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No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Paulo César Dantas da Silva.pdf: 4220175 bytes, checksum: 9d3262dd496783ccaaf630b5db5ea202 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-10 / Lipoic acid (LA) is an endogenous and exogenous-occurring antioxidant that acts as an essent ial cofactor in four mult ienzymat ic complexes: α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoacid dehydrogenase and the glycine decarboxylase complex. Four therapeutic properties of this molecule have been widely studied: the ability to chelate metal ions such as Cd2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+, retain reactive oxygen species (ROS), regenerate endogenous antioxidants such as glutathione, besides participation in the repair of other antioxidant systems. The literature reports that LA showed promising results both in preclinical and clinical trials for the treatment of diseases such as arteriosclerosis, heavy metal poisoning, diabetes, among other neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, based on the therapeutic potential, our aim was to perform a physicochemical characterization and develop a study of drug-excipient compatibility, aiming at the rational development of a pharmaceutical product. The thermal behavior of lipoic acid was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG), and its characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR spectroscopy. Initially a characterization study of physico-chemical properties of commercial batches of raw material was performed with various analytical techniques such as thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. A pre-formulation study was conducted to evaluate the compatibility of lipoic acid with pharmaceutical excipients, and a prototype formulation for a solid dosage form of lipoic acid has been proposed. Based on the results obtained, it was possible to characterize LA as a crystalline solid with uneven shapes and sizes and low melting point. The compatibility study showed that LA is incompatible with the following excipients: lactose, magnesium stearate and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVPK30). A formulation with compatible excipients was prepared and then its stability was evaluated and compared to the drug by isothermal kinetic methods. The results of the stability study were quite promising, in which the developed formulation preserved the physicochemical characteristics and increased the stability of LA. Considering these results, we can conclude that the knowledge of the physico-chemical properties of lipoic acid in different commercial batches allow the rational use of this drug during the development of new products, in order to ensure a new formulation with the quality control and stabilit y parameters well-defined, and thus complement drug therapies for various diseases for which is indicated. / O ácido lipóico (AL) é um antioxidante de ocorrência endógena e exógena que atua como um cofator essencial em complexos multienzimáticos como: α-cetoglutarato desidrogenase, piruvato desidrogenase, complexo α-cetoácido desidrogenase e o complexo glicina descarboxilase. Quatro propriedades terapêuticas desta molécula já foram bastante estudadas: capacidade de quelar íons metálicos como: Cd 2+ , Fe 3+ , Cu 2+ e Zn 2+ , reter espécies reativas ao oxigênio (ERO), regenerar antioxidantes endógenos, como a glutationa, além da participação no reparo de outros sistemas antioxidantes. A literatura relata que o AL apresentou resultados promissores, tanto em ensaios pré-clínicos como clínicos para o tratamento de patologias como arteriosclerose, intoxicação por metais pesados, diabetes, doenças neurodegerativas dentre outras. Assim, com base no potencial terapêutico, o nosso objetivo foi realizar uma caracterização físico-química e desenvolver um estudo de compatibilidade fármacoexcipiente, visando ao desenvolvimento racional de um produto farmacêutico. Foi avaliado o comportamento térmico do ácido lipóico, através de métodos térmicos e não-térmicos. Inicialmente, foi realizado um estudo de caracterização das propriedades físico-química de lotes comerciais da matéria-prima, através de diversas técnicas analíticas como análise térmica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e difração de raios-x (DRX). Um estudo de pré-formulação foi realizado para avaliar a compatibilidade do ácido lipóico com excipientes farmacêuticos e, posteriormente, o fármaco foi utilizado em uma formulação protótipo para uma forma farmacêutica sólida. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível caracterizar o AL como um sólido de cristais de tamanhos e formas desiguais, de baixo ponto de fusão. Já o estudo de compatibilidade mostrou que o AL foi incompatível com os seguintes excipientes: lactose, estearato de magnésio e polivinilpirrolidona (PVP-K30). No entanto, com lactose, amido, celulose, dióxido de silício coloidal e talco foi elaborada uma formulação e em seguida avaliada a sua estabilidade e comparada a do fármaco por métodos cinéticos isotérmicos. Os resultados do estudo de estabilidade foram bastante promissores, de forma que a formulação desenvolvida preservou as características físico-químicas e aumentou a estabilidade do AL. Considerando os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o conhecimento das propriedades físico-químicas de fármacos em diferentes lotes comerciais nos permite a utilização racional do ativo durante o desenvolvimento de novos produtos, de modo a garantir uma nova formulação com os parâmetros de controle de qualidade e estabilidade bem definidos e assim, complementar terapias medicamentosas para as diversas patologias.

Oxidative stress is the major driving force behind the aging process and many age-related diseases. However, direct experimental evidence of whether antioxidants, such as ascorbate (AA) and lipoic acid (LA) can slow the progression of aging process and/or reduce risks of developing degenerative disease is largely absent. This suggests a better understanding of the precise mechanism of how dietary micronutrient affect parameters of involved in cellular redox balance and aging are warranted. In this dissertation, young and old rats were used as our model to understand potential pro-oxidant events that contribute to increases in oxidative stress in various tissues and how antioxidants such as ascorbate and lipoic acid influence these events. Our major findings are that the age-related impairment of mitochondria and increased deposition of iron contribute significantly to heighten levels of oxidative stress, as evidenced by the resultant increases in the rates of oxidant appearance and in the levels of oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins. We find that AA and LA strongly protected against transition metal-ion dependent increases in oxidative stress. AA effectively inhibited transition metal-mediated lipide peroxidation in human plasma. LA in its reduced form effectively binds iron and copper in a redox inactive manner and reversed chronically elevated levels of iron in the brain without removing enzyme bound transition metal ions. LA also significantly attenuated the age-related increase in oxidative stress associated with mitochondrial decay in the heart, as evidenced by the improvements in AA levels and glutathione redox status. The declines in tissue GSH levels in aged rats were strongly associated with the diminished γ-GCL activity (in parallel with decreased expression of the catalytic and modulatory subunits), and lowered Nrf2 expression and binding to ARE sequence in rat liver. Remarkably, all these events were effectively reversed by the administration of LA, modulating the parameters to return to the observed in young animals. The implications of this work open new avenues not only for further understanding of the aging process but also for possible strategies in its modulation by the micronutrients. / Graduation date: 2004

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:00:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7780446 bytes, checksum: c3d9b30a61c17cf2f7b0a011741a719d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Oxidative stress has been indicated as a central mechanism in Ang II-dependent hypertension. Furthermore, previous studies reported that oxidative stress is associated with the impairment of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) compensatory activity by the disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) during hypertension. In this context, -lipoic acid (LA), a potent antioxidant, has been studied by its effects on cardiovascular system, however its effects on Ang II/ROS/ADAM17/ACE2 pathway have not been studied yet. Here we used two Ang II-dependent hypertensive models, the two-kidney-one-clip (2K1C) and deoxycorticosterone-sal (DOCA-salt) hypertension. Firstly, we analyzed the effects induced by chronic treatment with LA on blood pressure, heart rate and baroreflex sensitivity (sympathetic and parasympathetic components) in renovascular hypertensive rats. Male Wistar rats underwent 2K1C or sham surgery and were maintained untouched for four weeks to develop hypertension. Four weeks post-surgery, rats were orally treated with LA (60 mg/kg) or saline for 14 days. On the 15th day, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. In addition, baroreflex sensitivity test using phenylephrine (8 μg/kg, i.v.) and sodium nitroprusside (25 μg/kg, i.v.) was performed. Chronic treatment with LA decreased blood pressure in hypertensive animals compared to 2K1C + saline group (133.5 ± 9.3 vs 176.5 ± 9.6 mmHg, p<0.05, respectively); however, no significant changes in baseline HR were observed. Regarding baroreflex, LA treatment increased the sensitivity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic components (−2.80 ± 0.6 vs −2.61 ± 0.4 and −4.14 ± 0.6 vs. −3.85 ± 0.5 bpm.mm Hg−1, p < 0.05, n = 8, respectively). To investigate the relationship between ADAM17 and oxidative stress, Neuro2A cells were treated with Ang-II (100 nM) 24 h after vehicle or LA (500 μM). ADAM17 expression was increased by Ang-II (100.2 ± 0.8 vs 120.5 ± 9.1%, p<0.05) and decreased after LA (120.5 ± 9.1 vs 69.0 ± 0.3%, p<0.05). In other set of experiments, LA reduced ADAM17 (92.9 ± 5.3 vs control: 77.3 ± 3.3%, p<0.05) following its overexpression. Moreover, ADAM17 activity was reduced by LA in ADAM17-overexpressing cells (109.5 ± 19.8 vs 158.0 ± 20.0 FU/min/μg protein, p<0.05), in which ADAM17 overexpression increased oxidative stress (114.1 ± 2.5 vs 101.0 ± 1.0%, p<0.05). Conversely, LA-treated cells attenuated ADAM17 overexpression-induced oxidative stress (76.0 ± 9.1 vs 114.1 ± 2.5%, p<0.05). In DOCA-salt-hypertensive mice, a model in which ADAM17 expression and activity are increased, hypertension was blunted by pretreatment with LA (119.0 ± 2.4 vs 131.4 ± 2.2 mmHg, p<0.05). In addition, LA improved dysautonomia and baroreflex sensitivity. Furthermore, LA blunted the increase in the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits as well as the increase in ADAM17 and decrease in ACE2 activities in the hypothalamus of DOCA-salt hypertensive mice. Our data suggest that chronic treatment with LA promotes antihypertensive effect and improves baroreflex sensitivity and autonomic function in rats with renovascular hypertension as well as in DOCA-salt mice. Therefore, these data suggest that LA might preserve ACE2 compensatory activity by breaking the feed-forward cycle between ADAM17 and oxidative stress, resulting in reduction in hypertension. / O estresse oxidativo tem sido apontado como um mecanismo fundamental na hipertensão arterial dependente de Ang II. Além disso, o estresse oxidativo está associado com a regulação negativa da enzima conversora de angiotensina tipo 2 (ECA2) por meio da ação da desintegrina e metaloprotease 17 (ADAM17) na hipertensão. Neste contexto, o ácido lipóico (AL), um potente antioxidante, vem sendo estudado por suas ações sobre o sistema cardiovascular e foi selecionado para o estudo na modulação da via Ang II/ROS/ADAM17/ECA2. Neste trabalho foram utilizados dois modelos de hipertensão dependentes de Angiotensina II (Ang II): dois-rins-um-clipe (2R1C) e o modelo desoxicorticosterona-sal (DOCA-sal). Primeiramente, ratos Wistar foram submetidos à cirurgia 2R1C ou Sham, para avaliação do tratamento crônico do AL sobre os parâmetros cardiovasculares. Quatro semanas após a indução da hipertensão renovascular, os ratos foram tratados com AL (60 mg/kg) ou solução salina durante 14 dias, por via oral. No 15º dia, a pressão arterial média (PAM) e freqüência cardíaca (FC) foram registradas. Além disso, o teste da sensibilidade do barorreflexo, utilizando fenilefrina (8 μg/kg, i.v) e nitroprussiato de sódio (25 μg/kg, i.v) foi realizado. O tratamento crônico com AL reduziu a pressão arterial em animais hipertensos, quando comparado ao grupo 2R1C + salina (133,5 ± 9,3 vs 176,5 ± 9,6 mmHg, p<0,05, respectivamente); no entanto, não foram observadas alterações significativas na FC. O tratamento com AL aumentou a sensibilidade de ambos os componentes simpático e parassimpático do barorreflexo (-2,80 ± 0,6 vs -2,61 ± 0,4 e - 4,14 ± 0,6 vs -3,85 ± 0,5 bpm.mm Hg-1, p<0,05, respectivamente). Para investigar a relação entre ADAM17 e o estresse oxidativo, células Neuro2A foram tratadas com Ang II (100 nM) 24h após veículo ou AL (500 μM). Ang II aumentou a expressão da ADAM17 (100,2 ± 0,8 vs 120,5 ± 9,1%, p<0,05) e foi reduzida pelo tratamento com o AL (120,5 ± 9,1 vs 69,0 ± 0,3%, p<0,05). Em outro experimento, AL reduziu a expressão da ADAM17 (92,9 ± 5,3 vs controle: 77,3 ± 3,3%, p<0,05) em células que superexpressaram o ADAM17, bem como sua atividade foi atenuada após o tratamento com AL (109,5 ± 19,8 vs 158,0 ± 20,0 FU/min/mg de proteína, p<0,05). A produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) mostrou-se aumentada em células com superexpressão da ADAM17 (114,1 ± 2,5 vs 101,0 ± 1,0%, p <0,05), porém em células tratadas com o AL, a formação de ROS foi atenuada (76,0 ± 9,1 vs 114,1 ± 2,5%, p<0,05). Em camundongos DOCA-sal, modelo em que a expressão e a atividade de ADAM17 encontram-se elevadas, a hipertensão foi diminuída pelo tratamento com AL (119,0 ± 2,4 vs 131,4 ± 2,2 mmHg, p<0,05). Além disso, o AL melhorou a disfunção autonômica e a sensibilidade do barorreflexo. O AL aboliu o aumento da expressão da NADPH-oxidase, bem como o aumento da atividade da ADAM17 e promoveu uma redução na atividade da ECA2 no hipotálamo dos animais DOCA-sal. Esses dados sugerem que o tratamento crônico com AL promove um efeito anti-hipertensivo, com melhora da sensibilidade do barorreflexo e função autonômica em ratos com hipertensão renovascular, bem como no modelo DOCA-sal. Portanto, podemos sugerir que o AL preserva a atividade compensatória da ECA2 por romper o ciclo de retroalimentação positiva entre a ADAM17 e o estress oxidativo, resultando na redução da hipertensão arterial.

Dissertação(mestrado)- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2011. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-08T15:13:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao - tila clivea martins em pdf.pdf: 3894921 bytes, checksum: 4ecfe10594f0b4dda190edc8958a9750 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-09-18T03:53:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao - tila clivea martins em pdf.pdf: 3894921 bytes, checksum: 4ecfe10594f0b4dda190edc8958a9750 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-18T03:53:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao - tila clivea martins em pdf.pdf: 3894921 bytes, checksum: 4ecfe10594f0b4dda190edc8958a9750 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Os fatores abióticos são um dos principais problemas na aquicultura, pois a alteração destes pode resultar em baixo nível de crescimento ou induzir efeitos deletérios que podem eventualmente levar a morte dos organismos. Neste trabalho, fez-se uma simulação da variação de oxigênio dissolvido com desligamento da aeração até que os níveis nos tanques atingissem 3 mg/L (condição de hipóxia) quando então a aeração era religada. Com base nestas condições foi avaliado o aumento na competência antioxidante do camarão Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) como resultado da ação do ácido lipóico (AL) aplicado a ração, nas doses de 35, 70 e 140 mg de AL para cada 1 kg de ração, quando exposto a uma situação de hipóxia/re-oxigenação. Foram utilizados camarões machos e fêmeas com peso inicial de 2,07 g (+ 0,24). A atividade da enzima glutationa-S-transferase (GST) aumentou na dose de 70 mg de AL/kg nas brânquias, no entanto, no hepatopâncreas a resposta foi bifásica, as vezes aumentando e as vezes diminuindo. As análises dos níveis de peroxidação lipídica (TBARS) em brânquias constatou que o AL induziu um efeito fortemente antioxidante na dose de 70 mg/kg após 4 h de re-oxigenação. No hepatopâncreas o AL reduziu os níveis de TBARS após de 0,5 h de re-oxigenação na dose de 35 mg AL/kg, e logo após 4 h apresentou em efeito pró-oxidante. Na avaliação da capacidade antioxidante total contra peroxi-radicais foi constatado que em normóxia as doses de 70 e 140 mg AL/kg induziram um efeito antioxidante nas brânquias do camarão. No hepatopâncreas, em normóxia, a dose de 70 mg AL/kg promoveu um efeito antioxidante, enquanto que no organismos submetidos a hipóxia/re-oxigenação foi constatado que a dose de 140 mg AL/kg promoveu um aumento da capacidade antioxidante. Ainda, nas duas doses mais altas de AL (70 e 140 mg/kg) foi verificado um aumento de peso dos camarões. Sugere-se que a dose mais indicada seja a de 70 mg de AL para 1 kg de ração, por apresentar melhores resultados nas análises bioquímicas e por induzir aumento de peso ao camarão os quais atingiram peso final de 7,94 g (+ 0,15). / The abiotic factors are a major problem in aquaculture, because changing them can result in low growth or induce deleterious effects that may eventually lead to death of organisms. In this work, it was a simulation of the variation of dissolved oxygen by turning off the aeration tanks in which the levels reached 3 mg/L (hypoxic condition) when the aeration was then restarted. Under these conditions we evaluated the increase in antioxidant power of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone 1931) as a result of action of lipoic acid (LA) applied to food at doses of 35, 70 and 140 mg of LA for each 1 kg ration when exposed to a hypoxia/re-oxygenation. We used juvenile male and female shrimps with initial weight of 2.07 g (+ 0.24). The activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) increased in a dose of 70 mg AL/kg in the gills; however, in the hepatopancreas response was biphasic, sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing. The analysis of the levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in gills showed that LA induced a strong antioxidant effect at a dose of 70 mg/kg after 4 h of re-oxygenation. In the AL hepatopancreas decreased levels of TBARS after 0.5 h re-oxygenation in a dose of 35 mg AL/kg, and after 4 hours resulted in pro-oxidant effect. In assessing the total antioxidant capacity against peroxy-radicals was found that in normoxia the doses of 70 and 140 mg AL/kg induced an antioxidant effect in the gills of the shrimp. In the hepatopancreas, in normoxia, the dose of 70 mg AL/kg provided an antioxidant effect, whereas in organisms subjected to hypoxia/re-oxygenation was found that the dose of 140 mg AL/kg caused an increase in antioxidant capacity. Still, the two higher doses of LA (70 and 140 mg/kg) there was an increase in weight of shrimp. It is suggested that the optimal dose is 70 mg of the AL to 1 kg, by offering better results in biochemical analysis and to induce weight gain to shrimp which reached the final weight of 7.94 g (+ 0, 15).

A intercalação de espécies com atividade farmacológica em Hidróxidos Duplos Lamelares (HDLs) vem sendo explorada com uma maior freqüência não apenas pelo fato da matriz ser biocompatível, mas também por outros efeitos reportados em estudos recentes como: (i) possível liberação sustentada da droga mediada por alterações no pH, (ii) aumento da solubilidade de substâncias pouco solúveis em água, (iii) aumento da estabilidade química de substâncias frente à luz, ao calor, à umidade, ao oxigênio molecular etc. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a intercalação de substâncias de interesse medicinal (em suas formas aniônicas) como a pravastatina, Prav (ação anti-hiperlipidêmica) e os antioxidantes ácidos coumárico, Cou, e lipóico, Lip, em HDLs de magnésio-alumínio e zinco-alumínio através da coprecipitação, utilizando diferentes condições experimentais (pH, tratamento pós-síntese e relação molar ânion/Al3+). As amostras sólidas foram caracterizadas por análise elementar (CHN e metais), difratometria de raios X, métodos espectroscópicos (vibracional no infravermelho, Raman e ressonância magnética nuclear de 13C no estado sólido), análise térmica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, medidas de tamanho de partícula e de potencial Zeta. A ação farmacológica dos HDLs de composição Mg2Al foi investigada através do teste biológico com o corante Sulforodamina B na linhagem celular de melanoma A-375. A utilização de diferentes proporções molares Pravastatina/Al3+ (1, 2 e 3) não alterou significativamente a quantidade de substância orgânica presente no material. O HDL de composição lamelar Zn2+/Al3+ apresentou maior cristalinidade e maior quantidade de orgânico (52 % m/m) que a matriz Mg2+/Al3+ (32 % m/m). A Pravastatina forma uma bicamada na região interlamelar. Os valores de tamanho médio de partícula e do potencial Zeta encontrado para o material Mg2Al1Prav (razão molar Prav/Al3+= 1) são 126 nm e + 22,9 mV, respectivamente. A Pravastatina e o material de Mg2Al1Prav diminuíram o crescimento celular da linhagem A-375 em até 20 % após tratamento. A composição dos HDLs intercalados com íons coumarato é dependente da razão molar Cou/Al3+ empregada na síntese. Observou-se novamente que o emprego da composição lamelar Zn2+/Al3+ contribui para a obtenção de material com maior cristalinidade e quantidade de orgânico intercalado (36 % m/m) comparado ao análogo de Mg2+/Al3+ (32 % m/m). Os ânions orgânicos na forma bivalente, constatados pelos resultados obtidos no espectro Raman, assumem um arranjo de monocamada com inclinação do esqueleto carbônico em relação às lamelas. Dados de análise elementar e análise térmica sugerem que o íon orgânico está enxertado/coordenado às lamelas do HDL. A suspensão aquosa do material Zn2Al3Cou apresenta estabilidade moderada frente à aglomeração (potencial Zeta igual a + 39,6 mV) e tamanho médio de partícula de 226 nm. No caso dos HDLs-Lip, observou-se que o excesso de íons lipoato na síntese, assim como o tempo de agitação pós-síntese , não alterou a cristalinidade e a quantidade de orgânico (39 % m/m) no material. Os ânions orgânicos devem se organizar na forma de uma bicamada interdigitada na região interlamelar. A suspensão aquosa do material Mg2Al1Lip apresenta estabilidade moderada frente à aglomeração (potencial Zeta igual a + 34,3 mV) e tamanho médio de partícula de 110 nm. / The intercalation of species with pharmacological activity in Layered Double Hydroxide (LDHs) has been explored frequently not only because it is biocompatible, but also by others effects as reported in recent studies: (i) sustained release of the drug by changes in pH, (ii) increasing the solubility of poorly water soluble substances, (iii) increase of the chemical stability of substance against light, heat, moisture, molecular oxygen etc. The main goal of this work is the intercalation of substances of therapeutic interest (in their anionic forms) as Pravastatin, Prav (antihyperlipidemic), and the antioxidants coumaric acid, Cou, and lipoic acid, Lip, in LDHs of magnesium-aluminum and zinc-aluminum by coprecipitation using different experimental conditions (pH, post-synthesis treatment and molar ratio anion/Al3+). Solid samples were characterized by elemental analysis (CHN and metals), X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic methods (Vibrational Infrared, Raman and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of 13C in solid state), thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, measurements of particle size and Zeta potential. The pharmacological activity of LDHs of Mg2Al composition was investigated by the biological assay with the dye Sulforhodamine B in the melanoma cell line A-375. The usage of different molar ratio Pravastatin/Al3+ (1, 2 and 3) did not significantly alter the amount of organic substance present in the inorganic carrier. The LDH of composition Zn2+/Al3+ promoted an increase in the crystallinity of the material and in the amount of organic (52 % w/w) compared to the Mg2+/Al3+ material (32 % w/w). Pravastatin forms a bilayer into the interlayer region. The mean particle size and Zeta potential of the Mg2Al1Prav (molar ratio Prav- /Al3+= 1) are 126 nm and + 22.9 mV, respectively. The Pravastatin and the material Mg2Al1Prav decreased cell growth of strain A-375 melanoma by 20 % after treatment. The composition of the LDH intercalated with coumarate ions is dependent of the molar ratio anion/Al3+ used in the synthesis. The composition Zn2+/Al3+ promoted an increase in the crystallinity and amount of the organic (36 % w/w) compared to Mg2+/Al3+ material (32 % w/w). The organic divalent anions, visualized by the Raman spectra results, assume a monolayer arrangement with the inclination of the carboxylate group related to the layer. Elemental and thermal analysis suggest the grafting/coordination of the organic ions into the layers of LDH. The aqueous suspension of the Zn2Al3Cou shows moderate stability against agglomeration (Zeta potential value + 39.6 mV) and particle size of 226 nm. In the case of LDHs-Lip, it was observed that excess of lipoate ions from the synthesis, as well as, the stirring time pos-synthesis did not alter the crystallinity and the organic amount (39 % w/w) material. The organic anions are organized in an interdigitated bilayer into the interlayer region. The aqueous suspension of the Mg2Al1Lip material shows moderate stability against the agglomeration (zeta potential value equal to + 34.3 mV) and a particle size of about 110 nm.

Le cancer du sein est le cancer le plus fréquent chez les femmes. Malgré les progrès thérapeutiques, les mécanismes de résistance restent la cause de la morbidité et de la mortalité. L'acide lipoïque (LA) est un cofacteur essentiel du métabolisme oxydatif via sa fonction dans les complexes de pyruvate déshydrogénase et d'α-céto déshydrogénase. Il a été démontré des effets anticancéreux, mais ses mécanismes d'action ne sont pas entièrement compris. Mon projet de thèse vise à évaluer l’effet inhibiteur de LA sur la prolifération de diverses lignées cellulaires du cancer du sein et d’étudier ses mécanismes. Nos résultats ont montré que LA inhibe la prolifération cellulaire en inhibant les voies de signalisation prolifératives PI3K/Akt et MAPK/ERK. Nos résultats ont contribué à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes d’action conduisant à cet effet anti-prolifératif de LA. En effet, nous avons mis en évidence la réduction de l’expression de la proprotéine convertase, furine, responsable de la maturation d’IGF-1R en réponse à LA aboutissant in fine à l’inhibition de la maturation de ce récepteur. En outre, nous avons démontré que l’effet pro-oxydant de LA aboutit à la réduction de l’expression du facteur de transcription, CREB, qui est impliqué dans l’induction de l’expression de la furine. En conclusion, nous avons élucidé, pour la première fois, le mécanisme d’action suivant : LA induit rapidement et brutalement des ROS par la phosphorylation oxydative qui vont inhiber l’expression du facteur de transcription CREB. Cette inhibition bloque alors l’activation transcriptionnelle de la furine, qui est cruciale pour permettre le passage de la pro-forme d’IGF-1R, qui est immature et non fonctionnelle, à la forme mature, IGF-1R qui est alors recrutée à la membrane plasmique / Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Despite therapeutic advances, the mechanisms of resistance remain the underlying cause of morbidity and mortality. Lipoic acid (LA) is and an essential cofactor of oxidative metabolism via its function in pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-keto dehydrogenase complexes. Its potential therapeutic effects have been well documented in the treatment of pathologies associated with oxidative stress, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, liver diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, it has been demonstrated its anticancer effects in various cancers, but its mechanisms of action are not fully understood. My PhD project aims to evaluate the inhibitory effect of LA on the proliferation of various breast cancer cell lines and to study the mechanisms of action likely to be involved in this process. Our results showed that LA inhibits cell proliferation by inhibiting PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK proliferative signaling. Our results contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms of action leading to this anti-proliferative effect of LA. Indeed, we have demonstrated the reduction of the expression of the proprotein convertase, furin, responsible for the maturation of IGF-1R in response to LA resulting the inhibition of the maturation of this receptor. In addition, we have demonstrated that the pro-oxidative effect of LA reduces the the expression of the transcription factor, CREB, which is involved in the induction of furin expression. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first the following mechanism of action: LA rapidly induces ROS by oxidative phosphorylation that inhibit the expression of the CREB transcription factor. This inhibition then blocks the transcriptional activation of furin, an enzyme that is crucial to allow the passage of the IGF-1R pro-form, which is immature and non-functional, to the mature form, IGF-1R, which is then recruited to the plasma membrane

While the spin trapping properties of thiols have been investigated through EPR analysis and kinetics studies, few groups have studied these properties using strictly computational methods. In particular, α-lipoic acid (ALA) and its reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), one of the strongest endogenously produced antioxidants, show potential for being effective, naturally occurring spin traps for the trapping of reactive oxygen species. This research covers electronic structure calculations of ALA, DHLA, and their corresponding hydroxyl radical spin adducts, performed at the cc-pVDZ/B3LYP/DFT level of theory. The effects on DHLA introduced by other radicals such as ·OOH, ·OCH3, and ·OOCH3 are reported. Explicit solvation was carried out using open-source molecular packing software and was studied using MOPAC PM6 semi-empirical geometry optimizations. Complete Basis Set (CBS) limit extrapolations were performed using cc-pVXZ (X = D, T, Q) Dunning basis sets under the DFT/B3LYP level of theory, and results are compared to the literature.

Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier les modifications biochimiques mitochondriales liées à un défaut de lipoylation des protéines dans les fibroblastes de 14 patients. Ces patients sont porteurs d’une mutation dans un gène codant une des protéines impliquées soit dans la synthèse de l’acide lipoïque (LIPT1, LIPT2) soit dans la voie de biogenèse des centres Fe-S mitochondriale (FDX1L, ISCA1, ISCA2, IBA57, NFU1, BOLA3). La voie de biogenèse des centres Fe-S est nécessaire à la maturation des protéines Fe-S mitochondriales, dont la lipoic acid synthase (LIAS).Ces travaux ont permis d’étudier notamment un deuxième cas de déficit en FDX1L ainsi qu’un patient porteur d’une nouvelle mutation dans ISCA1. Les déficits dans la voie de la biogenèse des centres Fe-S observés chez les patients étudiés affectent principalement la maturation des protéines mitochondriales à centre [4Fe-4S] dont l’aconitase mitochondriale, les complexes I et II de la chaîne respiratoire et la LIAS, induisant ainsi un défaut de lipoylation d’enzymes clés du métabolisme énergétique (PDHc, KGDHc). Aucune atteinte du réseau mitochondrial ni de variations du stress oxydatif n’ont pu être mises en évidence. Finalement, l’ajout d’acide lipoïque exogène n’améliore pas les déficits observés.Les profils d’expression des protéines dans les fibroblastes des patients suggèrent que les protéines NFU1, BOLA3 et IBA57 ainsi que ISCA1, ISCA2 et IBA57 coopèrent entre elles de manière complexe. / The aim of this work is to study mitochondrial dysfunctions related to a defect of protein lipoylation in fibroblasts of 14 patients. These patients carry a point mutation in a gene encoding for a protein involved either in lipoic acid biosynthesis (LIPT1 or LIPT2) or in the mitochondrial pathway devoted to iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis (FDX1L, ISCA1, ISCA2, IBA57, NFU1, BOLA3) essential for maturation of mitochondrial Fe-S proteins such as lipoic acid synthase (LIAS). This work describes the second case of FDX1L deficiency and a patient with a new mutation in ISCA1 gene.We found that mitochondrial [4Fe-4S] proteins (mitochondrial aconitase, complexes I and II of the respiratory chain and LIAS) are mainly affected in fibroblasts of patients with defect in the mitochondrial Fe-S maturation pathway. Secondary, LIAS dysfunction leads to decreased lipoylation of PDHc and KGDHc, complexes involved in energy metabolism. Neither mitochondrial network nor oxidative stress biomarkers was modified in our study. Addition of exogenous lipoic acid did not rescue the mitochondrial deficiency.Protein expression profiles obtained in fibroblasts of patients suggest that NFU1, BOLA3 and IBA57 and also ISCA1, ISCA2 and IBA57 could function and interact together to form protein complexes.

Novel biocompatible nanoprobes for optical imaging of Epidermal Growth Factor receptor (EGFR) were created. 5 and 18 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and 5 and 45 nm diameter silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were conjugated to EGF protein via ?-lipoic acid. AgNPs were not previously attached to EGF. TOF-MS confirms EGF-linker formation. ELISA verifies the linked-EGF activity alone and with EGF-NPs. Core-shell silver-gold nanoparticles (AgAuNPs) gave similar results. TEM staining with uranyl acetate exhibits a bright ring, smaller than EGF, around nanoparticles. Dark field microscopy shows localized, intense cytoplasmic scattering, possibly lipid droplets, in cancer cells incubated with or without nanoprobes. Following injection, mice organs were harvested for EGF-NP immune response determination. Sterilization likely inactivated EGF before ICP-MS. Intense surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS, 632.8 nm) follows MgSO4 induced EGF-AgNPs aggregation. Pelleted EGF-AgNP tagged cancer cells lack SERS indicative intensity contrast. AgAuNPs could provide increased stability, brighter SERS, and reduced silver biocompatibility concerns.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao LAISE NAYRA DOS SANTOS PEREIRA.pdf: 1329578 bytes, checksum: bb0923e1ddc2d57bb73b2390b4ceb375 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-18 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / This work describes the development of electroanalytical procedures for α-lipoic acid (ALA) determination in dietary supplement using a pyrolitic graphite electrode (PG) modified with cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) from electrochemical techniques and by Batch Injection Analysis (BIA). Cyclic voltammograms of ALA oxidation on the PG/ CoPc electrode presented an irreversible peak ~+0.85 V vs Ag/ AgCl, a value about 100 mV to less positive potential, well as a significant increase in the magnitude of peak current compared to the PG electrode unmodified. The analytical curves obtained with cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and chronoamperometry showed good linearity and sensitivity. The DPV technique showed the best values of limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) 3.4 x 10ˉ⁹ mol Lˉ¹ and 1.2 x 10ˉ⁸ mol Lˉ¹, respectively. Therefore was chosen for determination of ALA on technique. Voltammetric response of ALA was also evaluated in PG electrode unimodified and modified in hydrodynamic conditions. The modification of the PG/ CoPc electrode produced an increase of 2.33 times compared to the PG electrode. The analytical method was then proposed using the PG/ CoPc electrode for detection of ALA by BIA. The method showed a good linear range between (1.0 x 10ˉ⁶ to 1.0 x 10ˉ⁴ mol Lˉ¹), values of LOD and LOQ of 1.5 × 10ˉ⁸ mol Lˉ¹ and 5.0 × 10ˉ⁸ mol L-1, respectively, with analytical frequency of 208 injections/ hour. The quantification of ALA in dietary supplement showed concordant results with those obtained by chromatographic method, with a confidence level of 95%. Recovery tests were performed added a concentration of ALA in a sample of synthetic urine, where the recovery values were in the range 98 - 107%. / O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de procedimentos eletroanalíticos para determinação de ácido α-lipóico (ALA) em suplemento dietético utilizando eletrodo de grafite pirolítico (GP) modificado com ftalocianina de cobalto (CoPc) a partir de técnicas eletroquímicas e pela Análise por Injeção em Batelada (BIA). Os voltamogramas cíclicos da oxidação de ALA sobre o eletrodo GP/ CoPc apresentaram um pico irreversível com potencial ~ +0,85 V vs. Ag/ AgCl, mostrando um deslocamento do início da corrente de oxidação em cerca de 100 mV para potenciais menos positivos, bem como um aumento significativo na magnitude da corrente de pico, quando comparados ao eletrodo não modificado GP. As curvas analíticas obtidas com as técnicas de voltametria cíclica (VC), voltametria de pulso diferencial (VPD) e cronoamperometria apresentaram boa linearidade e sensibilidade. A técnica de VPD apresentou os melhores valores de limite de detecção (LD) e de quantificação (LQ), 3,4 x 10ˉ⁹ mol Lˉ¹ e 1,2 x 10ˉ⁸ mol Lˉ¹, respectivamente. Portanto foi a técnica escolhida para determinação de ALA. Resposta voltamétrica do ALA também foi avaliada no eletrodo GP não modificado e modificado em condições hidrodinâmicas. A modificação do eletrodo GP/ CoPc produziu um aumento de 2,33 vezes comparado com o eletrodo GP. O método analítico foi então proposto usando o eletrodo GP/ CoPc para detecção de ALA por BIA. O método apresentou uma boa faixa linear compreendida entre (1 x 10ˉ⁶ a 1 x 10ˉ⁴ mol Lˉ¹); valores de LD e LQ de 1, 5 x 10ˉ⁸ mol Lˉ¹ e 5, 0 x 10ˉ⁸ mol Lˉ¹, respectivamente, com frequência analítica de 208 injeções/ hora. A quantificação de ALA em suplemento dietético apresentou resultados concordantes com os obtidos pelo método cromatográfico, apresentando um nível de confiança de 95%. Testes de recuperação foram feitos adicionados uma concentração de ALA em amostra de urina sintética, onde os valores de recuperação foram na faixa de 98 a 107%.