the street lighting industry. Besides, we identified the impact of new technologies (such as use of LED technology) in the cost of life cycle of street lighting facilities. Lastly, it was developed an Analysis Model to integrate environmental economic performance (eco-efficiency) products and street lighting facilities.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-04-09T12:33:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO TORNIZIELLO RODRIGUES.pdf: 14662564 bytes, checksum: 467610adf71ca6895cc75e12ccaa0109 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-09T12:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO TORNIZIELLO RODRIGUES.pdf: 14662564 bytes, checksum: 467610adf71ca6895cc75e12ccaa0109 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / The Ribeir?o das Anhumas? basin area is located in Campinas, SP, and it is an important area because it contains the most squares, parks and woods of the city and a large green area for public use. Inspite of these spaces are intended for the general population, they do not present the adequated conditions for an appropriate use all day long, and thus their use is limited only during the daytime period. Among these places there are few or almost none adequate and easy lighting maintenance for the public green areas. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the main public green spaces in the Ribeir?o das Anhumas? basin area in order to evaluate the general condition and emphasize the illumination and its absence. For this purpose, an evaluation worksheet was developed to verify pre-determined attributes such as: lighting, infrastructure, green areas and mobility in 18 selected areas within the Ribeir?o das Anhumas. The resulted was an index of urban quality of these spaces. It was possible to relate the attributes to have a comparative among them, having the lighting as a point of comparison to the other attributes. As a result, it was possible to verify that, for the use of the population, the equipment presented indicated which are positive and/or negative points of each area, to create maintenance plans and new projects focusing on better quality and efficiency of the infrastructure involved and the more efficient luminaires to be installed. The proposed index has proved to be useful to analyze these areas and it can contribute to the management and decision for the maintenance or even to plan new spaces. The areas analyzed in the Ribeir?o Anhumas? Basin presented some deficiencies in quality of the existing public lighting structure that may hinder the population use and mobility in these public spaces. / A bacia hidrogr?fica do Ribeir?o das Anhumas localiza-se no munic?pio de Campinas, no Estado de S?o Paulo, sendo esta uma ?rea importante para o munic?pio pois localizam-se uma grande parte das pra?as, parques e bosques e uma vasta ?rea verde direcionadas ao uso p?blico. ? sabido, no entanto que esses espa?os s?o destinados a popula??o em geral, mas que nem sempre apresentam as condi??es para um uso adequado independente do hor?rio, e dessa forma fica limitado ao seu uso apenas no per?odo diurno. Desses locais s?o poucos ou quase nenhum os que apresentam uma ilumina??o adequada e de f?cil manuten??o para a ?rea verde p?blica. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar levantamentos nos principais espa?os verdes p?blicos existentes a na bacia hidrogr?fica do Ribeir?o das Anhumas de modo a verificar a condi??o geral e enfatizando a ilumina??o e a sua aus?ncia. Para tanto foi aplicada em um conjunto de 18 ?reas selecionadas dentro da Bacia do Ribeir?o das Anhumas uma planilha de avalia??o fora desenvolvida para que verificasse atributos pr?-determinados tais como: Ilumina??o, Infraestrutura e ?reas Verdes e Mobilidade, onde resultou em um ?ndice de qualidade urban?stica desses espa?os, foi poss?vel relacionar os atributos para que se tenha um comparativo entre eles, tendo a ilumina??o como ponto de compara??o aos demais atributos. Como resultado foi poss?vel verificar que para o uso da popula??o os equipamentos apresentados, indicaram quais s?o pontos positivos e/ou negativos de cada ?rea para que possam ser gerados planejamentos de manuten??o e novos projetos j? focando em uma melhor qualidade e efici?ncia da infraestrutura envolvida e das lumin?rias a serem instaladas. O ?ndice proposto mostrou-se como uma ferramenta interessante de an?lise dessas ?reas podendo contribuir na gest?o e na tomada de decis?o para manuten??o ou at? mesmo para planejar um novo espa?o. As ?reas analisadas na Bacia do Ribeir?o Anhumas apresentaram algumas defici?ncias em termos da qualidade da estrutura de ilumina??o p?blica existente que pode dificultar a utiliza??o e a mobilidade da popula??o nesses espa?os.

A conjugação das variáveis luz e vento e sua consideração desde a concepção do edifício são fundamentais para garantir uma eficiente ventilação e iluminação natural. A orientação e a forma do edifício também são importantes. No entanto, a ventilação natural depende da integração dos seus princípios básicos; por diferença de pressão e pelo efeito chaminé. Os fundamentos da ventilação e da iluminação naturais em climas quentes são ilustrados através da obra do arquiteto João Filgueiras Lima, Lelé. Economia de energia, boas condições visuais, psicológicas, higiênicas e uma agradável sensibilidade espacial, entre outros aspectos, subjetivos e relativos ao conforto ambiental, caracterizam à eficaz incorporação da luz e da ventilação natural nas suas obras. Analisam-se os hospitais da rede Sarah Kubitschek, Fortaleza e Rio de Janeiro, duas das obras que melhor ilustram as soluções técnicas e arquitetônicas, propostas pelo arquiteto, que favorecem a entrada do vento e da luz natural. Evidencia-se o aprimoramento dos sheds e demais sistemas de ventilação como as galerias e o piso técnico assim como os sistemas flexíveis de fechamento; o forro de painéis de policarbonato basculantes e os arcos retráteis, os quais, dependendo do tipo de ventilação em funcionamento (natural, mecânica ou artificial), permitem o controle da saída do ar e da iluminação natural de maneira independente. A incorporação de jardins internos e dispositivos de climatização passivos, como espelhos d´água e nebulizadores, são também ilustrados. No hospital Sarah Fortaleza destaca-se a organização dos ambientes especiais e os ambientes flexíveis. Nos ambientes especiais (salas de radiologia, farmácias e centros cirúrgicos), o ar condicionado é fundamental, pois exigem níveis rigorosos e controlados de temperatura, umidade relativa e gradiente de pressão de ar. Já nos ambientes flexíveis (salas de fisioterapia, ambulatórios, enfermarias e áreas de espera), onde o controle é menos rigoroso, a ventilação natural garante o conforto térmico. Cabe salientar que os ambientes flexíveis estão dispostos de maneira a captar os ventos dominantes. Conclui-se que os dispositivos de fechamento (janelas, sheds, muros e aberturas) devem permitir o controle independente da iluminação e da ventilação natural. / The combination of the variables light and wind, and its consideration since the conception of the building is fundamental to guarantee an efficient natural ventilation and lighting. The orientation and shape of the building are also important. However, natural ventilation depends on the integration of its basic principles; through pressure difference and through chimney effect. Natural lighting and ventilation principles in warm climates are illustrated through the work of the architect João Filgueiras Lima, Lelé. Low energy, good visual conditions, also psychological and hygiene conditions, and a pleasant spatial sensibility, among other aspects, subjective and relative to environmental comfort, characterize the efficient incorporation of natural light and ventilation in the architect’s work. Hospitals from the Rede Sarah Kubitschek, from Fortaleza and Rio de Janeiro, were analyzed, two of the buildings that best illustrate the technical and architectonic solutions proposed by the architect, which enhance the entrance of wind and natural light. The refinement of sheds and other ventilation systems such as galleries and technical floors, as well as the flexible systems for closing, stands out in his architecture; the tilting polycarbonate panels that form the false roof, and the retractable arcs, which, depending on the type of applied ventilation (natural, mechanic, or artificial), allow a control of air exit and natural lighting independently. The incorporation of internal gardens and passive acclimatizing devices, such as water pools and nebulizers, are also illustrated. At the Sarah hospital in Fortaleza, an organization of special and flexible environments stands out. In the special environments (radiology rooms, pharmacy, and surgery centers), air conditioning is fundamental, because they demand rigorous and controlled levels of temperature, relative humidity, and gradient air pressure. On the other hand, in the flexible environments (physiotherapy rooms, clinic, nursery and waiting areas), where environmental control is less rigorous, natural ventilation guarantees the thermal comfort. It is important to emphasize that the flexible environments are disposed in such a way to capture the dominant winds. Therefore, it is concluded that the closing devices (windows, sheds, walls, and openings) shall allow an independent control of natural ventilation and natural lighting.

Este trabalho propõe estratégias de roteamento e de controle de acesso ao meio destinadas as redes urbanas, motivadas pelo monitoramento e controle de variáveis elétricas relacionadas à iluminação pública. Tais estratégias foram desenvolvidas segundo requisitos da aplicação, trabalhos encontrados na literatura, limitações do protocolo IEEE 802.15.4 e as especificações RFC 5548 e IEEE 802.15.4e (draft). As estratégias desenvolvidas foram incorporadas a protocolos encontrados na literatura, as quais geraram protocolos aperfeiçoados para redes urbanas, dentre eles GGPSR e gradiente em função da maior distância, utilizados para o tráfego divergente e convergente, respectivamente. O protocolo GGPSR é composto pelo algoritmo geográfico GPSR, geocast e retransmissões para os vizinhos seguindo o critério do GGPSR em caso de falha. O protocolo baseado na maior distância é composto pelo algoritmo do gradiente, o qual utiliza a maior distância no caso de receptores com pesos de gradiente iguais e retransmissões seguindo o mesmo critério. Foi utilizado um modelo de propagação realista, no qual foi aplicada a estratégia de mapeamento de vizinhos dos nós de acordo com a distância aproximada fornecida pelo atributo do pacote RSSI. Além disso, para ambos os tipos de tráfego, foi aplicado o mecanismo de controle de acesso ao meio RIT com o objetivo de minimizar o consumo energético. A avaliação dos protocolos gerados a partir dessas estratégias foi feita em simulação utilizando a ferramenta NS-2 integrada em cenários de grande escala fornecidos pela concessionária de iluminação pública Elektro, segundo os critérios de energia remascente da rede, média de atraso fim a fim e taxa de entrega fim a fim. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os protocolos gerados superam protocolos propostos na literatura; além disso, a estratégia baseada na distância obtida pelo atributo RSSI viabiliza a aplicação do protocolo GGPSR. Em relação à aplicação do RIT com a estratégia de parâmetros em função do gradiente, esta se mostrou mais eficiente em comparação com os parâmetros de RIT iguais para todos os nós. / This work proposes routing and medium access control strategies for urban networks, particularly related to monitoring and control of electric variables in the street lighting system. Such strategies were developed according to application requirements, studies in the literature, limitations of the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, and RFC 5548 and IEEE 802.15.4e (draft) specifications. Strategies were incorporated into protocols found in the literature, which generated specific improved protocols for urban networks, including GGPSR and Gradient based on the farthest neighbor, applied to divergent and convergent traffic, respectively. The GGPSR protocol is composed by the GPSR algorithm, geocast and retransmissions to neighbors according to the GGPSR criterion when a failure occurs. The protocol based on the longest distance comprises the gradient algorithm, which considers the longest distance when receivers have equal gradient weights and retransmissions follow the same criterion. A realistic propagation model was used, implementing the strategy to map neighboring nodes according to the approximate distance provided by the RSSI packet attribute. Moreover, for both traffic ypes, the RIT medium access control mechanism was used in order to minimize energy consumption. Protocols generated by these strategies were evaluated through simulation in NS-2 tool applied to large scale scenarios provided by public street lighting concessionaire Elektro, according to the criteria of remaining energy network, end-to-end average delay and end-to-end delivery rate. Results show that the generated protocols outperform protocols proposed in the literature; in addition, the strategy based on the distance obtained by the RSSI attribute enables the use of the GGPSR protocol. Regarding the use of RIT considering the parameters as a function of the gradient, this strategy is more efficient compared to using the same RIT parameters for all nodes.