Avec plus de 78 millions d’habitants, l’Iran actuel comprend une population multilingue ; la langue majoritaire et officielle, le persan, coexiste avec une diversité de langues plus ou moins usitées selon les situations et le nombre de locuteurs. Cette diversité linguistique du pays qui sert également de ciment à l’identité culturelle et aux différentes traditions des locuteurs de ces multiples langues, a rendu nécessaire de recourir à une politique linguistique définissant aussi bien la place et lapromotion de la langue officielle que les droits linguistiques de toutes les minorités. Ce travail de recherche, en empruntant une démarche ethnosociolinguistique, s'intéresse donc à cette situation linguistique particulière dans le contexte iranien. Il étudie les langues iraniennes, l’identité culturelle, le statut des minorités linguistiques, et ce grâce au recours aux différentes approches et théories de la politique linguistique, pour analyser et réinterroger ce contexte dans le cadre de la planification linguistique et les interventions des décideurs qui aboutissent à la définition des politiques linguistiques iraniennes. Ainsi, en nous appuyant sur les trois étapes de la planification linguistique ; la planification du corpus, du statut et de l’acquisition, nous avons étudié les travaux de l’Académie de la Langue et de la Littérature Persanes en tant que l’un des plus importants organismes pour planifier les interventions linguistiques du pays. Cette étude illustre également le statut sociolinguistique des minorités du pays grâce à des enquêtes de terrain. La prise en compte des politiques menées ainsi que des résultats des enquêtes illustre l'insuffisance ou bien des mesures, ou bien de leur application. Ce qui semble avoir conduit certains locuteurs de ces langues à formuler des revendications linguistiques liées également à la situation géopolitique du pays. / Contemporary Iran has a population of 78 million inhabitants who speak a variety of languages; its official and majority language Persian co-exists with many languages which are more or less used in different situations and count a variable number of speakers. The linguistic diversity of the country is the bedrock of the cultural identity and of the various traditions of the speakers of these many languages; it has made it necessary to define a linguistic policy to define both the role and thepromotion of the official language and the rights of all linguistic minorities. This dissertation is based upon an ethno-sociolinguistic methodology and focuses on the case of Iran, notably on Iranian languages, cultural identity, the status of linguistic minorities. It resorts to the various theories and scholarly interpretations of linguistic politics to analyze and question this context within the frame of linguistic planning and the decision making process of officials who developlinguistic policies in Iran. Thus our study is based upon the three stages of linguistic planning, that is the definition of the corpus, status and acquisition, it aims at highlighting the significance of the work of the Persian Language andLiterature Academy in the planning of linguistic interventions in the country. Il also highlights the sociolinguistic status of minorities in Iran thanks to fieldwork surveys. The analysis of the policies that have been implemented as well asthe results of surveys point out that the measures or their implementations are insufficient. This has therefore led to some linguistic demands connected with the geopolitical situation of the country.

The purpose of this thesis is to gain a better understanding of linguistic representations among young Québec adults between 25 and 35 years old. Few studies have dealt with this subject since the 1990s, and the more recent work has been concerned with future teachers (Remysen, 2002) or high school students (Razafimandimbimanana, 2005). I chose to focus on young Québec adults raised after the Quiet Revolution and the adoption of the Charter of the French Language (1977) and who are not working in a field related to language in order to determine if, on the one hand, linguistic representations have changed since the 1990s and, on the other hand, if the facts of not being a"language professional" and of not being assessed by a learning institution anymore could affect their attitude towards language. Based on a corpus of interviews conducted with 30 young Québec adults living in and around Sherbrooke, this study aims firstly at collecting the opinions of my informants on various themes related to linguistic representations in Québec, i. e. superiority of French from France, the threat of English in Québec, the use of anglicisms, the degeneration of French in Québec, the concept of mistakes and the complexity of written French. Second, I identify the normative criteria revealed in the informants' discourse that are used to assess the French that is spoken in Québec. This identification is based on an argumentative analysis of the epilinguistic discourse in order to shed light on commonplaces, which are clues of what the informants view as being part of the common standards. Based on the criteria I found, in combination with the standards of A.-M. Houdebine's linguistic imaginary, I developed a hierarchy allowing to determine, on the one hand, which criteria most often lead to a conclusion, and on the other hand, which ones are only used as a concession, indicating that they are acknowledged as a common standard but not taken up by the informant. As some commonplaces are not agreed upon in the discourse on language, I analyse the discourse in which these contradictions are found while paying special attention to the scope of the arguments put forward and to the dissociation of concepts, which helps foster a better understanding of these apparent contradictions.The results of this research reveal, among the group of a speakers interviewed, a certain tolerance towards discrepancies from the standard described in reference works as well as a certain indifference regarding the standard coming from France. Moreover, the normative criteria that bear the greatest argumentative weight are criteria associated to the use of the language, not to the standard of reference. This distinction between use and standard is also found in the explanation of contradictions, which means that the informants make a distinction between assessment of their own use of French and assessment of the use of others (for instance using French of France) and between the spoken language and the"ideal" language.The conclusions drawn from the various analyses carried out in this study reveal a greater linguistic security among my informants than among the populations that had been examined in previous studies.

This thesis describes linguistic interpretation in the context of interpretation of law, that is defined either as discipline of law, either as social discipline. In linguistic interpretation plays basic role linguistic interpretation. In the chapter that follows the chapter with description of the linguistic interpretation and its specifics in interpretation of law, the author puts linguistic interpretation among the other methods of interpretation. Although she admits the opinion of The Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, that linguistic interpretation is only the first approach to the text, she looks for argumentation that disproves this opinion. She finds one of possible arguments, when she relativizes enumeration of linguistics disciplines, because of pragmatics. Pragmatics as a linguistic discipline is not in this enumeration. The author says, that the reason is, that pragmatics would change meaning and understanding of the linguistic interpretation, bescause of presence of context as a common factor in pragmatics and in the teleological interpretation. The fourth chapter describes legal language as an object of the linguistic interpretation and also as an instrument of lawmakers. Author finds a reason for necessity of the linguistic interpretation in the fact, that lawmakers don't...

The process of communication is based on two types of information: given (old) and new. Given information is the information shared by the speaker and the addressee; new information is the information known to the speaker only or the given information actualized (made relevant) by the speaker. In the process of communication the speaker uses two bare mechanisms or environments to generate given information: non-linguistic and linguistic. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the generation of givenness in a linguistic and a non-linguistic environment in monologues and dialogues in literary text. The novel by Curt Vonnegut “Cat’s cradle” was selected as a corpus for the analysis of given information in literary text. The research demonstrated that the choice of mechanism used for the generation of given elements is directly related to the choice of linguistic means: using a non-linguistic mechanism the speaker heavily relies on the physical context, the dominance of deictic expressions were used. Using a linguistic mechanism (first and second mention sequence) the speaker relies on the following linguistic devices: the article, personal and demonstrative pronouns. The considerable part of given items was established by so called ready- made given items which express given information derived from the shared geographical and cultural environment. The functioning of non-linguistic mechanism, which was realized by the interactions (monologues), was restricted by the... [to full text] / Magistro kvalifikaciniam laipsniui įgyti baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama duotumas ir jo realizavimas lingvistinėje ir nelingvistinėje aplinkoje. Komunikacijos procesas remiasi dvejų tipų informacija: duotąja informacija ir naująja. Duotoji informacija - tai informacija, kuri yra žinoma tiek adresatui, tiek ir adresantui. Tuo tarpu naujoji informacija apibrėžiama, kaip informacija žinoma tik kalbėtojui. Bendraudamas kalbėtojas naudoja du pagrindinius būdus arba aplinkas tam, kad galėtų perteikti duotąją informaciją: lingvistinę aplinką ir nelingvistinę aplinką. duotumo sąvoka yra vartojama gana seniai. Ji yra siejama su profesoriaus Mathesus‘o vardu, kuris įvedė tokias sąvokas kaip funkcinė sakinio perspektyva, naujoji informacija, duotoji informacija, tema ir rema. Bendraudamas, kalbėtojas turi adresatui išskirti objektus, kuriuos jis nurodo. Jis ar ji daro tai tam tikrų žodžių pagalba.. Duotosios informacijos žymeklių tipai priklauso nuo aplinkos, kurioje yra minimas objektas. Šio magistro darbo tikslas yra pademonstruoti kaip realizuojamas duotumas lingvistinėje ir nelingvistinėje aplinkoje literatūriniame tekste, dialoguose bei monologuose. Pagrindinį tikslą detalizuojantys darbo uždaviniai yra šie: apžvelgti mokslinę literatūrą susijusią su duotumo sąvoka ir jos realizavimu kalboje, išsiaiškinti ir aprašyti kokių lingvistinių priemonių pagalba duotumas realizuojamas monologuose bei dialoguose, palyginti kaip skirtingos priemonės yra naudojamas duotumui išreikšti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Linguistics. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-166). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss&rft%5Fval%5Ffmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss:MQ99269

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Over the last decade, linguistic relativity has seen a resurgence in research and discourse on thought, language, and culture. One particular facet of this research, multilingualism, has been relatively sparse in comparison to the wealth of research available focusing on individual languages and monolingual speakers. This study represents a preliminary investigation that enters this arena by focusing specifically on how speakers of English as a second language use English basic color terms in respect to monolingual speakers. This is done by using a modified methodology from the World Color Survey as a comparative model of a speaker’s division of colors. Participants in this study illicit responses for 160 color tiles taken from the Munsell color chart used as the basis of the World Color Survey. The results of this study show that three of the ten multilingual participants division of the color space per English color terms falls outside of the normal range of variation between the monolingual English speakers who participated in this study. Though future research is needed to definitively posit the reasons for those participants color maps, this study provides a new window and inquiry into an under-researched area of linguistic relativity.

By employing a method for comparing and assessing linguistic frameworks, this dissertation will demonstrate that the study of New Testament Greek requires a paradigm change from the limitations of traditional grammar to the more comprehensive approach and methodological clarity of the most recent research into language consistent with modern linguistic theory. This point is argued based on the method developed in chapter 3 that compares, contrasts, and assesses linguistic frameworks. Christopher S. Butler's Structure and Function laid much of the foundation within modern linguistic theory for the kind of work that this dissertation seeks to do. The purpose of this method is to determine which approach is more comprehensive and methodologically clearer on the basis of the questions contained therein. The questions themselves are intended to be exploratory' of both approaches and framed to highlight responses from both approaches as possible. The focus of the method considers each approach as a whole, from specific examples within grammar and exegesis. The overall conclusion that will be made is that traditional grammar is limited in comparison to the more comprehensive approach and methodological clarity consistent with the most recent research into language from modern linguistic theory. Neither of these approaches is perfect—or claims to be—and the analysis presented in the pages that follow in no way intends to communicate that. Nevertheless, this dissertation hopes to encourage traditional scholars to move beyond traditional grammar to utilize modern linguistic theory. Chapter 2 seeks to demonstrate that the limitations of traditional syntax grammars for NT Greek require the adoption of a new approach. Modern linguistic theory provides a way forward in language study that traditional grammar cannot. Thus, this paradigm change will allow for further research within the larger theological enterprise. This dissertation concludes with a chapter considering how one could apply modem linguistic theory to make progress on a number of fronts within biblical and theological studies. These two approaches are so different that they are incommensurable. They are as distinct as differing worldviews. But the widespread adoption of the approach of modern linguistics by more scholars within the larger theological enterprise would supply countless contributions to its scholarship. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

A variety of linguistic techniques were applied to a real world dataset to understand group dynamics in a small work group. Instant message conversations within a group of 22 individuals in a computational simulation group were collected for 15 months and analyzed linguistically. Communication patterns reveal functional uses of public chat, phases of group work, and individual differences in communication. This research contributed to an understanding of small work-group communication and how to use language to understand group dynamics in computer-mediated communication. / text

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