Interleukin-2-Rezeptor-Antikorper (IL-2RA) sind monoklonale Anti-IgG-Antikörper, die den Interleukin-2-Rezeptor aktivierter T-Zellen blockieren und so zu einer signifikanten Reduktion von akuten Abstoßungsreaktionen (AR) nach Nierentransplantation führen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Durchführung einer Meta-Analyse aller verfügbaren kontrollierten Studien, die Erwachsene und Kinder nach primarer Lebertransplantation mit einer Induktionstherapie mit IL-2RA behandelten und diese mit Placebo oder keiner Heilbehandlung verglichen. Die Meta-Analyse soll zeigen, dass durch IL-2RA-Gabe die AR, SRAR (steroidresistente AR), Tod des Patienten (D), Transplantatverlust (GL) sowie CNI- und Steroid-bedingte Nebenwirkungen durch Dosisreduktion signifikant reduziert werden. Sechs Studien mit pädiatrischen und 20 Studien mit adulten Transplantatempfängern erfüllten die Einschlusskriterien. Die Analyse der Endpunkte wurde mit dem Modell mit zufälligen Effekten durchgeführt. Die IL-2RA-Induktionstherapie kann als sicher und ohne signifikante Nebenwirkungen für mindestens zwölf Monate bei Patienten nach Lebertransplantation beurteilt werden. IL-2RA reduziert signifikant die AR bei pädiatrischen (RR 0,38 CI [0,22-0,66]; p=0,0126; NNT=4) und adulten Patienten (RR 0,83 CI [0,74-0,93]; p=0,0007; NNT=18) nach Lebertransplantation und SRAR bei adulten Patienten (RR 0,66 CI [0,48-0,91]; p=0,011; NNT=29). D und GL werden reduziert. In adulten Studien der Vergleichsgruppe delayed/reduced CNI wurden eine signifikante Reduktion der gepoolten renalen Dysfunktionen (RR 0,46; CI [0,27-0,78]; p=0,004; 5 Kohorten), des Serum-Kreatinin (MD -0,05; [0,11-0,01]; p=0,03; 3 Kohorten) sowie eine signifikante Steigerung der eGFR beobachtet. Bei adulten Patienten der Vergleichsgruppe no/low steroids zeigte sich eine signifikante Reduktion des PTDM (RR 0,42; CI [0,31-0,55]; p<0,0001; NNT=12) und des HTN (RR 0,49; CI [0,25-0,96]; p=0,04; NNT=11).

L’encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) est une complication neuropsychiatrique de la maladie de foie telle que la cirrhose, caractérisée par des dysfonctions cognitives et motrices. Le seul traitement curatif est la transplantation hépatique (TH). Historiquement, l’EH est considérée comme un désordre métabolique réversible et il est attendu qu’il soit résolu suivant la TH. Cependant, il a été démontré que des complications neurologiques persistent chez 47% des patients transplantés. La TH est une opération chirurgicale complexe accompagnée de stress péri-opératoire telle que la perte sanguine et l’hypotension. L’hypothèse de ce projet d’étude est que l’EH minimale (EHm) rend le cerveau plus susceptible à une perte neuronale suite à une insulte hypotensive. Nous avons donc caractérisé un modèle d’hypotension chez des rats cirrhotiques avec ligation de la voie biliaire (BDL) dans lequel une hypovolémie de l’artère fémorale a été faite. Avec ce modèle, nous avons étudié l’impact de différentes pressions sanguines de 120 minutes sur le compte neuronal. Nos résultats démontrent que les BDL hypotendus à une pression artérielle moyenne de 60 mmHg et 30 mmHg ont une diminution du compte neuronal et que les neurones mourraient par apoptose (observée par la présence de caspase-3 clivée). Nous avons également déterminé que le flot sanguin cérébral était altéré chez les rats cirrhotiques BDL. Le second objectif était d’évaluer si le traitement de l’EHm par l’ornithine phénylacétate (OP) permettait d’éviter la perte neuronale chez les BDL hypotendus. Nos résultats ont démontrés que l’OP permettait de partiellement rétablir les fonctions cognitives chez les rats BDL. De plus, les rats BDL traités avec l’OP peuvent éviter la mort neuronale. Cependant, le processus apoptotique est toujours enclenché. Ce résultat suggère la possibilité de mort cellulaire retardée par l’OP. Ces résultats suggèrent que les patients cirrhotiques avec EHm sont plus susceptibles à une mort neuronale induite par hypotension. La combinaison de l’EHm et l’hypotension permet d’expliquer les complications neurologiques rencontrées chez certains patients. Le diagnostic et le traitement de ce syndrome doit donc être fait chez les patients cirrhotiques pour éviter ces complications post-TH. / Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major neuropsychiatric complication caused by chronic liver disease such as cirrhosis and is characterized by cognitive and motor dysfunction. The only curative treatment to date remains liver transplantation (LT). Historically, HE has always been considered to be a reversible metabolic disorder and has therefore been expected to completely resolve following LT. However, persisting neurological complications remain a common problem affecting as many as 47% of LT recipients. LT is a major surgical procedure accompanied by intraoperative stress and confounding factors, including blood loss and hypotension. We hypothesize, in the setting of minimal HE (MHE), the compromised brain becomes susceptible to hypotensive insults, resulting in cell injury and death. To investigate this hypothesis, six-week bile-duct ligated (BDL) rats with MHE and respective controls (SHAM) were used. Blood is withdrawn from the femoral artery (inducing hypovolemia) until a mean arterial pressure of 30, 60 and 90 mmHg (hypotension) and maintained for 120 minutes. Our results demonstrated that BDL with following hypotension of 30 and 60 mmHg have a lower neuronal cell count compared to SHAM-operated animals. Furthermore, we provide evidence neuronal cell death is occurring due to apoptosis (observed by presence of cleaved caspase-3). In addition, cerebral blood flow is reduced in BDL rats compared to SHAM-operated controls. Second objective was to assess the therapeutic potential of the ammonia-lowering agent ornithine phenylacetate (OP) in preventing hypotension-induced neuronal loss in BDL rats. OP-treated BDL rats, in addition to lowering blood ammonia, also ameliorated cognitive function. However, cleaved caspase-3 levels were still elevated in the brains of OP-treated BDL rats therefore suggesting OP delays the onset of neuronal death in BDL rats. Overall, these findings strongly suggest that cirrhotic patients with MHE are more susceptible to hypotension-induced neuronal cell loss. Moreover, these results suggest a patient with HE (even MHE), with a “frail brain”, will fare worse during LT transplantation and consequently result in poor neurological outcome. Combination of MHE and hypotension may account for the persisting neurological complications observed in a number of cirrhotic patients following LT. Therefore, MHE, i) should not be ignored and therefore diagnosed and ii) merits to be treated in order to reduce the risk of neurological complications occurring post-LT

Introdução: Modelos experimentais em suíno são essenciais para pesquisa e treinamento em transplante de fígado. No entanto, este animal apresenta instabilidade hemodinâmica grave durante a fase anepática, exigindo um curto período anepático (não apropriado para fins de treinamento) ou o uso de circulação extracorpórea (que está associado a significativas complicações intra-operatórias). Além disso, a maioria dos modelos em suíno é alogênico, o que não é nem eticamente nem economicamente adequado para treinamento cirúrgico. Objetivo: Desenvolver e testar um modelo de autotransplante hepático em suínos sem o uso de circulação extracorpórea. Métodos: Onze porcos da raça Sus domesticus foram submetidos a cirurgia simulada (SHAM; n = 3) ou autotransplante de fígado (grupo experimental (GE); n = 8) sem o uso de circulação extracorpórea. Após a realização de uma incisão em \"J\", o hilo hepático foi inteiramente dissecado abaixo do nível da artéria gastroduodenal e o fígado completamente mobilizado. A aorta supracelíaca foi então dissecada através do pilar esquerdo do diafragma. Nenhuma outra etapa foi realizada no grupo SHAM. No GE, a partir de então, procedeu-se o autotransplante ortotópico de fígado empregando-se a técnica convencional com duas anastomoses de veia cava, semelhante à técnica clássica utilizada na prática clínica. Durante a fase anepática, foi utilizando o clampeamento da aorta supracelíaca a fim de manter a estabilidade hemodinâmica e evitar o uso do by-pass. Os animais foram submetidos a eutanásia 1h após o término do procedimento cirúrgico. Parâmetros hemodinâmicos e exames laboratoriais foram sistematicamente coletados em 4 tempos distintos: basal, pré-reperfusão, 5min após reperfusão e ao término do experimento. Foi realizada a análise histopatológica do enxerto após a reperfusão. A análise estatística foi feita comparando amostras relacionadas, no GE, e duas amostras independentes, entre os grupos. Resultados: Empregando a técnica por nós padronizada, obteve-se 100% de sobrevida dos animais, todos estáveis hemodinamicamente. Os tempos médios de observação pós-reperfusão e anepático foram de 136±12,50min e 47,88±8,03min, respectivamente. Não houve diferença estatística na pressão arterial média (PAM) entre o início e término do experimento no GE, nem entre os grupos durante a fase anepática. Ao término do experimento, a PAM foi significantemente maior no grupo SHAM quando comparado ao GE. A análise comparativa dos exames laboratoriais entre os grupos demonstrou que o pH, o bicarbonato e o base excess foram significantemente inferiores no GE 5min após a reperfusão e ao término do experimento. O lactato mostrou-se ser significantemente inferior ao término do experimento no grupo SHAM. Conclusão: De acordo com os métodos utilizados no presente estudo, desenvolveu-se um modelo de autotransplante de fígado em suínos sem a utilização de mecanismo de circulação extracorpórea. Para tanto, utilizou-se o clampeamento da aorta supracelíaca durante o período anepático. O modelo proposto é factível por cirurgiões em treinamento e com baixa mortalidade / Background: Experimental swine models have been essential for liver transplantation research and training. However, it experiences severe hemodynamic instability during the anhepatic phase, requiring either a short anhepatic phase (not appropriate for training purposes) or an extracorporeal circulation (which is linked to significant intraoperative complications). Furthermore, most of swine models are allograft ones, which is neither ethically nor financially suitable for surgical training. Objective: To develop and test a liver autotransplantation model in pig without venovenous bypass. Methods: Eleven Sus domesticus pigs underwent either sham surgery (SHAM group; n=3) or liver autotransplantation without venovenous bypass (experimental group (GE); n=8) by resident or fellow from Digestive Organs Transplant Division. After performing a rightsided J-shaped incision, hepatic hilum was entirely dissected under the level of the gastroduodenal artery and liver completely mobilized. Supraceliac aorta was then dissected through the diaphragm\'s left crus. No further step was performed in SHAM group. In the GE, thereafter, a liver autotransplantation was performed applying conventional bicaval anastomosis technique, similar to the classic technique used in clinical setting. During anhepatic phase, supraceliac aorta cross-clamping maneuver was carried out to sustain hemodynamic stability and avoid venovenous bypass. Animals underwent euthanasia one hour after the end of surgical procedure. Hemodynamic variables and blood samples were systematically collected at 4 different times: baseline, pre-reperfusion, 5min after reperfusion and at the end of experiment. Histological analysis of the graft was performed after reperfusion. Statistical analysis was accomplished comparing related samples in the GE and two independent samples between groups. Results: Applying the technique standardized by us, 100% survival was accomplished, all the animals hemodynamically stable. The mean post-reperfusion observation and anhepatic phase times were 136 ± 12.50 min and 48.38 ± 7.80 min, respectively. There was no statistical difference in mean arterial pressure (MAP) between baseline and the end of the experiment time in the GE, nor between the groups during the anhepatic phase. At the end of the experiment, MAP was significantly higher in the SHAM group compared to the experiment group. Blood samples statistical analysis between groups showed that pH, bicarbonate and base excess were significantly lower at 5 min post-reperfusion time and at the end of the experiment in the GE. The lactate was shown to be significantly lower in the SHAM group at the end of the experiment. Conclusion: According to the methods applied in the present study, a model of liver autotransplantation in swine was developed without the use of an extracorporeal circulation mechanism. For this purpose, supraceliac aortic cross-clamping maneuver was carried out during the anhepatic phase. The advocated model is feasible for training purpose with low mortality

INTRODUÇÃO: Nos pacientes pediátricos, em razão das limitações relacionadas ao tamanho dos receptores, são utilizados segmentos do fígado provenientes de \"cadáver\" ou de doador vivo (\"fígado reduzido\"). As complicações decorrentes das anastomoses cirúrgicas podem ser de natureza vascular e biliar, sendo que a maior causa de perda do enxerto deve-se à trombose ou estenose da artéria hepática, veia porta e veias hepáticas. A ultra-sonografia convencional e com Doppler colorido (US-DC) pode ser utilizada para avaliação dessas complicações. Todavia, apesar da alta sensibilidade e especificidade deste método, há poucas descrições a respeito de parâmetros que podem ser utilizados para o estudo das alterações vasculares. OBJETIVO: Estabelecer parâmetros de ultra-sonografia convencional e com Doppler colorido (US-DC) para o diagnóstico de estenose da VP e VH no transplante hepático reduzido em crianças. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de 134 US-DC realizado em 48 crianças submetidas a transplante hepático segmentar no Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (ICr-HC-FMUSP), entre janeiro de 2002 e julho de 2005. No estudo da VP, os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: calibre da VP na anastomose; velocidade máxima na anastomose (VP1); velocidade máxima no segmento pré-anastomose (VP2) e relação entre as velocidades máximas na anastomose/préanastomose (VP1/VP2). No estudo da VH, foram analisados: velocidade máxima na anastomose (VH1); velocidade na VH (VH2) e relação entre as velocidades máximas na anastomose/VH (VH1/VH2). Pacientes com estenose confirmada pela angiografia foram incluídos no grupo estenose e pacientes com angiografia ou cirurgia normal ou com boa evolução clínica foram incluídos grupo controle. RESULTADOS: Quatorze US-DC tiveram estenose da VP confirmadas pela portografia. O calibre da VP na anastomose foi menor no grupo estenose do que no grupo controle (média 2,5mm e 6,3mm respectivamente); PV1 e PV1/PV2 foram maiores no grupo estenose do que no grupo controle (média PV1 = 172cm/s, PV1/PV2 = 5,1 / PV1 = 83cm/s, PV1/PV2 = 1,8 respectivamente). O calibre da VP < 3,3mm apresentou a melhor correlação com a portografia (sensibilidade = 93% e especificidade = 88%), seguidos de VP1 > 128cm/s (sensibilidade = 86% e especificidade = 84%) e VP1/VP2 > 2,4 (sensibilidade = 79% e especificidade = 86%). Doze US-DC tiveram estenose da VH confirmada pela angiografia. A VH1 e HV1/VH2 foram maiores no grupo estenose do que no grupo controle (média VH1 = 202.2cm/s, VH1/VH2 = 6,0 / VH1 = 136,8cm/s, VH1/VH2 = 3,0 respectivamente). A relação VH1/VH2 > 4 apresentou a melhor correlação com a angiografia (sensibilidade = 83% e especificidade = 84%) seguido de VH1 > 128cm/s (sensibilidade = 83% e especificidade = 52%). CONCLUSÃO: Calibre da VP < 3,3mm na anastomose e relação das velocidades VH1/VH2 > 4 são altamente sensíveis e específicos no diagnóstico das estenoses da anastomose da VP e VH respectivamente, no póstransplante hepático em crianças / INTRODUCTION: Cadáveric split liver and living donor liver transplantation is mostly performed in children because of a shortage of suitable hepatic allograft in this population. Real time and Doppler ultrasound (CD-US) is the initial imaging modality for detection and follow-up of early and delayed vascular and non-vascular complications after liver transplant, but there are only few studies concerning its value in the diagnosis of venous complications. OBJECTIVE: Determine real time and Doppler ultrasound (CD-US) diagnostic parameters of portal (PV) and hepatic vein (HV) stenoses after segmental liver transplantation in children and assess their sensitivity and specificity. METHOD: Retrospective study of 134 CD-US performed in 48 patients submitted to segmental liver transplantation at Child Institute of University of Sao Paulo Medical School from January 2002 through July 2005. PV parameters: diameter at the anastomosis, velocities at the anastomosis (PV1) and at the pre-anastomosis segments (PV2) and the ratio PV1/PV2. HV parameters: velocities at the HV anastomosis to the inferior vena cava (HV1), at HV (HV2) and the ratio HV1/HV2. Stenosis group: patients with stenosis confirmed by angiography. Control group: patients presenting normal angiography or uneventhfull surgery or good clinical outcome. RESULTS: Fourteen CD-US had PV stenosis confirmed by portography. Diameter of PV at the anastomosis: narrower in the stenosis group (2.5mm) than in the control group (6.3mm) (p<.5). Mean PV1 and PV1/PV2: higher in the stenosis group than in the control group (PV1 = 172 cm/s, PV1/PV2 = 5.1/PV1 = 83cm/s, PV1/PV2 = 1.8). Statistical analysis determined as predictive of PV stenosis: PV diameter < 3.3mm (sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 88.4%); PV1 > 128cm/s (sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 84%) and PV1/PV2 > 2.4 (sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 86%). Twelve CD-US had HV stenosis confirmed by angiography. Mean HV1 and HV1/HV2: higher in the study group (HV1 = 202.2cm/s, HV1/HV2 = 6.0 / HV1 = 136.8cm/s, HV1/HV2 = 3.0) (p<.05). Statistical analysis determined as predictive of HV stenosis: PV1 > 128cm/s (sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 52%) and HV1/HV2 > 4 (sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 84%). CONCLUSION: PV diameter < 3.3mm at the anastomosis and HV1/HV2 > 4.0 are highly predictive for detection of PV and HV stenosis respectively, after pediatric segmental liver transplantation

INTRODUÇÃO: No transplante do fígado a reperfusão do enxerto é um momento crítico onde as alterações hemodinâmicas ocorrem com maior freqüência e intensidade podendo se associar a mortalidade intra-operatória, à falência de múltiplos órgãos e sistemas, e ao aumento da incidência de não funcionamento do enxerto. Neste estudo testamos a hipótese de que os efeitos benéficos decorrentes da administração da solução salina hipertônica na ressuscitação do choque hemorrágico, considerado fenômeno de isquemia e reperfusão generalizado, possam atenuar os fenômenos hemodinâmicos que sucedem a reperfusão hepática no transplante do fígado. MÉTODOS: 30 pacientes adultos submetidos ao transplante hepático na Disciplina de Transplante e Cirurgia do Fígado do HC-FMUSP foram divididos em 2 grupos: Grupo-1 (n =15) recebeu solução salina hipertônica (NaCl a 7,5%), na dose de 4 mL/kg, na velocidade de 20 mL/min em veia central no início da anastomose de veia porta e Grupo- 2 (n =15) recebeu solução salina isotônica nas mesmas condições citadas. As variáveis utilizadas para a análise da hemodinâmica sistêmica foram: pressão arterial média, pressão venosa central e pressão de artéria pulmonar ocluída, índice cardíaco e índice de resistência vascular sistêmica. A análise da pressão intracraniana foi incluída no estudo dos pacientes com hipertensão intracraniana secundária a hepatite fulminante. Os dados foram coletados em 6 tempos: no término da fase de dissecção, no início da fase anepática, após a administração da solução teste, e no 1o, 5o e 30o minutos após a reperfusão. A síndrome pós-reperfusão foi determinada por três métodos: pela ocorrência de pressão arterial média inferior a 60 mmHg no 1o ou no 5o minuto da reperfusão ou queda maior que 30% do valor pré-reperfusão nos primeiros 5 minutos da reperfusão. RESULTADOS: 1) A pressão arterial média no 1o e no 5o minuto da reperfusão no Grupo 1 (84,9 ± 12,33 e 77,4 ± 4,58 mmHg) foi significativamente maior que no Grupo 2 (62,9 ± 5,22 e 73,9 ± 3,47 mmHg), p < 0,001 e p = 0,046 respectivamente. 2) A incidência de síndrome pós-reperfusão no Grupo 1 (0.0%) foi significativamente menor que no Grupo 2 (33,33%), p = 0,021. 3) O aumento do índice cardíaco imediatamente após o término de infusão da solução teste no Grupo 1 (31,27%) foi significativamente maior que no Grupo 2 (7,54%), p < 0,001. 4) O aumento do índice cardíaco após a reperfusão no Grupo 1 (70,42%) foi significativamente menor que no Grupo 2 (125,91%), p < 0,001. 5) O índice cardíaco no 5o e no 30o minuto da reperfusão no Grupo 1 (6,51 ± 0,81 e 5,56 ± 0,86 L.min-1.m-2) foi significativamente menor que no Grupo 2 (7,41 ± 0,87 e 6,34 ± 0,93 L.min-1.m-2), p= 0,007 e p = 0,024 respectivamente. 6) O índice cardíaco no 5o e no 30ominuto da reperfusão quando comparados aos momentos basais (início da cirurgia) apresentou aumentos no Grupo 1 (26,16% e 7,75%) significativamente menores que no Grupo 2 (45,57% e 24,80%), p= 0,019 e p= 0,021 respectivamente. 7) O índice de resistência vascular sistêmica imediatamente após o término de infusão da solução teste no Grupo 1 apresentou queda de 18,83% enquanto no Grupo 2 foi registrado aumento de 9,21%, p < 0.001. 8) A diminuição do índice de resistência vascular sistêmica após a reperfusão no Grupo 1 (44,52%) foi significativamente menor que no Grupo 2 (61,80%), p < 0,001. 9) O índice de resistência vascular sistêmica no 5o e no 30o minuto após a reperfusão no Grupo 1 (799,35 ± 131,51 e 963,10 ± 171,33 dyn.s.cm-5.m-2) foi significativamente maior que no Grupo 2 (652,14 ± 115,47 e 831,47 ± 113,84 dyn.s.cm-5.m-2), p = 0,003 e p = 0,020 respectivamente. 10) A infusão de líquidos após a reperfusão no Grupo 1 (12,80 ± 1,47 mL/kg/h) foi significativamente menor que no Grupo 2 (15,47 ± 2,23 mL/kg/h), p = 0,001. 11) A natremia média imediatamente após a infusão da solução teste e ao final da cirurgia no Grupo 1 (152,66 ± 4,45 e 148,92 ± 3,60 mEq/L) foi significativamente maior que no Grupo 2 (143,59 ± 3,92 e 142,76 ± 3,17 mEq/L), p < 0,001. 12) A cloremia média imediatamente após a infusão da solução teste e ao final da cirurgia no Grupo 1 (124,03 ± 4,01 e 119,41 ± 3,04 mEq/L) foi significativamente maior que no Grupo 2 (111,20 ± 3,80 e 111,93 ± 6,26 mEq/L), p < 0,001. 13) O pH sangüíneo imediatamente após a infusão da solução teste no Grupo 1 (7,29 ± 0,05) foi significativamente menor que no Grupo 2 (7,34 ± 0,06), p = 0,039. 14) A pressão intracraniana diminuiu 48,77% nos pacientes com hipertensão intracraniana após a administração da solução salina hipertônica, efeito que se sustentou até o final da cirurgia. CONCLUSÕES: A administração da solução salina hipertônica no transplante do fígado aboliu a síndrome pós-reperfusão, atenuou as alterações hemodinâmicas secundárias a reperfusão hepática e reduziu a necessidade de reposição volêmica. / INTRODUCTION: The reperfusion phase during orthotopic liver transplantation is a critical event which sometimes promoves profound hemodynamic and cardiac changes that may be responsible for intraoperative death, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and early graft loss. In the present study we hypothesized that the beneficial effects of hypertonic saline solution infusion during hemorrhagic shock resuscitation, considered as an ischemia and reperfusion phenomenon of the entire organism, may attenuate the hemodynamic instability that follows graft reperfusion during liver transplantation. METHODS: Thirty adult patients presenting for liver transplantation in Hospital das Clínicas of University of São Paulo Medical School were divided in two groups: Group 1 received hypertonic (7.5%) saline solution (4 mL/kg) at a rate of 20mL/min through a central line at the beginning of portal vein anastomosis; Group 2 received normal saline solution under the same conditions. Hemodynamic profiles were evaluated using mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index and systemic vascular resistance index. Intracranial pressure study was included for those patients presenting intracranial hypertension. Data were collected at six different times: at the end of the dissection phase, at the beginning of the anhepatic phase, after the end of test solution infusion, and at 1, 5, and 30 minutes after reperfusion. Postreperfusion syndrome was defined by the occurrence of mean arterial pressure lower than 60mmHg at 1 or 5 minutes after reperfusion, and by a decrease in mean arterial pressure of more than 30% of the baseline values within the first 5 minutes after reperfusion. RESULTS: 1) Mean arterial pressure at 1 and 5 minutes after reperfusion were significantly higher in Group 1 (84.9 ± 12,33 and 77.4 ± 4.58 mmHg) than in Group 2 (62.9 ± 5.22 and 73.9 ± 3.47 mmHg), p< 0.001 and p= 0.046 respectively. 2) Postreperfusion syndrome was absent in Group 1, but present in 33.33% of patients in Group 2, p= 0.021. 3) The cardiac index increase immediately after the test solution infusion was significantly higher in Group 1 (31.27%) than in Group 2 (7.54%), p< 0.001. 4) The rise in cardiac index after reperfusion was significantly lower in Group 1 (70.42%) than in Group 2 (125.91%), p< 0.001. 5) Cardiac index at 5 and 30 minutes after reperfusion was significantly lower in Group 1 (6.51 ± 0.81 and 5.56 ± 0.86 L.min-1.m-2) than in Group 2 (7.41 ± 0.87 and 6.34 ± 0.93 L.min-1.m-2), p= 0.007 and p= 0.024 respectively. 6) When compared to their baseline moments, beginning of surgery, cardiac index at 5 and 30 minutes after reperfusion presented significantly lower increases in Group 1 (26.16% and 7.75%) than in Group 2 (45.57% and 24.80%), p = 0.019 and p = 0.021 respectively. 7) Systemic vascular resistance index immediately after the test solution infusion dropped by 18.83% in Group 1 while it increased by 9.29% in Group 2, p < 0.001. 8) The decrease in systemic vascular resistance index immediately after reperfusion was significantly lower in Group 1 (44.52%) than in Group 2 (61.80%), p < 0.001. 9) Systemic vascular resistance index at 5 and 30 minutes after reperfusion were significantly higher in Group 1 (799.35 ± 131.51 and 963.10 ± 171.33 dyn.s.cm-5.m-2) than in Group 2 (652.14 ± 115.47 and 831.47 ± 113.84 dyn.s.cm-5.m-2), p= 0.003 and p= 0.020 respectively. 10) Fluid requirements after reperfusion were significantly lower in Group 1 (12.80 ± 1.47 mL/kg/h) compared to Group 2 (15.47 ± 2.23 mL/kg/h), p= 0.001. 11) Serum sodium after the test solution infusion and at the end of surgery was significantly higher in Group 1 (152.66 ± 4.45 and 148.92 ± 3.60 mEq/L) than in Group 2 (143.59 ± 3.92 and 142.76 ± 3.17 mEq/L), p< 0.001. 12) Serum chloride after the test solution infusion and at the end of surgery was significantly higher in Group 1 (124.03 ± 4.01 and 119.41 ± 3.04 mEq/L) than in Group 2 (111.20 ± 3.80 and 111.93 ± 6.26 mEq/L), p< 0.001. 13) Blood pH immediately after the test solution infusion was significantly lower in Group 1 (7.29 ± 0.05) than in Group 2 (7.34 ± 0.06), p < 0.039. 14) In those patients with intracranial hypertension, the intracranial pressure decreased 48.77% immediately after hypertonic saline solution infusion, an effect that was sustained throughout graft reperfusion to the end of the surgical procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertonic saline solution infusion during orthotopic liver transplantation abolished the postreperfusion syndrome, attenuated the hemodynamic changes secondary to graft reperfusion and lowered fluid requirements.

MRSA é um importante agente de colonização e infecção em pacientes hepatopatas e transplantados de fígado. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a clonalidade e a virulência de isolados MRSA de pacientes hepatopatas atendidos no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. De agosto de 2010 a janeiro de 2012, foram coletados swabs nasais e inguinais de 190 pacientes (126 pré-transplante e 64 de pós-transplante). Isolados de MRSA foram identificados fenotipicamente e foi realizada detecção de genes de virulência, caracterização do tipo de SCCmec, análise de polimorfismo genômico por PFGE e técnica de microarranjo. Além disso, determinou-se a CIM para dez antimicrobianos pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. MRSA foi detectado em 20% dos pacientes pelo método de cultura e em 82% por PCRs. Apenas três pacientes colonizados desenvolveram infecção após o transplante. Entre os 69 isolados de MRSA, 42,0% (29/69) apresentaram SCCmec tipo II, 20,3% (14/69) SCCmec tipo I, 20,3% (14/69) SCCmec tipo III, 13,0% (9/69) SCCmec tipo IVa, 2,9% (2/69) SCCmec tipo IV e 1,5% (1/69) SCCmec tipo V. O gene tst foi detectado em 5,8% (4/69) dos isolados MRSA e todos eles foram definidos como SCCmec tipo I. Outros genes identificados por PCR foram: lukD (89,9%; 62/69), lukE (89,9%; 62/69), clf (91,3%; 63/69) e fnbA (89,9%; 62/69). A análise por PFGE dos 69 isolados mostrou a presença de um clone predominante chamado cluster A em 36,2% (25/69) e este cluster apresentou 84,6% de similaridade com o clone NewYork/Japan (BK2464). O dendrograma demonstrou também a presença de um cluster relacionado com BEC (Clone Endêmico Brasileiro) HSJ216. Atualmente o tipo de SCCmec mais prevalente em nosso hospital é o tipo II. Neste estudo, observou-se a presença de isolados virulentos tanto em pacientes hepatopatas como em pacientes transplantados. Nossos resultados mostraram que o clone predominante (cluster A) apresentou diferentes genes de virulência (genes fnbA, clf e lukD-lukE) e foi resistente a pelo menos seis diferentes drogas, além de ser caracterizado como HA-MRSA SCCmec tipo II. Em conclusão, a técnica de microarranjo permite a genotipagem e detecção de genes estafilocócicos clinicamente relevantes, e pode, na maioria dos casos, ser utilizada como uma importante ferramenta para a triagem da virulência e resistência a antimicrobianos em isolados de MRSA / MRSA is an important agent of colonization and infection in patients with liver disease and liver transplant. This study aims to evaluate clonality and virulence of MRSA isolates from liver diseases patients treated at Hospital of Clinics Faculty of Medicine from University of Sao Paulo. From August 2010 to January 2012, we collected nasal and groin swabs from 190 patients (126 pre-liver and 64 post-liver). MRSA isolates were identified phenotypically and the detection of virulence genes, characterization of SCCmec type, microarray and genomic polymorphism analysis by PFGE were done. In addition, it was determined the MIC for ten antibiotics by broth microdillution method. MRSA was detected in 20% patients by culture method and 82% by PCR. Only three patients colonized developed infection post-transplantation. Among the 69 MRSA isolates, 42.0% (29/69) had type II SCCmec, 20.3% (14/69) SCCmec type I, 20.3% (14/69) SCCmec type III, 13.0% (9/69) SCCmec type IVa, 2.9% (2/69) SCCmec type IV and 1.5% (1/69) SCCmec type V. The tst gene was detected in 5.8% (4/69) of MRSA isolates and all of them were defined as SCCmec type I. Other genes were identified by PCR: lukD (89.9%; 62/69), lukE (89.9%; 62/69), clf (91.3%; 63/69) and fnbA (89.9%; 62/69). The PFGE analysis of 69 isolates showed the presence of a predominant cluster named cluster A in 36.2% (25/69) and this cluster had 84.6% similarity with New York/Japan clone (BK2464). Dendrogram also demonstrated presence of one cluster related with BEC (Brazilian Endemic Clone) HSJ216. Currently the most prevalent SCCmec type in our hospital is type II. In this study, we observed virulent isolates in pre and post-transplantation patients. Our results showed that the predominant clone (cluster A) had different virulence genes (genes fnbA, clf and lukD-lukE) and was resistant to at least six different drugs, in addition to being characterized as HA-MRSA SCCmec type II. In conclusion, microarray profiling allows genotyping and detection of clinically relevant staphylococcal genes, and can, in most cases, be used as an important tool to screening virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in MRSA isolates

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von Prä- und Probiotika auf bakterielle Translokation (BT) und postoperative Infektionen nach großen viszeralchirurgischen Eingriffen untersucht. Dabei wurde aus methodischen Gründen zunächst BT nach Leber- (LR) und Colonresektion (CR) allein oder in Kombination experimentell im Rattenmodell quantifiziert und deren potentielle Pathomechanismen untersucht. Anschließend wurde der Einfluss von einzelnen Probiotika und einer Kombination verschiedener Probiotika und Präbiotika auf die Inzidenz bakterieller Infektionen nach Lebertransplantation (LTX) und pyloruserhaltender Pankreaskopfresektion (PPPD) in zwei prospektiv randomisierten klinischen Studien analysiert. Im experimentellen Teil der Untersuchungen wurde BT nach LR vor allem in Leber und Milz, nach CR hauptsächlich in mesenterialen Lymphknoten (MLK) und Milz nachgewiesen. Kombination von LR und CR führte zu einer Potenzierung der BT, parallel zum Ausmaß der LR. Durch Gabe von Probiotika wurde die Konzentration von Bakterien in den MLK signifikant gesenkt. Tiere mit einer hohen coecalen Laktobazillenkonzentration hatten eine signifikant niedrigere bakterielle Konzentration in allen untersuchten Organen als Tiere mit weniger Laktobazillen. CR führten zu einer Zunahme der coecalen gramnegativen Bakterienkonzentration und zu einer Abnahme der Laktobazillen. Histologische Veränderungen der Darmmukosa wurden nicht beobachtet. Die parazelluläre Permeabilität für Ionen, nicht aber für die höhermolekulare Laktulose war im Colon in allen Gruppen im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe erhöht. Probiotika beeinflussten die Zusammensetzung der coecalen Flora und damit auch die BT. In der ersten klinischen Studie verminderte postoperative orale Gabe von Laktobazillus plantarum und einer ballaststoffhaltigen Ernährungslösung die Inzidenz von bakteriellen Infektionen nach LTX im Vergleich zu selektiver Darmdekontamination und ballaststofffreier Ernährung signifikant. Die Gabe von Ballaststoffen und hitzeinaktivierten Laktobazillen führte zwar auch zu einer geringen Reduktion der Infektionen; diese war jedoch nicht signifikant. In der Mehrzahl wurden enteropathogene Bakterien isoliert. Die zweite klinische Studie untersuchte den Einfluss einer Kombination von vier verschiedenen Milchsäurebakterien und vier Präbiotika auf die Inzidenz bakterieller Infektionen nach LTX und PPPD. Im Vergleich zu Präbiotika und Placebo kam es zu einer deutlichen Verminderung der Infekte, die nach LTX auch signifikant war. In beiden Studien wurde die enterale Ernährung gut vertragen mit relativ wenig Nebenwirkungen. BT tritt somit sehr häufig auch nach kleineren viszeralchirurgischen Eingriffen auf und hat organspezifisch verschiedene Ursachen. Probiotika konnten sowohl tierexperimentell die BT vermindern als auch klinisch die Inzidenz bakterieller Infektionen nach großen viszeralchirurgischen Eingriffen senken. Da sie leicht zu verabreichen sind und wenig Nebenwirkungen verursachen, könnten sie breit eingesetzt werden. / In the present study, the impact of pre- and probiotics on bacterial translocation (BT) and postoperative bacterial infection rates was assessed. Due to methodological reasons, we first quantified BT following single liver (LR) and colon resection (CR) or a combination of both and analysed potential pathogenic mechanisms for BT. Then, we performed two prospective randomised clinical studies to analyse the influence of a single probiotic strain and a combination of different pre- and probiotics on the incidence of bacterial infections in patients with liver transplantation (OLT) or pylorus preserving partial pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD). In the rat model, BT after LR mainly occurred in the liver and spleen, after CR mainly in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen. BT was increased in the animals with combined operation, in parallel to the extent of liver resection. Probiotics significantly decreased the bacterial concentration in the MLN. Animals with a high cecal concentration of lactobacilli had significantly less BT than the others. CR led to an increase of cecal gramnegative bacterial concentrations and to a decrease of lactobacilli. No histological changes were observed in the intestine. Paracellular permeability for ions, but not for the larger molecule lactulose, was increased in the colon in all groups compared to the sham group. Probiotics had an influence on cecal bacterial concentration. In the first clinical study, postoperative oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum and a fibre-enriched enteral diet significantly decreased bacterial infection rates after OLT compared to selective bowel decontamination and a fibre-free diet. Fibre and heat-inactivated Lactobacillus also led to a slight, but not significant decrease of infections. Mainly gut-derived bacteria were isolated. The second clinical study analysed the influence of a combination of four different lactic acid bacteria and fibres on bacterial infection rates after OLT and PPPD. Compared to fibres and placebo, infection rates were significantly lower after OLT and markedly lower after PPPD. In both studies, the study substances were well tolerated without serious side effects. BT even occurs following minor abdominal surgery and is caused by different mechanisms related to the kind of operation. Probiotics were able to diminish BT in the rat model as well as to decrease bacterial infection rates following major abdominal surgery in the clinical studies. As they are easy to administer and do not cause severe side effects, they could be useful in clinical practice.

Die Lebendspende von Leberlappen wird in der Zukunft gerade vor dem Hintergrund des stets weiter steigenden Bedarfs und des sich dazu diskrepant entwickelnden Mangels an Leichenorganen zur Transplantation eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle einnehmen, um Patienten im Endstadium einer Lebererkrankung kurativ zu versorgen. Umso mehr spielen Überlegungen zur Gewährleistung insbesondere der Sicherheit für einen gesunden Lebendspender eine Rolle, ohne Risiken für ihn eliminieren zu können. In diese Überlegungen gehen Weiterentwicklungen der Möglichkeiten für die spezielle Evaluation der Leber eines potenziellen Spenders anhand bildgebender Verfahren ein. Hier nehmen Methoden zur präoperativen Abschätzung der Gewichts- und Volumenverhältnisse einer potenziellen Spenderleber und ihrer Lappen einen besonderen Stellenwert ein, da bei entsprechend ungünstigen Voraussetzungen ein gesunder Mensch aus Gründen der Sicherheit für eine Lebendspende nicht in Frage kommt. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt anhand einer prospektiven Studie unterschiedliche Methoden der präoperativen CT-gestützten Volumetrie zur Evaluation von Lebern und ihrer beiden Lappen von potenziellen Lebendspendern auf. Dabei wurde ein neu entwickeltes Volumetrieverfahren klinisch erprobt und mit einem etablierten Verfahren verglichen. Als Referenzgrößen wurden erstmalig gleichermaßen intraoperativ gemessene Gewichte und Volumina der transplantieren rechten Leberlappen herangezogen. Hinsichtlich der auf CT-gestützter Volumetrie basierenden, präoperativen Abschätzung von intraoperativ zu erwartendem Gewicht und Volumen von rechten Leberlappen im Rahmen einer Lebendspende erwies sich das etablierte Verfahren bezüglich des Gewichts dem neu entwickelten Verfahren geringgradig überlegen, während das neu entwickelte Verfahren bezüglich des Volumens gegenüber dem etablierten Verfahren geringgradig besser abschnitt. Darüber hinaus resultierte aus den intraoperativ erhobenen Daten die Erkenntnis, dass die physikalische Dichte von gesundem Lebergewebe bei einer relativ hohen interindividuellen Streuung im Mittel um knapp 12% höher liegt als zumeist angenommen. In Zukunft werden Fortschritte technischer Verfahren sehr genaue virtuelle Trennungen von Lebern in ihre beiden Lappen ermöglichen. Gleichzeitig werden chirurgische Resektionstechniken verfeinert. Sowohl der virtuelle als auch der reale Ansatz haben den Anspruch, die avaskuläre und somit ideale Resektionsfläche zwischen beiden Leberlappen aufzusuchen, um gleichzeitig präoperativ exakte Gewichts- und Volumenabschätzungen zu ermöglichen und intraoperativ Risiken zu minimieren. Welchem dieser beiden Ansätze die stärkste Annäherung an diesen Anspruch oder dessen Vollendung zuerst gelingt, wird sich als Referenzmethode behaupten, an der sich der unterlegene Ansatz wird messen lassen müssen. / The increasing need of cadaveric liver grafts and the scarcity of living related liver transplants (LRLT) will play a critical role in the future treatment of patients suffering from end stage liver disease. Various considerations, including especially a safe outcome for the donor, are essential. However, risks can not be eliminated. These considerations can be influenced in the evaluation of a potential living donor. Accurate methods, including imaging modalities, for the preoperative estimation of the potential donor liver’s weight and volume are essential as an adverse condition would preclude a living donation for safety reasons. This thesis presents different methods of preoperative CT-based volumetric analyses for the evaluation the liver and both its lobes in potential living donors. A newly developed method of volumetric analysis was clinically tested and compared with an established method. Intraoperatively measured weights and volumes of transplanted right hepatic lobes were used as reference values. With regards to the weight, the established method proved to be mildly superior, while the newer method was slightly more accurate for volume. Additionally, it was discovered that the mean density of healthy liver tissue is approximately 12 percent higher than generally assumed but with a relatively high individual variation. Progress in technical methods will render possible very exact virtual divisions of the liver in both of its lobes. Both the virtual and surgical approach have a claim for finding the appropriate avascular and consequently ideal resection plane in order to minimize risks intraoperatively.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wilsonjoseduca_tese.pdf: 1506382 bytes, checksum: 16d07e2101b80e16a2d850b2111fb461 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-10 / liver transplantation (OLT) is today the gold standard for the treatment of the end-stage liver disease. The preservation of graft is the cornerstone for the OLT with cadaveric donor. In this context, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of different solutions used for it. Our objective was to compare the results of OLT, carried out with cadaveric donor, preserved with the solutions of preservation ViaSpan® or Celsior®. Casuistic and Method: we evaluated retrospectively 72 recipients of the OLT. Of these, 36 had their graft preserved with ViaSpanâ solution (Group A) and 36 with Celsiorâ solution (Group B) as follows: the donor was perfused in situ of 1000 ml in the portal vein of ViaSpanâ or Celsiorâ and 3000 ml of Euro-Collins in aortic artery; in the table managed ViaSpanâ or Celsiorâ 500 ml in the portal vein, 250 ml in hepatic artery and 250 ml in the biliary duct. The following variables in groups A and B were evaluated: cost of the solutions, characteristics of the donors, characteristics of the recipients, intraoperative details, reperfusion injury and esteatose of graft with biopsy carried out after the reperfusion. As results of the OLT were evaluated: grafts with primary nonfunction (PNF), initial poor function (IPF), rejection, complications of the biliary duct, complications of the hepatic artery, retransplantation, follow up of the receiver in the first year after the OLT. Results: bigger warm ischemia and duration of surgery in group A (p= 0,002 and 0.001 respectively). The cost of the Celsior solution was lower (less than U$ 266.00 per litre). The remaining: characteristics of the donors, characteristics of the recipients, reperfusion injury, steatosis, PNF, PDF, rejection, retransplantation and recipients survival had not shown significant difference in statistics. Stenosis of the biliary duct was 3 cases (8.3%) in group A and 8 (22.2%) in group B (p= 0.19) and thrombosis of the hepatic artery were 4 cases (11.1%) in group B and none in group A (p= 0.11). Conclusion: the result of OLT, performed with cadaveric donor, preserved with ViaSpanâ or Celsiorâ solutions was similar. However we observe a trend of bigger number of stenosis of the biliary duct and thrombosis of the hepatic artery in the recipients of agencies preserved with the Celsiorâ solution. Thus, we believe that more research is necessary to clarify this relation. / O transplante de fígado (TxF) é hoje o padrão ouro para o tratamento da doença hepática terminal. A preservação do enxerto é a pedra fundamental para o TxF com doador cadáver. Nesse contexto, é importante avaliar a eficácia das diferentes soluções de preservação. Nosso objetivo foi comparar os resultados de TxF, realizados com órgãos de doadores cadáver, preservados com as soluções de preservação ViaSpan® ou Celsior®. Casuística e Método: Avaliamos retrospectivamente 72 pacientes submetidos a TxF. Desses, 36 tiveram seus enxertos preservados com a solução ViaSpan&#61666; (Grupo A) e 36 com Celsior&#61666; (Grupo B) da seguinte forma: perfusão in situ de 1000 ml na veia porta de ViaSpan&#61666; ou Celsior&#61666; e 3000 ml de Euro-Collins na aorta; e na mesa administrou-se 500 ml de ViaSpan&#61666; ou Celsior&#61666; na veia porta, 250 ml na artéria hepática e 250 ml na via biliar. Avaliamos as seguintes variáveis nos grupos A e B: custo das soluções, dados dos doadores, dados dos receptores, dados do intra-operatório, lesão de preservação e esteatose do enxerto com biópsia realizada após a reperfusão. Como resultado do TxF avaliamos: falência primária (FPE) e disfunção primária do enxerto (DPE), rejeição, complicações da via biliar, complicações da artéria hepática, retransplante, sobrevida do receptor no primeiro ano de pós-transplante. Resultados: O tempo de isquemia quente e tempo cirúrgico maiores no grupo A (p= 0,002 e 0,001 respectivamente). O custo da solução Celsior&#61666; foi menor (R$ 400,00 a menos por litro). O restante dos dados dos doadores, dados dos receptores, lesão de preservação e esteatose do enxerto com biópsia realizada após a reperfusão, FPE e DPE, retransplante, sobrevida do receptor não mostraram diferença estatística. A estenose da via biliar foi de 3 (8,3%) casos no grupo A e 8 (22,2%) no grupo B (p= 0,19) e a trombose da artéria hepática foi 4 (11,1%) casos no grupo B e ausente no grupo A (p= 0,11). Conclusão: O resultado de TxF, realizado com doador cadáver, preservado com as soluções ViaSpan® ou Celsior® foi similar. Contudo observamos um maior número de estenose de via biliar e trombose arterial nos receptores de órgãos preservados com a solução Celsior&#61666;. Assim, acreditamos que sejam necessários novos trabalhos para esclarecer esta relação.

A evolução da recorrência da hepatie C pós-transplante hepático pode ter um curso bastante variável. Raramente a doença pode progredir para uma forma conhecida como hepatite recorrente colestática grave, cuja patogenia ainda não é bem conhecida. Nós estudamos nesse trabalho alguns aspectos virológicos, histológicos e imunohistoquímicos de seis pacientes com essa forma rara de recorrência da doença, tendo como comparação um grupo pareado de seis pacientes transplantados com a forma leve de hepatite C recorrente, e como controle imunocompetente, cinco pacientes não transplantados com hepatite crônica pelo vírus C. Foram avaliados como possíveis fatores preditivos de gravidade da progressão da recorrência: viremia do VHC, evolução de quasispécies, parâmetros histopatológicos, e imunoreatividade para o antígeno core do VHC. / Following liver transplantation (OLT) HCV-related disease severity is highly variable, with a minority of cases progressing to an extremely severe form of cholestatic hepatitis, in which the pathogenesis is not yet understood. We aim to compare virological, histological and immunohistological changes in patients developing mild and severe post-OLT HCV recurrence. Twelve patients with recurrent HCV infection were studied (6 with severe and 6 with mild disease). Five HCV-infected immunocompetent patients were used as controls. We looked at viral load, quasispecies evolution of HCV, several histological parameters and immuno-reactivity of core antigens at three time-points (pre-OLT, early post-OLT and late post-OLT) as predictors of severity of recurrence post-OLT.