This study’s purpose is, through content analysis, to interpret the portrayal of the human-rights movement Black Lives Matter during the spring and summer of 2020. Further intentions include examining and explaining the portrayals of the Swedish and the American movements. Theories of Framing and Moral-Panic are used for understanding expressions and consequences of portraiture. Using a hermeneutic approach, 53 articles from four of Sweden's leading newspapers were interpreted. Main findings were that Swedish news media tend to portray the movement in Sweden in more opinion-based terms compared to the movement in the USA. The opinions were mainly expressed when reporting on the movement during demonstrations in Sweden while reports of the USA, mainly portrayed the movement in police- violence but balanced terms. Previous research contributed to an increased understanding of the research field and to problematizing the study's results in relation to its theoretical framework. Our conclusion is that Swedish news media tend to portray Black Lives Matter in more polarized terms if current affairs are taking place in a geographical vicinity. The movement in relation to violence is also portrayed differently depending on the country- specific history of the movement. Although patterns could be discerned, the relationship is complex based on the scope of the essay and empirical material. / Syftet med denna studie är att genom innehållsanalys tolka svenska nyhetsmediers porträttering av människorättsrörelsen Black Lives Matter under våren och sommaren 2020. Studien undersöker också potentiella skillnader i porträttering av rörelsen i Sverige och rörelsen i USA samt hur porträtteringen kan förklaras. Gestaltningsteori och teorin om moralpanik användes för att skapa förståelse för porträtteringens uttryck och konsekvenser. Med ett hermeneutiskt angreppssätt tolkades 53 artiklar från fyra av Sveriges ledande nyhetstidningar. Studiens främsta resultat visade att svenska nyhetsmedier tenderar att porträttera rörelsen i Sverige i mer åsiktsbaserade termer i förhållande till rörelsen i USA. Åsikterna tog sig främst i uttryck vid rapportering om rörelsen under demonstrationer i Sverige jämfört med rapporteringen i USA som främst porträtterade rörelsen balanserat och neutralt, men i termer av polisvåld mot svarta afroamerikaner. Tidigare forskning bidrog till ökad förståelse för forskningsfältet och till att granska studiens resultat i förhållande till det teoretiska ramverket. Studiens slutsats är att svenska nyhetsmedier tenderar att porträttera Black Lives Matter i mer polariserade termer om rörelse-aktuella händelser pågår i en geografisk närhet. Rörelsen i förhållande till våldsutövning porträtteras dessutom på olika sätt beroende på vilken historia rörelsen har i respektive land. Trots att mönster kunnat urskiljas är relationen dock komplex baserat på uppsatsens omfång och empiriska material.

Denna kvalitativa studie ämnar undersöka hur västerländska företag har konstruerat sin varumärkeskommunikation i samband med Black Lives Matter-rörelsen. Utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk baserat på semiotik, visuell retorik och postkolonialism granskar studien retoriska strategier i reklamfilmer för att utläsa de myter företagen kommunicerar. Genom att respondera på samhälleliga förändringar kan företag skapa positiva associationer till sig själva, vilket utgår från den kulturella kontexten kommunikationen verkar inom. Varumärken har möjligheten att preservera, förvandla och utmana rådande maktstrukturer genom den reklampåverkan de har på mottagaren. Studien belyser således den problematik gällande hur företag kommunicerar värderingar och budskap utifrån en annan kultur. Genom en jämförelse av Gillettes hyllade respektive Pepsis kritiserade reklamfilm möjliggörs även förståelsen för hur mottagarnas reaktioner kan förstås i relation till Black Lives Matter utifrån ett postkolonialt perspektiv.    Analysenheterna granskas genom en kombinerad semiotisk och kritisk visuell analysmetod med relaterade verktyg. Studien visar hur Pepsis myt inte faller naturligt inom den kulturella kontexten, där den verkar förminskande mot Black Lives Matter-rörelsen. Varumärket sätts i centrum, då produkten blir en symbol för myten och tydliga maktrelationer kan avläsas. Gillettes retoriska strategier svarar istället på de kulturella koder som rörelsen utgår från, där varumärket tas ur fokus och reklamfilmen kommunicerar jämlika förhållanden. / This qualitative study intends to examine how western companies have constructed their branding communication in conjunction with the Black Lives Matter movement. From a theoretical framework based on semiotics, visual rhetoric and postcolonialism reviews the studies rhetorical strategies in commercials to read out the myths the companies communicate. By responding to societal changes can companies create positive associations to themselves, which is based on the cultural context the communication operates within. Brands have the opportunity to preserve, transform and challenge the current power structures through the advertising impact they have on the receiver. The study illustrates the issue concerning how companies communicate values and messages from a different culture. By comparing Gillette’s praised, respectively Pepsi’s criticized commercial, makes it possible to understand how the recipient's reaction can be understood in relation to Black Lives Matter from a postcolonial perspective.    The units are examined through a combined semiotic and critical visual analysis method with related tools. The study shows how Pepsi´s myth does not fall naturally within the cultural context, where it has a diminishing effect on the Black Lives Matter movement. The brand is placed in the center, as the product becomes a symbol of the myth and clear power relations can be read. Gillette's rhetorical strategies instead associate with the cultural codes that the movement conveys, where the brand is taken out of focus and the commercial communicates equal conditions.

Under året 2020 sker tre större händelser som får relevans och utrymme över hela västvärlden. Dessa tre händelser komplicerar det för potentiella ställningstaganden inom respektive fråga då de många gånger ligger i motsättning med varandra. Denna undersökning fann att vid TV4:s rapportering av Black Lives Matter i USA så skedde en rad val och indirekta ställningstaganden.Denna upptäck tyder på att man bör som lärare, och medborgare, idka källkritik även vid rapporteringar som förmedlas av traditionella svenska medier.

The late antique figure of the female monk has been commented upon within the spheres of socio-history, theology, and literary analysis, but no comprehensive study has focused on the contemporary historical and gendered context. This thesis therefore reexamines female transvestite monk hagiographies, revealing that the female protagonists are portrayed as possessing a holy womanhood regardless of having layers of masculinity applied to them. Three layers of masculinity, namely outward, social, and inward, are identified in the characterizations of the female monks. Each masculine layer is scrutinized separately to explore its purpose in the plot structures and to show plausible motivations for the utilization of transvestite figures in religious literature. The use of an intertextual method reveals gendered intertexts, or literary motifs, in the hagiographies which serve as familiar ideological vehicles carrying the intended inspirational, instructional, and theological messages of the writers. Through the removal of these holy women’s masculine layers, this thesis reveals that outward and social masculinity are superficial and heavily relied upon as a means of concealment, but inward masculinity, considered akin to genuine expressions of self in these literary characters, is essentially non-existent. Hagiographers had no intention of transforming their religious protagonists into anything but determined, holy women who are forced to act drastically to sustain ascetic dreams begun while mothers, wives, daughters, and sisters. Masculinities and intertexts located in these Vitae contextualize praise for a holy womanhood within acceptable gendered language, which seems to support a belief in the spiritual potential of women. In comprehending the intertexts’ function in these legends, this thesis highlights the potential for complex irony to develop around the figure of a female transvestite, which supplies religious tales with intrigue and interest, the ability to instruct or chastise mixed audiences, and the potential to portray the reversal inherent in the human drama of salvation.

Our daily online conversations with friends, family, colleagues, and strangers weave an intricate network of interactions. From these networked discussions emerge themes and topics that transcend the scope of any individual conversation. In turn, these themes direct the discourse of the network and continue to ebb and flow as the interactions between individuals shape the topics themselves. This rich loop between interpersonal conversations and overarching topics is a wonderful example of a complex system: the themes of a discussion are more than just the sum of its parts. Some of the most socially relevant topics emerging from these online conversations are those pertaining to racial justice issues. Since the shooting of Black teenager Michael Brown by White police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri, the protest hashtag #BlackLivesMatter has amplified critiques of extrajudicial shootings of Black Americans. In response to #BlackLivesMatter, other online users have adopted #AllLivesMatter, a counter-protest hashtag whose content argues that equal attention should be given to all lives regardless of race. Together these contentious hashtags each shape clashing narratives that echo previous civil rights battles and illustrate ongoing racial tension between police officers and Black Americans. These narratives have taken place on a massive scale with millions of online posts and articles debating the sentiments of "black lives matter" and "all lives matter." Since no one person could possibly read everything written in this debate, comprehensively understanding these conversations and their underlying networks requires us to leverage tools from data science, machine learning, and natural language processing. In Chapter 2, we utilize methodology from network science to measure to what extent #BlackLivesMatter and #AllLivesMatter are "slacktivist" movements, and the effect this has on the diversity of topics discussed within these hashtags. In Chapter 3, we precisely quantify the ways in which the discourse of #BlackLivesMatter and #AllLivesMatter diverge through the application of information-theoretic techniques, validating our results at the topic level from Chapter 2. These entropy-based approaches provide the foundation for powerful automated analysis of textual data, and we explore more generally how they can be used to construct a human-in-the-loop topic model in Chapter 4. Our work demonstrates that there is rich potential for weaving together social science domain knowledge with computational tools in the study of language, networks, and social movements.

In recent years a number of important studies have emerged that focus on the lives of the human agents who operated in the early-modern book trade. This marks a scholarly shift away from the technologies of book production towards the figures who operated, profited from, and helped to shape, print technologies and their related products. In this critical movement the identities of printers, publishers, and booksellers have come to matter, both in terms of our understanding of what constitutes ‘print culture,’ and in efforts to narrativise the history of the book. However, although scholars have become increasingly familiar with a critical vocabulary that links early-modern print with textual transience, and the archive with paradigms associated with absence, disputation, and authenticity, biographies related to the lives of book-trade professionals have tended to privilege the representational stability of the documentary evidence we use to reconstruct past lives. This thesis aims to address this critical vacuum by analysing the life and career of one highly controversial, although critically neglected, 17th-century printer, Henry Hills (c. 1625-1688/9). By drawing together methodologies associated with bibliography, the history of the book, and the study of literatures, the thesis seeks to self-reflexively respond to the absences, doublings, missing or fabricated texts, revisions, accretions, and amendments that seem to mark, and have come to shape, the story of Hills’ life. Theories and approaches associated with the materiality of early-modern lives, critical biography, and the archive are used to fully explore the way Hills functioned both in his own time and after as a metonymic figure who has been actively written and rewritten with different historically specific agendas in mind. Ideas of elusiveness, how his contemporaries struggled to represent Hills, and the problem of locating him in the documentary evidence, are also investigated. In the process this thesis casts new light not only on Hills but on the 17th-century printing trade and the printer as a cultural emblem, 17th-century history and culture, and the way we research lives in the early modern period. Each of the chapters of this thesis discusses archival sources that critical biography and bibliography have traditionally looked to for biographical details of Hills’ life. These include a Particular Baptist confession-cum-conversion account entitled The Prodigal Returned, said to have been composed by Hills in 1651 while he served a prison sentence in the Fleet for adultery. I also discuss three accounts of Hills’ high-profile conversion to Catholicism in the mid-1680s, which were authored between 1684 and 1733. The thesis provides a detailed analysis of a conspiracy story, first published in 1697, which posthumously cast Hills as a key player in a bibliographical scandal that is said to have taken place in 1649. I also pay close attention to Hills’ last will and testament, a document that spawned a number of very public legal contestations amongst members of the Hills family. Through a close, historicised reading of these materials, this thesis adds new discussions of the way in which Hills was read and contested by his contemporaries, later historians, and bibliographers, and throughout I retain a sense of the highly mediated nature of the evidence we use to reconstruct Hills biographically, while stressing his importance in the cultural imagination of the period.

My engagement with making is a metaphor that contains the interior landscapes of my mind. I continue to explore it by comparing and contrasting exterior and interior, investigating surface and depth, covering and exposing, and taking apart and putting together. I work to translate my individual experiences and emotions into a tangible form. The visual dialogues that I engage in with my work explore a range of aspects that are inherent and specific to my Japanese cultural heritage. It often springs from my daily encounters with the subtle nuances and observable oddities of living in the “West”. These experiences have added to my self-awareness, and my sense of identity. I’ve always been fascinated by the visual phenomenon that occurs when light is transmitted, reflected, and/or refracted on/in/and through glass materials. I integrate these observable optical phenomena into personal narratives; by using “the-perceptional-shifts” that only the quality of glass it-self can generate, I transform my emotions into concrete materiality. The body of work that has developed over the past two years focuses on integrating my experiences, emotions and feelings, distance and time, and memories of and longing for my twin sister. I marry new technology with old, and attempting to bring the sensitivity of craft to new methods of making. Embedded in this work is my passion for life, materials, and making.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:29:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Eduardo Benzoni.pdf: 990162 bytes, checksum: 2c656c2ab7fb5cf260410fddc0640b12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-13 / The stress field has been studied so much where data have demonstrated that in average, more than half of the population of big cities present stress. Stress comes from inner factors (vulnerabilities) and outer ones (environment demands), however, when it is worked on the treatment area itself, it has been observed that some individuals present a sort of persistent behavior which take them to be involved in stressful situations. It is regarded as Lipp nominated: Lives Themes. It is presented on this term a purpose of diagnosis and enlargement of the concept on Lives Themes, grounded on the cognitivebehavioral approach. It was also developed a theorist model of cognitive basis that could explain the problematic of lives themes on chronic stress, such model purposes the individual once attracted by a discriminative stimulus, he activates a scheme which figures out the reality, stirring a sort of inappropriate behavior that takes him to get involved in a stressful situation once there is no appropriate audience of coping , it comes up stress and everything is explained by a belief. Nine participants were evaluated, all of them on chronic stress, where there were five from a physiotherapy clinic-school and others from a psychotherapy private office, all of them under physical and psychological illnesses. They were evaluated through a semi-structured interview, Inventory on Stress Symptoms for adults by Lipp, Inventory of Life and Questionnaires of Schemes by Young. It was made from the purposed theorist model, a model of conceptualization on the Lives Themes, from which all the cases were studied and evaluated. The group s analysis let us to identify the self-sacrifice schemes and inflexible standards as the strongest (hardest) ones and the failure scheme as the weakest one, what enabled to infer that people under chronic stress tend to turn to others, with top-high goals and do not accept failures. It was also observed the presence of factors of behavior and parenthood practices on the development of maladaptative initial schemes which seem to fit the retraced standards of stress, and furthermore, it was also identified the broken (inappropriate) learning of strategies of coping , which turns more difficult the individual under Lives Themes, get rid of this stressful situation, as well as the presence of a discriminative stimulus which stirs the retraced standards of behavior that takes the individual to stressful situations. Finally, it was confirmed the presence of dysfunctional belief that justifies for the individual his situation of being involved constantly in the same stressful situation. The results pointed for the maintenance of the initial hypothesis purposed on the Lives Themes, as well as corroborated for the theorist model purposed. / A ?rea de stress tem sido muito estudada, dados demonstram que em m?dia, mais da metade da popula??o das grandes cidades brasileiras apresentam stress. O stress adv?m de fatores internos (vulnerabilidades) e externos (demandas do ambiente), por?m, quando se trabalha na ?rea de tratamento do mesmo, observa-se que alguns indiv?duos apresentam um padr?o de comportamento persistente que os levam a se envolverem em situa??es estressoras, trata-se do que Lipp denominou de Temas de Vida. Apresenta-se neste trabalho uma proposta de diagn?stico e amplia??o do conceito de temas de vida fundamentada na abordagem cognitivo-comportamental. Desenvolveu-se um modelo te?rico de base cognitiva que pudesse explicar a problem?tica de temas de vida no stress cr?nico, tal modelo prop?e que o indiv?duo atra?do por um est?mulo discriminativo ativa um esquema que interpreta a realidade, acionando um padr?o de comportamento inadequado que o leva a envolver-se na situa??o estressora; n?o havendo repert?rio adequado de coping, surge stress e tudo ? explicado por uma cren?a. Foram avaliados nove participantes, todos com stress cr?nico, sendo cinco de uma cl?nica escola de fisioterapia e quatro de um consult?rio particular de psicoterapia, todos com comorbidades f?sicas e psicol?gicas comuns ao stress cr?nico. Os participantes foram avaliados por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada, Invent?rio de Sintomas de stress para Adultos de Lipp, Invent?rio de Qualidade de Vida e Question?rio de Esquemas de Young. Elaborou-se, a partir do modelo te?rico proposto, um modelo de conceitualiza??o de casos de temas de vida, a partir do qual todos os casos estudados foram avaliados. A analise do grupo permitiu identificar os esquemas de auto-sacrif?cio e padr?es inflex?veis como os mais fortes e o esquema de fracasso como mais fraco o que possibilitou inferir que as pessoas com stress cr?nico tendem a voltar-se aos outros, com metas muito altas e n?o admitem fracasso. Observou-se a presen?a de fatores de temperamento e de pr?ticas parentais no desenvolvimento de esquemas iniciais desadaptativos que parecem modular os padr?es recorrentes de stress observados, al?m disso, identificou-se a aprendizagem inadequada de estrat?gias de coping, que dificultam o indiv?duo com temas de vida sair da situa??o estressora, bem como a presen?a de um est?mulo discriminativo que aciona o padr?o recorrente de comportamento que leva o indiv?duo a situa??es estressoras. Finalmente, confirmou-se a presen?a de uma cren?a disfuncional que justifica para o indiv?duo a sua situa??o de envolver-se constantemente nas mesmas situa??es de stress. Os resultados apontaram para sustenta??o das hip?teses iniciais propostas na teoria de temas de vida, bem como corroboraram o modelo te?rico proposto.

This thesis seeks to challenge deficit approaches to 'different' childhoods. It does this through documenting the everyday life experiences of Sylheti-heritage Muslim children in urban Scotland, and reading these childhoods through the lives of children and their kin in rural Sylhet, Bangladesh. The research is based on 3 years' ethnographic fieldwork (January 2008-February 2011), in Scotland and in Bangladesh, and incorporates various child-friendly creative research methods used to elicit data on children's realities and perspectives on their lives. These data are supplemented by data from the children's mothers (and occasionally wider family) in both locations. Transnational migration between the Indian subcontinent and the UK is not new, but little research has focused on childhoods, in particular the lived experiences of young Muslim children of marriage-migrant mothers in Scotland, where this minority ethnic 'community' is quite small, later-formed and largely invisible. Little early childhood research has been conducted on children's everyday lives either in rural Sylhet or in Scotland. The history and context of migration and the realities of children's lives in Scotland, as migrant-heritage Muslim children, are largely unexplored and their particular needs are little understood. Some media and public imaginaries and discourses portray Muslim families and their communities as 'problematic', increasingly so since September 11th, 2001, with recent events in the UK, mainland Europe and the Middle East adding fuel to such sentiments. Many Sylheti-heritage families experience harassment and abuse, or live in fear of such eventualities, and the women and young children in my Scottish cohort have largely withdrawn for safety from the visible public domain. This research aims to contribute to a body of knowledge on early childhood(s). Early childhood interventions are high on Scotland's, and the UK's, policy agendas. These policies aim to create better futures and greater inclusiveness for all residents, but they are problematic for families that do not match the very Euro-American middle-class conceptions of childhood and family norms that inform policy. Despite the introduction of strengths-based models in family and childhood policy and practice, such 'different' children and families may still be viewed from a deficits perspective. Such deficit discourses may be rooted in a language of cultural deprivation and special needs, focusing on perceived deficiencies, resulting in the pathologising of certain groups, which become normalised over time. The global Early Years' agenda is also reflected in interventions in rural Bangladesh, with imported global ideals and norms of which most village families have no knowledge and which bear little relevance to their everyday lives. For example, many interventions exist for early childhood in the form of pre-school and nursery provision, but many are based on very Eurocentric models of childhood, which although pertinent in the Global North may not 'fit' with the realities of life for most rural children and their families. There is an over-emphasis on children's futures and children as 'becomings', the future citizens they will become, rather than on their quality of life here and now as 'beings'. This thesis frames children's everyday lives in terms of 'domains': places of childhood (locations of children's day-to-day activities), 'networks': spaces of childhood (social networks and relationships with kin and friends); and 'preoccupations': pursuits of childhood (how they spend their lives and what meaning, if any, they attach to these different aspects of life). The gendered character of these experiences is highlighted throughout. Children's lives, particularly when young, are influenced and shaped by their kin, yet opportunities for agency also exist. When women migrate after marriage from Sylhet to Scotland, some aspects of childhood and family lives remain fairly constant while others change quite radically. For instance, whilst children's lives continue to be centred on close family, family may be much smaller and less accessible than in Sylhet. Concepts of house and neighbourhood continue to be important, but Sylheti village childhoods are largely spent outdoors, whilst children are largely restricted to the family home in Scotland; children's physical domains of activity diminish and women and children have few opportunities to connect socially beyond their existing family networks, particularly in the early years. Social life, very rich and foregrounded in Sylheti villages, becomes potentially more restricted in Scotland although women work hard to create and maintain social opportunities and networks in Scotland, with wider Diasporic kin, and the Sylheti villages to which they have connections. Through their representations and narratives, both drawn and spoken, children convey rich examples of their childhood experiences, in both locales, which challenge deficit discourses on 'different childhoods'.

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