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The livelihoods of female seaweed farmers : A study about women's experiences of old and new techniques of seaweed farming on Zanzibar, Tanzania.Vestling, Veronika, Forsberg, Viktoria January 2018 (has links)
Seaweed has been hit hard by climate change around the world. The island of Zanzibar, which is the world’s third biggest exporter of seaweed, is one of the places where seaweed is affected. 80 percent of the seaweed farmers on Zanzibar are women who are directly affected by climate change since they are making a living from seaweed farming. New efforts to tackle the impact of climate change on seaweed has been made on Zanzibar through the SEA PoWer project which is a new technique of growing seaweed and enables twenty-four female seaweed farmers to grow in deep and cooler waters instead of the more traditional way which is in shallow waters. The aim of this study is to, from a livelihood perspective, examine women’s experiences and perceptions of the old versus the new techniques of farming seaweed on Zanzibar, Tanzania. The research questions for this study focus on finding out the women’s experiences and perceptions of the changes in the techniques in relation to opportunities for livelihoods through seaweed farming. Furthermore, this study investigates if women experience conflicts of interest with men regarding the use of ocean space. Semi-structured interviews with eleven women who have used the new technique of growing seaweed were conducted and the results was analyzed in the light of previous research, through the definitions of livelihood and gender, and the theoretical concept of feminist political ecology. The result has shown that all women experienced improvements in their livelihoods through the new technique of seaweed farming. One clear improvement was that there were no negative health effects when using the new technique. The study also found that there are no conflicts of interest between men and women regarding the use of ocean space when using the new technique of seaweed farming. The women had a positive view on the future and had high expectations, they had already noticed positive effects on their livelihoods in form of social, human, physical capital and health.
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Towards promoting food security amongst poor urban households : the case of Phomolong in MamelodiAlusala, Loice Nandako 06 1900 (has links)
Promoting household food security for many poor people globally and more so
in Sub-Saharan Africa continues to be a challenge today. Ever rising poverty
levels, an influx in the prevalence of the HIV/ AIDS pandemic, reduced rainfall
accompanied by changing climatic patterns, environmental bankruptcy, the
complexities associated with urbanization, globalisation as well as technology
shift in the agricultural sector and capitalistic market economies all play a role in
the food security debate.
This research has highlighted some of the factors that influence the food
economy and related these to the household food security of poor informal
settlement dwellers.
Achieving household food security for poor urban households requires an
integrated approach in terms of poverty eradication as well as deliberate efforts
with regards to food production and distribution within a framework of ecological
integrity, with an aim of empowering the poor and ensuring that their household
food security is guaranteed. / Development Studies / Thesis (M.A. (Development Studies))
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Soil erosion, deforestation and rural livelihoods in the Central Rift Valley area of Ethiopia: a case study in the Denku micro-watershed Oromia regionKassu Kebede Beyene 06 1900 (has links)
This research was conducted in one of the districts in the Oromia region located in the Central Rift Valley to assess the problem of soil erosion and deforestation and to determine how these drivers of land degradation affect the livelihoods of farmers. The research was a case study undertaken in an identified micro-watershed making use of the questionnaire interview method. A household sample was obtained using a simple random sampling technique; Information interviews were conducted with community representatives, district level experts and development agents who worked in the community. The objective of the research was to assess the levels of soil erosion and deforestation and the impact on the livelihoods of the community. Research methods were questionnaire and direct observation. The results of the study indicated that the effects of soil erosion and deforestation on land productively, agriculture and livestock production at large, had a negative effect on livelihoods of the community members. Recommendations based on the research affirm the necessity to undertake large-scale natural resource management starting with community-based watershed management thereby reducing the impact of land degradation on livelihoods of farmers and ensuring food security and sustainable land management. / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M.A. (Human Ecology)
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Coping strategies of vulnerable households for sustainable livelihoods : a case study of Sinazongwe District in ZambiaSepiso, Maurice Mukela 27 March 2013 (has links)
This dissertation explores the plight of vulnerable poor households in Sinazongwe district of Zambia. It determines nature of their vulnerability and identifies commonly used coping strategies. It also identifies different types of livelihood strategies and assets available and accessed by vulnerable poor households to create sustainable livelihoods.
Study design used qualitative and participatory paradigms, involving variety of data collection techniques and tools such as key informant interviews and focus group discussions.
The study identified several factors impacting on vulnerable poor households, their response strategies and perceived potential sustainable livelihoods. Drought and flash floods destroyed livelihoods of poor households from which they often failed to recover. Vulnerable poor households possessed fewer assets and less diversified sources of income and often lacked back up resources in times of hardship. Livestock rearing, fishing and irrigation-supported gardening were identified as possible sustainable livelihoods for vulnerable poor households in Sinazongwe, to recover and become resilient. / Sociology / M.A. (Development Studies)
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An evaluation of community development projects implemented by the Church of the Nazarene in Orlando EastMaphosa, Stanley 03 1900 (has links)
As the church focuses on people’s spiritual development, there is growing realisation that the church should be holistic in its approach and participate in resolving urban poverty issues through the implementation of community development projects. This study looks at the way in which traditional theories of community development concentrated on stimulating economic growth and ignored the social aspects involved. It suggests that despite the massive injection of donor funds to some communities, the situation of the poor has deteriorated over the years and sustainability of projects has been minimal. The study finds that projects implemented by the Church of the Nazarene in Orlando East, while improving the lives of the community, are not in line with community development principles and the sustainable livelihoods approach primarily because the community was not involved in the assessment of needs or designing of interventions, and the community members were only the implementers. The evaluation of these projects through this study suggests an alternative developmental paradigm that has been used with success in other similar circumstances – the sustainable livelihood approach (SLA). The SLA contends that urban communities should become planners, initiators and executors of community development interventions so that transformation can occur. The study recommends that urban communities such as that in Orlando East have to change their behaviour and attitudes, be willing to accept change, and take ownership of their own projects. The facilitators, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and government have to be willing to unlearn their traditional ways, to listen, and to accept that they are not the only experts in community development as they attempt to embrace indigenous knowledge systems. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)
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Les petites prospérités rurales en Itasy, Madagascar : apport d’une analyse microéconomique des classes sociales intermédiaires dans l’étude des dynamiques du changement structurel / Moderate Prosperity in Itasy, Madagascar : a microeconomic analysis of intermediary social classes in the study of the dynamics of structural changeAndrianampiarivo, Tsiry 01 December 2016 (has links)
L’agriculture et le secteur rural jouent un rôle primordial dans le processus de développement des pays à base agricole. Cett efonction ne peut être assurée qu’à l’aide de politiques publiques qui tiennent compte de la diversité et de la complexité desmilieux ruraux. Le préalable est donc d’avoir des connaissances approfondies de chaque contexte et des dynamiques qui ysont en cours. Ce travail propose alors d’analyser, dans une perspective microéconomique, les relations entre structurationsociale des milieux ruraux et transformation structurelle avec une application à Madagascar, dans la région d’Itasy. La class ede la Petite Prospérité, qui est une adaptation de la notion de classe moyenne en milieu rural pauvre, est alors utilisée commegrille d’analyse. A cette fin, la première étape de recherche consiste en une construction conceptuelle, théorique etméthodologique de la classe de la Petite Prospérité en mobilisant le cadre conceptuel des moyens d’existence ruraux afin deproduire un cadre d’analyse opérationnel. Dans un second temps, le cadre défini est mis en oeuvre dans la stratificationmultidimensionnelle de l’espace social en Itasy à l’aide d’une méthode de classification mixte sur des données quantitativesde 2008. Cette étape permet de mettre en évidence les différentes classes sociales et de Petites Prospérités en Itasy quireflètent l’hétérogénéité de la nature et de l’efficacité des moyens d’existence des ménages ruraux. Dans une troisième étape ,une analyse dynamique des groupes de Petites Prospérités est menée à l’aide de la combinaison de méthodes quantitatives etqualitatives sur une période d’observation longue. Plusieurs trajectoires associées aux différentes classes sont observées etpermettent de comprendre les processus de construction et de transformation des organisations productives familiales enItasy. La dernière étape du travail traite la problématique spécifique de la demande de crédit et de l’adéquation de l’offre surle marché financier en Itasy. Il apparait une forte segmentation de la demande de financement en fonction des groupessociaux et la difficulté de l’offre disponible à satisfaire leurs besoins, malgré l’existence de produits innovants. Des politiquesinclusives et adaptées à chaque classe de ménages s’avèrent donc nécessaires pour assurer un processus de transformationstructurelle rapide et harmonieux en Itasy. / Agriculture and rural sector play a key role in the development process of agriculture-based countries. This function can beensured only by public policy that takes into account the diversity and complexity of rural areas. It is therefore essential todeepen the knowledge of each context and the ongoing dynamics. This study introduces an analysis of the relationshipsbetween rural social structure and structural transformation through a microeconomic perspective, with an application inMadagascar, in the Itasy region. Specifically, the Moderate Prosperty class, which is an adaptation of the middle class notionto poor rural areas, is used as an analytical framework. To this end, the first step aims to conduct a conceptual, theoretical andmethodological construction of the Moderate Prosperity notion by using the rural livelihoods framework and provides anoperational conceptual framework. Second, the conceptual framework, thus defined, is used to implement a multidimensionalstratification of the social space in Itasy by conducting a classification method on quantitative data dating from 2008. Thisstep aims to define the various Moderate Prosperity and social classes that reflect the heterogeneity of the nature andprofitability of the rural households’ livelihoods. Third, a dynamic analysis of the Moderate Prosperity groups is conductedby combining quantitative with qualitative methods based on a longer observation period. Several trajectories linked to thevarious classes can be observed. They allow us to understand the construction and transformation process of the familyproductive organizations in Itasy. The last step uses the Moderate Prosperity framework to study the specific issue of thecredit demand and the supply adequacy on the financial market in Itasy. It appears that the financing demand is highlysegmented according to the social groups and the available supply cannot meet their financing needs, despite the existence ofinnovative products. Inclusive policies that are adapted to each household profile are therefore necessary to ensure a rapidand harmonious structural transformation in Itasy.
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Contribution of small-scale food vending to rural livelihoods in Thulamela Municipality of Limpopo Province in South AfricaMathaulula, Mushaisano Agnes 01 October 2013 (has links)
Institute for Rural Development / MRDV
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Intervention strategy for improving livelihoods of restituted farm beneficiaries in Waterberg District of Limpopo Province, South AfricaTjale, Malose Moses 17 May 2019 (has links)
PhDRDV / Institute for Rural Development / Land reform programmes have been implemented to address challenges of inequality in land
ownership and poverty in many countries worldwide. They provide the poor people with
important livelihood opportunities, such as livestock rearing, crop production and game farming
in many rural areas. The government of South Africa, through the Department of Rural
Development and Land Reform (DRDLR) allocated various farms through the restitution
programme to deal with unemployment, poverty, unsustainable livelihoods, shortage of skills
and inequality challenges. This study focused on the restituted farm beneficiaries in Waterberg
District. This was informed by the fact that since these farms were restituted, the majority of the
farm beneficiary’s livelihoods have not significantly changed.
A transformative sequential mixed method design was applied in this study in order to enable
beneficiaries define their own issues and seek solutions. This involved concurrent collection of
both quantitative and qualitative data; a stratified random sampling method was used to select
474 respondents. Qualitative data was collected using Interview guides, photo-voice and focus
group discussions mainly from key informants- traditional leaders and the Ward Councillors.
Two focus group discussion were held with the key informants and an observation was also
used to collect qualitative data from the farmers. The data were analysed using ATLAS. ti
version 7.5.7 and Thematic Content Analysis. The quantitative data was collected using a
survey questionnaire and the Geographical Information System (GIS) approach to provide
trends of the farm production. Remote sensing analysis was used to determine farm production
performance of these restituted farms while the Statistical Package for the Social Science
(SPSS version 25) was used for computing descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation.
The data indicated that farm production has declined since occupation of farms by the farm
beneficiaries from 1995 to 2015. The decline has negatively affected the livelihoods of farm
beneficiaries since more than half (61.6 %) indicated difficulties in effective operation of the farm
due to lack of markets. About 64% of the farm beneficiaries have not been trained in farming.
From 1995 to 2015, most of the restituted farms have lacked markets for their produce due to
poor production arising from lack of funds to manage the farms. This has impeded beneficiaries
from receiving any benefits, in terms of income or employment. Generally, the study concluded
that there were no changes in the socio-economic status of the farm beneficiaries in the
Waterberg District because most of the farms are not being utilised. The study recommends that
the sector Department and private organizations should work together in ways, such as
assisting the farm beneficiaries with capacity building, developing marketing strategy for the
farm produce, with funds and infrastructure to improve production.
With respect to farm performance satisfaction, the majority (77.2 %) of the farm beneficiaries
were not satisfied with the restituted farms. Their benefits in terms of human development,
financial, social and physical capitals had not changed as the majority (83.3 %) said there are
no improvements in terms of salaries or wages. They claim that their livelihoods have remained
the same because the farms are not operational due to lack of basic farming skills and conflicts.
Agricultural Extension Advisors, Councillors, Traditional leaders and officials from DRDLR
confirmed that production levels have declined because the land was transferred to people with
no basic training in farming; most (54 %) of the respondents confirmed that the beneficiaries,
therefore utilise only a portion of the farms. It is imperative, thus, to ensure that production on
the restituted farms is enhanced to improve the areas, such as social, financial, human and
physical capital.
A three-pronged intervention strategy was, therefore, developed to help restituted farm
beneficiaries in Waterberg District to improve their livelihoods, emancipate themselves from
poverty and ultimately contribute to the National Development Plan of South Africa. The
developed strategy is anchored on three key factors: the need for thorough assessment by the
government on the farm beneficiary’s level of commitment to the farm prior to farm allocation
and funding, need to incorporate new experts in agricultural economics and agricultural
engineers into the restituted farms personnel and the need to decentralize the services of
mentors and agricultural extension advisors at District and local Municipalities. / NRF
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A sustainable livelihood framework for community-based tourism: a case of the African Ivory Route in Limpopo ProvinceLetsoalo, Josephine Mampheri 05 1900 (has links)
Inadequate attention has been paid to the complexity of rural livelihoods and the
dimensions of poverty. Although progress has been achieved in poverty reduction in
many countries over the years, statistics indicate that there is still much to be done.
Nearly half of the population of South Africa is poor. Sustainable Livelihood
Approaches see poverty reduction as achievable through diversification of livelihood
strategies. Communities can benefit from the development of tourism through
employment, financial gains, infrastructure creation and cultural revitalisation. While
fees charged for tourism activities have the potential to contribute to locals, they are
rarely controlled by them. The aim of this study was to formulate a Sustainable
Livelihood Framework for Tourism (SLFT) along the African Ivory Route. The study
involved fourteen villages near Fundudzi, Mtomeni and Nthubu camps which were
purposively selected as they represented the three main ethnic groups in the province.
Mixed method research design was used and included qualitative and quantitative
approaches. A 10% sample was selected from the total number of households.
Questionnaires, focus group and key informant interviews were used to collect data.
The data was analysed and presented in tables, graphs and maps. The perceptions
of the communities towards the African Ivory Route were both positive and negative.
The benefits included, improved network, community empowerment and development
of infrastructure. The constraints included, conflicts, mistrust, political interference and
power struggle among the various institutions. The study concluded that the African
Ivory Route has not achieved sustainable livelihoods outcomes for the concerned
communities. The recommendation was that frameworks for maximising benefits from
tourism were necessary to directly support community development. Communities, Institutions, Tourists and Environment (CITE) framework was conceptualised to
assess the best way for attaining positive sustainable livelihoods outcomes. / Geography / Ph. D. (Geography)
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Object-based remote sensing for modelling scenarios of rural livelihoods in the highly structured farmland surrounding Kakamega Forest, western Kenya: Object-based remote sensing for modelling scenarios of rural livelihoods in the highly structured farmland surrounding Kakamega Forest, western KenyaLübker, Tillmann 12 December 2013 (has links)
This thesis analyses the highly structured and densely populated farmland surrounding Kakamega Forest (western Kenya) in a spatially-explicit manner. The interdisciplinary approach combines methodologies and technologies from different scientific disciplines: remote sensing with OBIA, GIS and spatially explicit modelling (geomatics and geographic science) with socio-economic as well as agro-economic considerations (human and social sciences) as well as cartographic science. Furthermore, the research is related to conservation biology (biological sciences).
Based on an in-situ ground truthing and visual image interpretation, very high spatial resolution QuickBird satellite imagery covering 466 km² of farmland was analysed using the concept of object-based image analysis (OBIA). In an integrative workflow, statistical analysis and expert knowledge were combined to develop a sophisticated rule set. The classification result distinguishing 15 LULC classes was used alongside with temporally extrapolated and spatially re-distributed population data as well as socio-/agro-economic factors in order to create a spatially-explicit typology of the farmland and to model scenarios of rural livelihoods.
The farmland typology distinguishes ten types of farmland: 3 sugarcane types (covering 48% of the area), 3 tea types (30%), 2 transitional types (15%), 1 steep terrain type (2%), and 1 central type (5%). The scenarios consider different developments of possible future yields and prices for the main agricultural products sugarcane, tea, and maize. Out of all farmland types, the ‘marginal sugarcane type’ is best prepared to cope with future problems. Besides a comparably low population density, a high share of land under cultivation of food crops coupled with a moderate cultivation of cash crops is characteristic for this type.
As part of the research conducted, several novel methodologies were introduced. These include a new conceptual framework for categorizing parameter optimization studies, the area fitness rate (AFR) as a novel discrepancy measure, the technique of ‘classification-based nearest neighbour classification’ for classes which are difficult to separate from others, and a novel approach for accessing the accuracy of OBIA classifications. Finally, this thesis makes a number of recommendations and elaborates promising starting points for further scientific research.:1. Introduction
2. Geodata and reference data
3. Object-based image analysis (OBIA)
4. Optimization of segmentation parameters
5. Feature selection and threshold determination
6. OBIA classification: rule set development and realisation
7. Classification results
8. Spatial farmland typology
9. Spatially explicit planning scenarios of rural livelihoods
10. Discussion / Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht räumlich-expliziten das stark strukturierte und dicht besiedelte Agrarland um den Kakamega Wald (Westkenia). Dabei kombiniert der interdisziplinäre Ansatz Methoden und Technologien verschiedener Wissenschaftsbereiche: die Fernerkundung mit der objekt-basierten Bildanalyse (OBIA), GIS und die räumlich-explizite Modellierung (Geoinformatik und Geographie) mit sozio- und agro-ökonomische Aspekten (Human- und Sozialwissenschaft) sowie der Kartographie. Zudem steht die Arbeit in Bezug zum Schutz der biologischen Vielfalt (Biologie).
Ausgehend von einer Referenzdatenerfassung vor Ort und einer visuellen Bildinterpretation wurden räumlich sehr hochauflösende QuickBird-Satellitenbilddaten, die 466 km² des Agrarlandes abdecken, mit Hilfe von OBIA ausgewertet. In einem integrativen Ansatz wurden dabei statistische Verfahren und Expertenwissen kombiniert, um einen ausgefeilten Regelsatz zur Klassifizierung zu erzeugen. Das Klassifizierungsergebnis unterscheidet 15 Klassen der Landnutzung bzw. -bedeckung; zusammen mit zeitlich extrapolierten und räumlich neu verteilten Bevölkerungsdaten sowie sozio- und agro-ökonomischen Faktoren ermöglichte es, eine räumlich-explizite Typologie des Agrarlandes zu erstellen und Szenarien zum ländlichen Auskommen zu modellieren.
Die Agrarlandtypologie unterscheidet zehn Landtypen: 3 Zuckerrohr-dominierte Typen (48% des Gebietes), 3 Tee-dominierte Typen (30%), 2 Übergangstypen (15%), 1 Typ steilen Geländes (2%) und 1 zentralen Typ (5%). Die Szenarien betrachten mögliche zukünftige Entwicklungen der Erträge und Preise der Hauptanbauarten Zuckerrohr, Tee und Mais. Von allen Agrarlandtypen ist der „marginal Zuckerrohr-dominierte Typ“ am besten gerüstet, um zukünftigen Problemen zu begegnen. Bezeichnend für diesen Typ sind – neben einer vergleichsweise geringen Bevölkerungsdichte – ein hoher Anteil an Nahrungsmittelanbau zusammen mit einem gemäßigten Anbau von exportorientierten Agrarprodukten.
Als Teil der Forschungsarbeit werden verschiedene neuartige Methoden vorgestellt, u.a. ein neuer konzeptioneller Rahmen für das Kategorisieren von Studien zur Parameteroptimierung, die „area fitness rate“ (AFR) als neue Messgröße für Flächendiskrepanzen, die klassifikations-basierte Nächster-Nachbar Klassifizierung sowie ein Ansatz zum Bestimmen der Güte von OBIA-Klassifizierungen. Schließlich gibt die Arbeit eine Reihe von Empfehlungen und bietet vielversprechende Ausgangspunkte für weiterführende wissenschaftliche Forschungen.:1. Introduction
2. Geodata and reference data
3. Object-based image analysis (OBIA)
4. Optimization of segmentation parameters
5. Feature selection and threshold determination
6. OBIA classification: rule set development and realisation
7. Classification results
8. Spatial farmland typology
9. Spatially explicit planning scenarios of rural livelihoods
10. Discussion
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