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Digital tools have played an important role in Digital Humanities (DH) since its beginnings. Accordingly, a lot of research has been dedicated to the documentation of tools as well as to the analysis of their impact from an epistemological perspective. In this paper we propose a binary and a multi-class classification approach to detect and classify tools. The approach builds on state-of-the-art neural language models. We test our model on two different corpora and report the results for different parameter configurations in two consecutive experiments. In the end, we demonstrate how the models can be used for actual tool detection and tool classification tasks in a large corpus of DH journals.

Este trabalho examina os estudos literários que se seguem, publicados em meados de 1970: A perversão do trapezista: o romance em Cornélio Penna (1976), de Luiz Costa Lima; Verso Universo em Drummond (1975) de José Guilherme Merquior; Ao vencedor as batatas (1977), de Roberto Schwarz; Fundamentos da investigação literária (1974), de Eduardo Portella e Carlos Drummond de Andrade (1976) de Silviano Santiago. Nosso objetivo é investigar de que modo a produção do conhecimento sobre literatura e a produção do valor literário se deram nesses trabalhos, bem como indicar algumas transformações no campo literário naquele período. / This academic work examine the literary studies that follows, all published in the mid-1970s: A perversão do trapezista: o romance em Cornélio Penna (1976), by Luiz Costa Lima; Verso Universo em Drummond (1975), by José Guilherme Merquior; Ao vencedor as batatas (1977), by Roberto Schwarz; Fundamentos da investigação literária (1974), by Eduardo Portella e Carlos Drummond de Andrade (1976), by Silviano Santiago. Our purpose is to investigate how the production of knowledge about literature and the production of literay value is given in this work, as well as indicate somes changes in the literary field in that period.

This thesis examines elements of the conceptualization of literature within literary studies and literary production in a UK context, considering the concept of exclusionary practices based on the negligence of intersectional categories of identity such as race, gender, class, sexuality, etc., in the practice of understanding and interpreting literature. The methodologies I employ are close reading of various narratives, such as literary texts, as well as a narrative analysis aimed at a holistic understanding of my material. The second part of this thesis envisions a decolonised approach to literature in which we situate our positionalities when we read and interpret literary works. I demonstrate this through the analysis of several poems, informed by decolonial concepts and sensibilities. The results show that the maintenance of these exclusionary practices advances a grand-narrative of Western civilisation, ignoring the multiple sites people inhabit both from within, and outside, the West and that these practices are effectively harmful. I argue that through the project of decolonising literature there is a possibility of disrupting the perpetual macro-narrative of Western domination and universality.

The present work has as object of investigation the understanding of rap songs as voco-hybrid musical expressions in the Northeast, bring the dialogue between the African-American oral sources and the Northeast. The result of this meeting is built by the analyses of the eighteen songs from Northeastern, and included groups from the design of the poet zumthoriana voice. The identity mapping of MC/a listener of rap has made it possible to deepen looks that were conducted by hybridization, performance considerations, and utopia and, in turn, subsidized a broad approach on textual complexity of rap songs. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O presente trabalho tem por objeto de investigação a compreensão das canções de rap como expressões voco-musicais híbridas que, no nordeste, trazem o diálogo entre as fontes orais afro-americanas e a cantoria nordestina. O resultado deste encontro é construído pelas análises das dezoito canções, oriundas de grupos nordestinos, e compreendidas a partir da concepção de poeta da voz zumthoriana. O mapeamento identitário do/a MC e do/a ouvinte de rap tornou possível aprofundar olhares que foram conduzidos pelas considerações sobre hibridação, performance e utopia e, por sua vez, subsidiaram uma abordagem ampla sobre a complexidade textual das canções de rap.

This thesis uses affect theory and studies of emotion to analyse literary representations of the everyday in fictional and non-fictional writing about Muslim migrant women in the UK from 1906 to 2012. Postcolonial literary studies tend to value exceptional events over mundane life, which causes possible issues of exoticism and a danger of homogenising distinct experiences. This thesis offers a theorisation of migration that foregrounds everyday experience through an engagement with theories of objects, bodies and space, as well as emotional experiences that are specific to migrant subjectivity. It analyses two groups of texts: early twentieth century travel writing by Atiya Fyzee, Shahbano Begum Maimoona Sultan and Zeyneb Hanoum, and contemporary literary texts by Yeshim Ternar, Farhana Sheikh, Monica Ali, Leila Aboulela, Elif Shafak and Fadia Faqir. The thesis is structured thematically into three sections, each section containing two chapters, one about travel writing and another about contemporary texts. In the first section, in order to examine how the texts negotiate foreignness in daily life, I consider hospitality theory, which describes how social power relations are based on roles of host and guest. In the second section, I argue that melancholia is an emotional experience endemic to migrancy. The texts demonstrate how this emotion is manifest communally as well as individually, which also shows the political potential of emotion. In the third section, I investigate how emotional processes of migration are described spatially in the texts. The findings of this research show that emotional knowledge is a major concern for migrant writers as a way of engaging with and critiquing the social and political climates of each text. This is produced through narrations about feeling in general and specific emotions, such as irritation or anxiety. Emotional experience is illustrated in conjunction with identities that are both fluid and intersectional, where gender and class converge with ethnicity and religion. The texts also show specifically affective styles of writing that concentrate on focalising women's intimate experiences through, for example, diary entries, bildungsroman or psychological realism. While the differing contexts reflect the particularities of each experience, there are sufficient similarities of narrative content and style to suggest that affective experience is a major concern for this body of literature. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the productive uses of affect theory as a critical stance for analysing postcolonial literature.

Cette thèse met en perspective le contexte particulier du recul de l’enseignement du français dans les universités portugaises comme le symptôme de phénomènes plus vastes, dont la redéfinition de la mission des universités dans un champ éducatif transnationalisé, ou la mise en cause des humanités dont la littérature constituait un élément central. Sont examinées les transformations à l’oeuvre dans les sociétés contemporaines marquées par la dimension culturelle qui caractérise la mondialisation actuelle et par les bouleversements qui affectent la place et le statut des langues et l’ensemble des catégories qui informent les disciplines traditionnelles comme les Études françaises. La division disciplinaire en langues, littératures et cultures, est interrogée au regard de divers facteurs, comme la mise en valeur des fondements culturels de la langue, la redéfinition de la littérature comme discours et phénomèn! e culturel parmi d’autres, ou l’émergence de domaines professionnels consacrés à la gestion de contenus, de significations et de valeurs culturelles. Du point de vue épistémologique, la culture légitime et canonique et les littératures nationales sont également observées selon la perspective des Études culturelles et postcoloniales, qui remettent en cause les frontières disciplinaires et les logiques « mono-identitaires ». À la lumière de l’analyse de ces transformations la réflexion débouche sur un projet didactique qui envisage les Études françaises, mais aussi l’enseignement de la littérature et les humanités en général comme un chantier en devenir, où les disciplines traditionnelles sont amenées à se repenser et à se réinventer au contact de discours culturels et littéraires renouvelés dans lesquels l’adaptation et le mélange des langages jouent un rôle décisif / This thesis problematizes the specific context of the decline in the teaching of French in Portuguese universities as a symptom of other phenomena, such as the redefinition of the mission of universities in a transnationalised educational field, and the questioning of the Humanities, partly caused by the destabilization of areas of study where literature was a central element. Ongoing transformations in contemporary society, dictated by the cultural dimension of globalisation, have led to changes in the place and status of languages, which in turn have affected the categories that inform the so-called traditional disciplines, of which ‘French Studies’ is an example. As a consequence, the disciplinary division between languages, literatures and cultures has been questioned from a variety of angles, such as the valorization of the cultural essence of language, or the re-definition of literature as discourse and cultural phenomenon. This di! vision has been further destabilized by emerging professional fields dedicated to the production, management and circulation of cultural contents, meanings and values. Furthermore, canonical cultures and national literatures are now conceptualised and read from critical places informed by fields such as Cultural Studies and Postcolonial Studies, fields which question disciplinary boundaries and ‘mono-identitary’ logic. In a context where French Studies, as well as the teaching of literature, and the Humanities more generally speaking, are being induced to rethink and reinvent themselves, it becomes crucial to consider discourses that are closer to contemporary socio-cultural realities, discourses which operate within webs of intertextuality that are somewhat alien to canonical literatures and revelatory of the diversity of the cultures and languages associated with them / A tese problematiza o contexto específico do declínio do ensino do francês nas universidades portuguesas enquanto sintoma de outros fenómenos, como a redefinição da missão das universidades num campo educacional transnacionalizado e o questionamento das Humanidades, provocada pela desestabilização de áreas de ensino em que a literatura era um elemento central. As transformações em curso na sociedade contemporânea, marcadas pela dimensão cultural que caracteriza a globalização, levaram a transformações em relação ao lugar e ao estatuto das línguas, afetando as categorias que informam as disciplinas ditas tradicionais, das quais fazem parte os "Estudos Franceses".Assim, a divisão disciplinar em línguas, literaturas e culturas, tem sido questionada em relação a diversos fatores, tais como a valorização da essência cultural da língua, a redefinição da literatura enquanto discurso e fenómeno cultural entre outros, ou ainda o surgimento de campos profissionais dedicados à produção, gestão e comunicação de conteúdos, significados e valores culturais. Além disso, a cultura legítima e canónica e as literaturas nacionais são pensadas e interpretadas a partir de lugares críticos como os Estudos Culturais e Pós-Coloniais, questionando as fronteiras disciplinares e as lógicas "mono-identitárias". Num contexto em que os Estudos Franceses mas também o ensino da literatura, e as Humanidades em geral, são levados a repensar-se e a reinventar-se, torna-se crucial considerar novos discursos culturais e literários.

I den här studien analyseras 16 kvinnors självframställningar i antologin Sverige – en (o)besvarad kärlekshistoria ur ett postkolonialt feministiskt perspektiv där mellanförskap och identitet är centrala teman. Syftet med analysen är att finna hur den besvarade alternativt obesvarade kärleken till Sverige blir synliga i författarnas texter och hur det har påverkat dem. Texterna har jämförts med varandra för att finna olika mönster. Framträdande mönster är kritiken av dikotomiskt tänkande, ett tankesätt som har försatt kvinnorna i ett mellanförskap där majoriteten av dem inte känner en besvarad kärlek från Sverige. Kvinnorna har haft olika sätt att hantera sitt mellanförskap. För somliga av dem har det inneburit problem med att känna tillhörighet och för andra har mellanförskapet varit positivt eftersom det har blivit en styrka att se sin identitet som mångkulturell. Vidare ger studien förslag på hur undervisningen på olika sätt kan stärka elever i mellanförskap genom bland annat gemensam litteraturläsning med postkolonial feministisk teori som utgångspunkt.

Este trabalho examina os estudos literários que se seguem, publicados em meados de 1970: A perversão do trapezista: o romance em Cornélio Penna (1976), de Luiz Costa Lima; Verso Universo em Drummond (1975) de José Guilherme Merquior; Ao vencedor as batatas (1977), de Roberto Schwarz; Fundamentos da investigação literária (1974), de Eduardo Portella e Carlos Drummond de Andrade (1976) de Silviano Santiago. Nosso objetivo é investigar de que modo a produção do conhecimento sobre literatura e a produção do valor literário se deram nesses trabalhos, bem como indicar algumas transformações no campo literário naquele período. / This academic work examine the literary studies that follows, all published in the mid-1970s: A perversão do trapezista: o romance em Cornélio Penna (1976), by Luiz Costa Lima; Verso Universo em Drummond (1975), by José Guilherme Merquior; Ao vencedor as batatas (1977), by Roberto Schwarz; Fundamentos da investigação literária (1974), by Eduardo Portella e Carlos Drummond de Andrade (1976), by Silviano Santiago. Our purpose is to investigate how the production of knowledge about literature and the production of literay value is given in this work, as well as indicate somes changes in the literary field in that period.

<p>This dissertation examines Charles Darwin’s major texts together with literary works by turn-of the-century American women writers—Nella Larsen, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Kate Chopin—in order to trace how evolutionary theory shaped transatlantic cultural ideas of race, particularly black identity, and gender. I focus on the concept of “descent” as the overarching theme organizing categories of the human in evolutionary terms. My perspective and methods—examining race and gender from a black feminist perspective that draws on biopolitics theory, as well as using close reading, affect theory, and attention to narrative in my textual analysis—comprise my argument’s framework. By bringing these perspectives and methods together in my attention to the interplay between Darwinian discourse and American literature, I shed new light on the turn-of-the-century transatlantic exchange between science and culture. Throughout this dissertation, I argue that descent constitutes a central concept and point of tension in evolutionary theory’s inscription of life’s development. I also show how themes of human-animal kinship, the Western binary of rationality and materiality, and reproduction and maternity circulated within this discourse. I contribute to scholarly work relating evolutionist discourse to literature by focusing on American literature: in the context of turn-of-the-century American anxieties about racial and gender hierarchies, the evolutionist paradigm’s configurations of human difference were especially consequential. Moreover, Larsen, Gilman, and Chopin offer responses that reveal this hierarchy’s varied effects on racialized and gendered bodies. I thus demonstrate the significance of examining Darwinian discourse alongside American literature by women writers, an association in need of deeper scholarly attention, especially from a feminist, theoretical perspective. </p><p>This dissertation begins with my application of literary analysis and close reading to Darwin’s major texts in order to uncover how they formed a suggestive foundation for late nineteenth- to early twentieth-century ideologies of race and gender. I use this analysis as the background for my investigation of Larsen’s, Gilman’s, and Chopin’s literary texts. In Chapter 1, I conduct a close reading of Darwin’s articulation of natural selection in <i>The Origin of Species</i>and focus on how Darwin’s syntactical and narrative structure imply evolution as an agential force aimed at linear progress. In Chapter 2, I analyze Darwin’s articulation of the development of race and gender differences in <i>The Descent of Man</i>, as well as Thomas Henry Huxley’s <i>Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature</i>, and argue that Darwin’s and Huxley’s accounts suggest how anxiety over animal-human kinship was alleviated through structuring nonwhite races and women as less developed and hence inferior. In Chapter 3, I argue that Larsen’s novel <i>Quicksand </i>interrogates and complicates aesthetic primitivism and biopolitical racism and sexism, both rooted in evolutionist discourses. Finally, in Chapter 4, I focus on Gilman’s utopian novel <i>Herland</i>and select short stories by Chopin. While Gilman unambiguously advocates for a desexualized white matriarchy, Chopin’s stories waver between support for, and critique of, racial hierarchy. Reading these authors together against the backdrop of white masculine evolutionist theory reveals how this theory roots women as materially bound reproducers of racial hierarchy.</p>