<p>This study deals with the intergenerational coresidence during the nineteenth century. The main focus is placed on the possible differences in the coresidences among parents and children and whether demographic transition and industrialization changed this relation. Were parents and children living in the same household? It was also important to study the children network; if the children did not live with their parents, where did they live? In the neighbourhoods, in the parish or in another area? Two perspectives were mainly considered, industrialization and demographic transition. On one hand industrialization gave children the opportunity to work outside the parental household and consequently the relationship between parents and children probably became weaker. On the other hand the fall of infant mortality would have facilitated the creation of a new complex household. Did industrialization with a new labour market change in decline the coresidence among parents and children? Or did the fall of mortality increase the number of coresidences? Two more factors influenced the coresidences, social status of the first generation and number of children born. The area of study is the region of Sundsvall, situated in middle Sweden. During the nineteenth century this region experienced a fall of infant mortality and in the middle of the century the introduction of steam-sawmills started and it arrived to be one of the largest sawmill districts at the world in the end of the century. The cohort chosen regarded people born between 1770 and 1820 and they lived their old age in the Sundsvall district. The first methodological approach is cross-sectional and analyses the entire cohort. The second method is a longitudinal analysis of a micro study of 135 people. The results show the decrease of the coresidences between the two generations when parents were 80 years old. In the previous years no difference has been found between the preindustrial and industrial period, thus the decline of mortality did not help the increase of coresidences. Social status was the most determinant factor for the creation of coresidence. People employed in agriculture, peasants and crofters were more likely to coreside with married children compared to the workers’ groups. Social difference increases with the industrialization, workers experienced the decline of coresidence in a stronger way compared to the others groups. The number of children born from the first generation helps in a marginal way the creation of coresidences. The main difference was between one or more children born, but no differences were found among those people who had two children or more. The micro study put in evidence the life cycle of the family. Peasants and crofters were the most likely to experience the cycle of the stem family. However the coresidence could be interrupted by the death or the migration of the family members. Other alternatives as the presences of children in the neighbourhoods or the coresidence with unmarried children were noticed. Finally, the study showed that sons were more likely to live with their parents compared to daughters but in one third of the cases the first generation constituted the stem family with a daughter.</p>

This study deals with the intergenerational coresidence during the nineteenth century. The main focus is placed on the possible differences in the coresidences among parents and children and whether demographic transition and industrialization changed this relation. Were parents and children living in the same household? It was also important to study the children network; if the children did not live with their parents, where did they live? In the neighbourhoods, in the parish or in another area? Two perspectives were mainly considered, industrialization and demographic transition. On one hand industrialization gave children the opportunity to work outside the parental household and consequently the relationship between parents and children probably became weaker. On the other hand the fall of infant mortality would have facilitated the creation of a new complex household. Did industrialization with a new labour market change in decline the coresidence among parents and children? Or did the fall of mortality increase the number of coresidences? Two more factors influenced the coresidences, social status of the first generation and number of children born. The area of study is the region of Sundsvall, situated in middle Sweden. During the nineteenth century this region experienced a fall of infant mortality and in the middle of the century the introduction of steam-sawmills started and it arrived to be one of the largest sawmill districts at the world in the end of the century. The cohort chosen regarded people born between 1770 and 1820 and they lived their old age in the Sundsvall district. The first methodological approach is cross-sectional and analyses the entire cohort. The second method is a longitudinal analysis of a micro study of 135 people. The results show the decrease of the coresidences between the two generations when parents were 80 years old. In the previous years no difference has been found between the preindustrial and industrial period, thus the decline of mortality did not help the increase of coresidences. Social status was the most determinant factor for the creation of coresidence. People employed in agriculture, peasants and crofters were more likely to coreside with married children compared to the workers’ groups. Social difference increases with the industrialization, workers experienced the decline of coresidence in a stronger way compared to the others groups. The number of children born from the first generation helps in a marginal way the creation of coresidences. The main difference was between one or more children born, but no differences were found among those people who had two children or more. The micro study put in evidence the life cycle of the family. Peasants and crofters were the most likely to experience the cycle of the stem family. However the coresidence could be interrupted by the death or the migration of the family members. Other alternatives as the presences of children in the neighbourhoods or the coresidence with unmarried children were noticed. Finally, the study showed that sons were more likely to live with their parents compared to daughters but in one third of the cases the first generation constituted the stem family with a daughter.

Three essays in this dissertation explore the behavior of individuals in response to the housing crisis and its consequences, and the impact of the pandemic on the short-term rental markets. The first essay examines the economic outcomes of young people who have returned to their parents' home, using data from 2003-2017 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort (NLSY 97). The economic outcomes of boomerang movers did not improve compared to the period of independent living, and the income gap with young people who remained independent widened. The residential movement of young people who make boomerang moves has an impact on their income, but this effect is short-lived. Going back to a parental house changes the region and urban form significantly, and movement of urban form from the central city to the suburban and from the suburban to out of the MSA has a negative impact on income. Findings from the study suggest implications. First, more affordable housing should be provided to reduce boomerang moves. Second, ways to increase job opportunities should be explored to reduce the short-term negative impact of boomerang move. Finally, education and vocational training opportunities must be increased to close the income gap among young people. The second essay seeks to answer the following questions through the experiences of individual households due to the foreclosure. First, did foreclosed households regain homeownership? Second, is there a relationship between socio-demographic characteristics of foreclosed household and regaining homeownership? Third, where do homeowners who have lost their homes migrate? Finally, what characteristics of the neighborhood help foreclosed households recover? While previous studies have focused on the resilience of housing markets and regions, this study explores the link between regional characteristics and individual household recovery. The recovery of financially disadvantaged households is an important issue for communities and states. Identifying the mechanism that is responsible for household recovery has implications for implementing programs to aid household recovery. This study primarily relies on the 2005 -2019 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Since 2009, PSID has added survey questions about foreclosure; Whether a foreclosure process has begun, the year and month of the start, the result of the process, and whether a foreclosed home is a primary residence. The findings of this study suggest that the government's recovery assistance program should aim to support relocation to areas with lower poverty rates and higher job and educational opportunities. The final essay explores changes in short-term rentals resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. To identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study uses New York City's Airbnb listing data from Inside Airbnb (IA), as well as supplemental data such as American Community Survey (ACS) data. Change in the number of STRs is divided into (1) the number of units left the platform and (2) the number of new units. The former relates to the survival of existing STR units and, the latter to the location choice of new units. The results show that the impact of several variables on survival and generation mechanisms changed since the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the survival mechanism and the generation mechanism of short-term rentals are different, they should be considered separately in regulating the STR to stabilize local housing markets. / Doctor of Philosophy / Although research has been conducted on the housing crisis and recovery of the housing market, there are still unanswered questions from two aspects. First, have the individuals affected by the crisis recovered? Were the individual decisions in response to the crisis effective? Second, how has the new crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the housing market? Are different characteristics observed from previous housing crises? While the evidence is reported that the relationship between the new crisis and housing demand has changed, the impact of the pandemic on contemporary housing crises such as gentrification and reduced housing stock is unknown. This dissertation explores the trajectories of individual behavior in the housing market, using various data sources and methodologies. Of the three essays in this dissertation, the first two essays explore the behavior of individuals in response to the housing crisis and its consequences, and the final essay explores the impact of the pandemic on the short-term rental markets. The first essay investigates the economic outcomes of young people who return to their parental homes after periods of independent living using NLSY97 data. The second essay investigates the relationship between neighborhoods and the economic recovery of households using Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The third essay explores changes in the survival and generation mechanism of Airbnb units associated with the COVID-19 pandemic using New York City's Airbnb listing data. The results of each study commonly lead to the conclusion that housing affordability should be improved. It also suggests that more affordable housing should be provided in areas of greater opportunities. This dissertation ultimately contributes to identifying individuals at risk from external shocks and suggesting goals and strategies for a healthy housing market.

In India, issues of gender discrimination and female empowerment have become more prominent in the last several years. Elderly women, specifically widows, are often abandoned or not well cared for by family members and are typically marginalized within Indian society, vulnerable, and susceptible to poverty. This is an exploratory analysis with a research hypothesis asking, who are the caregivers of elderly widows? Statistics indicate that women may be taking on more of a care giving role with elderly widows which in turn may exacerbate the already existing issues of poverty and neglect for this population. The purpose of this study was to examine in more depth the factors related to living arrangements of elderly Indian widows using the NFHS-3 (2005-2006) data set. Quantitative methods of secondary data analysis and systematic literature review are employed in this research. sociological factors related to family self-reported living arrangement, age of widow, education, caste, socioeconomic level, religion, and geographic region were analyzed using data from the respondents identified as older widows (N=2,176). Findings indicate 78% report living alone or in non-familial households while 22% reported living in various familial constellations. The odds of living with a relative versus not living with a relative were found to be significant for three variables: age, religion Muslim, and region Northern. Living arrangements for elderly widows in Indian society are determined based on a complex system of logic embedded in a patrilineal descent, family convention, religion, and regional cultural practices. Understanding these complex factors is important in predicting the needs and available services for this population of vulnerable elderly women.

This study deals with the impact of industrialisation and urbanisation on the living conditions of aged men and women. By studying labour force participation, savings and pensions, the role of the family, and the extent of dependency of aged men and women from a gender and class perspective, continuities and changes between pre-industrial and industrial times are examined. The main focus is placed on the situation of elderly persons living in the town of Sundsvall between 1830 and 1930. This town became the commercial centre of one of the largest saw-mill districts in the world at the end of the nineteenth century. The residence patterns of old men and women in Sundsvall are also compared with those in two other Swedish industrialised urban areas; the capital Stockholm and the textile centre Norrköping. According to modernisation theorists, industrialisation and urbanisation led to an increase in dependency in old age, due to weakening family ties and unemployment. This study shows the complexity of the issue. It is true that some sources reveal a declining proportion of men participating in the labour force at the very end of the period of observation, but this was primarily due to the introduction of the national pension system in 1914. On the other hand, other records show a stability or even an increasing proportion of elderly men and women in the labour market. By contrast with previous studies of the residence patterns of aged persons, this dissertation shows a very high percentage of elderly women living alone in all three urban areas selected for study. However, this was not solely a sign of isolation, since the vast majority of those elderly living in households of their own had children residing in the vicinity. Furthermore, many old men and women shared households with their children, although this pattern was less common among the working class. The role of off-spring appears to have been important both in pre-industrial and industrial times. The residence patterns of the urban elderly were probably influenced by traditional rural living arrangements, to the extent that old couples and their married children often lived close to each other but usually maintained households of their own. Old parents and their adult children might have preferred to live in separate households instead of crowding in with each other. The unmarried elderly were probably most affected by the transformations taking place at the end of the nineteenth century. A considerable number of them migrated late in life, leaving all their relatives behind. Therefore, they became highly vulnerable. Unmarried men tended to be more exposed to the dangers of urban life. They probably experienced tougher working conditions, had weaker social networks, and could not manage on their own to the same extent as women. Therefore, a larger propor-tion of men than women ended up in the workhouse. / digitalisering@umu

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This study, located in the disciplines of human geography and demography, explores the socio-spatial boundaries encapsulating Britain’s Jewish population, particularly at micro-scales. It highlights and challenges key narratives of both Jewish and general interest relating to residential segregation, assimilation, partnership formation, exogamy and household living arrangements. It presents a critical exploration of the dual ethnic and religious components of Jewish identity, arguing that this ‘White’ group has become ethnically ‘invisible’ in British identity politics and, as a consequence, is largely overlooked. In addition, the key socio-demographic processes relating to Jewish partnership formation are addressed and a critical assessment of data pertaining to the decline of marriage, the rise of cohabitation and the vexed topic of Jewish exogamy, is presented. The analysis culminates by linking each of these issues to the micro-geographical scale of the household and develops a critical assessment of this key unit of Jewish (re)production. Jewish population change is contextualised within the framework of the second demographic transition. This deliberately quantitative study is designed to exploit a recent glut of data relating to Jews in Britain. It interrogates specially commissioned tables from Britain’s 2001 Census as well as four separate communal survey data sources. It highlights and challenges recent geographical critiques of quantitative methodologies by presenting a rigorous defence of quantification in post-‘cultural turn’ human geography. It emphasises the importance and relevance of this fruitful shift in geographical thought to quantitative methods and describes the role quantification can now play in the discipline. Above all, it synthesises two disparate sets of literature: one relating to geographical work on identity and segregation, and the other to work on the identity, demography and cultural practices of Jews. As a result, this thesis inserts the largely neglected ethno-religious Jewish case into the broader geographical literature whilst developing a critical quantitative spatial agenda for the study of Jews.

Comme dans la plupart des pays francophones d’Afrique Subsaharienne, la question du vieillissement ou la situation des personnes âgées ne sont pas encore d’actualité au Niger, principalement à cause de la jeunesse de sa population d’une part et d’un intérêt plus porté sur les enfants, les adolescents et les mères d’autre part. Pourtant le Niger fait face à une crise économique sans précédent qui peut avoir des conséquences néfastes sur les conditions de vie des personnes âgées. D’un côté, selon la coutume, la personne âgée (généralement grand parent) s’occupe principalement des petits enfants (orphelins ou non) qui lui sont confiés par leurs parents vivant dans la même localité ou ailleurs, ou qui sont décédés. De l’autre, l’absence d’un jeune adulte dans un ménage où vit au moins une personne âgée est considérée comme un phénomène social préoccupant dans les pays à forte prévalence de VIH/SIDA. Le Niger fait partie des pays où la proportion des personnes âgées vivant avec des petits enfants en l’absence de leurs parents adultes est la plus élevée. Cependant, malgré une forte mortalité adulte, l’absence de données fiables ne permet pas de le classer parmi les pays à forte mortalité adulte due au VIH/SIDA. La raison de cette situation est donc à chercher dans les différences individuelles et communautaires. Jusqu’au début des années 1990, la plupart des études sur les personnes âgées réalisées en Afrique Subsaharienne étaient basées sur les études qualitatives, tandis que les plus récentes sont faites à partir des données des recensements ou enquêtes sociodémoraphiques et économiques. Les conditions de vie des personnes âgées et les conséquences de la pauvreté et du VIH/SIDA sur celles-ci sont les principaux thèmes jusque-là couverts à l’aide des données existantes. Mais, il manque encore de données longitudinales essentielles à l’analyse de certains aspects du cycle de vie des personnes âgées. L’étude n’étant pas sociologique, c’est à l’aide de données démographiques quantitatives, plus précisément le recensement général de la population, que nous tenterons d’expliquer le phénomène sur une base exploratoire. L’analyse au niveau individuel a été faite à l’aide de la régression logistique sous STATA, tandis qu’au niveau contextuel, nous avons utilisé l’analyse multiniveau à l’aide du logiciel HLM (version 6.0). Les résultats indiquent que la vie en l’absence d’un jeune adulte et dans un ménage à génération coupée dépendent principalement du statut sociodémographique de la personne âgée au Niger. Par exemple, il ressort que le mariage avantage l’homme âgé, tandis que le veuvage l’isole plus que la femme âgée. Au niveau contextuel, ce sont les facteurs socioéconomiques qui influencent les conditions de vie des personnes âgées. L’étude montre, en effet, que le degré d’urbanisation d’une commune augmente le risque d’isolement d’une personne âgée qui y réside, alors que le niveau de pauvreté le réduit. Toutefois, nos résultats sont à prendre avec prudence parce qu’en premier lieu il n’existe pas d’études références sur le sujet tant au Niger que dans la sous-région d’Afrique francophone sahélienne. Ensuite, parce que le phénomène étudié pourrait être mesuré de plusieurs manières en fonction du contexte et des données disponibles, et que l’analyse approfondie des effets du statut matrimonial nécessiterait une plus grande connaissance du phénomène chez les personnes âgées. Enfin, compte tenu de la faible prévalence du VIH/SIDA au Niger, les principaux facteurs explicatifs de la vie dans un ménage à génération coupée (aussi bien pour les personnes âgées que pour les enfants) pourraient être le confiage des enfants ou la mortalité adulte due aux autres causes telles que le paludisme, la tuberculose et les maladies infectieuses. Toutefois, l’absence d’informations relatives à ces aspects dans les données utilisées n’a pas permis de les intégrer dans notre étude. Ainsi, compte tenu de la difficulté d’appréhender les contours du phénomène, les futurs programmes en faveur des personnes âgées au Niger et en Afrique Subsaharienne francophone doivent se baser sur des études concrètes relatives aux dimensions sociale et économique du phénomène. Mots clés : Niger - personnes âgées - conditions de vie - mode de vie - cohabitation intergénérationnelle - études comparatives - absence d’un jeune adulte - ménage à génération coupée - Afrique. / Niger, like many other countries in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, has a young population and the living arrangements of older people are not high on the list of priority issues for politicians and researchers. However, Niger is one of the poorest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and the ongoing economic crisis there can have adverse impacts on the welfare and alter the living arrangements of both old and young people. In many African societies like Niger, grandparents traditionally take care of grandchildren, and older people living in households with no younger adult present is not an unusual situation. At present, the living arrangements of the older population and orphans has attracted considerable attention especially in high HIV/AIDS prevalence countries where many younger adults have died. While HIV/AIDS is not yet a major problem in Niger, the proportion of older people who live with grandchildren in the absence of the middle generation (called the “skipped generation”) is nonetheless high – roughly the same level as that observed in some high HIV/AIDS prevalence countries in Africa. Many studies on older people in Sub-Saharan Africa were done in the 1990s, using qualitative approaches or cross-sectional survey data (appropriate longitudinal data generally lacking in Africa). The main topics examined by these studies have tended to be the living arrangements of older people in high HIV/AIDS contexts, and the poverty consequences of those living arrangements. In this study, we use quantitative data to examine the living arrangements of older people in Niger, focusing both on individual and contextual covariates. Census data provide our main source of data, and the large number of observations available allows us to examine a relatively large number of covariates and situations. Logistic regressions estimated with STATA are used to study individual determinants, and HLM (6.0 version) software is used for the multilevel (contextual) analysis. With respect to the determinants of living with no (younger) adult or in a skipped generation household, the results show that socio-demographic status of older people is the most important variable for explaining the large sex differences in living arrangements. Interestingly, married women are more likely to live in such a household, while after the death of a spouse, men instead appear to be disadvantaged. At the contextual level, the results show that the socioeconomic characteristics are the most important factors. Specifically, the risk of living without a younger adult or in a skipped generation household is explained is larger in more urban areas, and smaller in communities that are relatively more impoverished. Insofar as this is the first study to examine the issue in this part of Africa – the Francophone Sahel – no comparative results from nearby countries exist and the generality of our findings have yet to be confirmed. The living arrangements of older people can be measured in various ways, differing by context and availability of data, and a more detailed analysis, for example, of the effects of marital status requires a deep understanding of marriage among older people in the Nigeran context. Given the low prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Niger, the likely causes of the high prevalence of households in which older people live without the presence of a younger adult or in a skipped generation are high levels of adult mortality from other causes and child fostering practices. Unfortunately, information on these factors is largely missing from our data, making it impossible to directly examine their importance. Finally, given the difficulties of studying these issues with existing data, evidence-based policy and programs targeting the elderly must pay more attention to social and economic dimensions, often requiring the fielding of surveys targeting the elderly. Key words: Niger - Older people - living arrangements of older people – intergenerational living arrangement - comparative studies-living with no adult - skipped generation- Africa.

No description available.

本論文首先介紹臺灣老人的居住安排基本概況。接著，以交換理論與家庭價值觀，分析居住安排的轉換。同時，從經濟因素與需要因素的推拉作用以及家庭價值觀與交換理論，分析老人「移與子女居」和「子女回居」。再接著，應用相同樣本探討年歲增長與居住安排的關係，分析一群老人從初老經過中老到老老三個階段的居住安排。最後，以人與環境一致模式、基本生活需求滿足假說，分析老人居住安排滿意與否的改變。 以往討論老人居住安排的轉換，大多以家庭價值觀解釋，強調感情因素，當老人有最大需要時，例如，健康惡化或從有偶變成無偶，更可能發生轉換為與子女同住。但現代化社會，經濟因素轉趨重要，可能需要以交換理論補強。因此，本論文使用我國行政院衛生署與密西根大學合作之「臺灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查」縱斷面調查資料，進行老人居住安排轉換的分析研究，觀察居住安排轉換行為，以檢視這兩種觀點對於居住安排轉換的解釋力。又，以往的相關研究大多以靜態變數為解釋變數，本論文貢獻主要在於以動態的變數－相關變數前後期的變化－為解釋變數，檢視其對老人居住安排轉換的影響。結果發現：以家庭價值觀或以交換理論解釋老人居住安排的轉換，都獲得部分支持；但沒有足夠的證據支持健康惡化或從有偶變無偶是影響老人轉換為與子女同住的關鍵因素；相反地，與交換理論相關的重大經濟決策權的改變變得比較重要，造成更可能發生轉換為不與子女同住或與子女同住。隱含著家庭價值觀對老人居住安排轉換的影響逐漸式微，而交換理論的影響力則越來越強，可彌補以家庭價值觀解釋之不足。 本論文亦使用縱斷面調查資料，以相關變數前後期的變化為解釋變數，檢視臺灣老人從不與子女同住變成「移與子女居」及「子女回居」的影響因素。結果隱含老人正向經濟因素的轉變更可能發生「子女回居」，需要因素及負向經濟因素的轉變則更可能發生「移與子女居」，而且沒有證據足認健康狀況轉差是影響轉換為與子女同住的關鍵因素。 有別於以往許多老人居住安排的文獻常將65歲以上的人當作一個群體，或有的橫斷面研究使用不同樣本，抑或即使以縱斷面研究亦使用不同樣本，進行老化研究，本論文利用相同樣本縱斷面研究分析老年人在初老、中老、老老階段的居住安排，回答「隨著年齡的增長，老人與子女共住的比例是呈U型或直線下降的關係？」、「老化對居住安排有何影響？」的問題。研究結果顯示隨著年齡的增長，老人與子女共住的比例呈直線下降。本論文發現一些因素在某階段有顯著影響，而在其他階段未發現有顯著影響，此即與老化有關；除此，對三個階段的居住安排均發生顯著影響的因素，其影響程度亦隨著年齡的增長而有不同，均為預測老人各階段居住安排決定的良好指標。 本論文為檢視究竟何因素影響老人居住安排滿意與否之改變，使用縱斷面調查資料，應用人與環境一致和基本生活需求滿足之理論基礎，以動態的變數－相關變數前後期的改變－為解釋變數，檢視其影響。結果發現：以人與環境一致或基本生活需求滿足，解釋居住安排滿意與否之改變，都獲得部分支持，同時，「愛屋及烏」假說亦獲得支持。顯示居住安排滿意與否之改變，主要歸因於環境與個體間之一致及合適與否。 總結而言，老人隨著年歲增長，居住安排從滿意變為不滿意者的比例增加，健康狀況亦呈直線下降，但不與子女同住的比例遞增，與子女同住的居住安排則呈直線下降，許多影響因素已顯示老人由家庭照護的傳統價值日漸式微。無論老人採行何種居住安排，理應以提高居住安排滿意度，提昇老人福祉為依歸。此際，除了由政府提出有效對策以為改善之外，老人宜自求多福，例如，改善居住環境、移居良好醫療環境，家庭重大決策放手由子女承擔，多多參與社交性或拜訪親友、鄰居的活動，快樂邁向成功老化。 / This dissertation, firstly, introduces the basic overview of living arrangements of the elderly in Taiwan. Then, it analyzes the transitions in living arrangements among elderly of family values and exchange theory, meanwhile, it also analyzes “moving to be with children” and “returning to the nest” from needs factors and economic factors as well as family values and exchange theory. Then, it uses a panel study to examine the living arrangements of young-old, old-old, and oldest-old. Finally, it applies a theoretical basis of person-environment congruence and basic-needs content to analyze the changes in satisfaction with living arrangements of the elderly. The value placed on family was often used to explain the influence on living arrangements transitions in previous literature. Yet economic factors have become important in modern society, therefore we need to use exchange theory to strengthen the explanation on transitions. This dissertation, therefore, attempts to compare these two explanations through analyzing transitions, and to examine the effects of these two viewpoints on transitions. Using a longitudinal data source, the Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan, produced by the Department of Health (Taiwan) and the University of Michigan, a binomial logit model is used to observe the behavior of transitions. The contribution of this dissertation mainly lies in taking the dynamic variables, the changes of related variables between baseline and follow-up, as independent variables to examine the influence on the transitions. Empirical results show that both family value and exchange theory cause the living arrangements transitions, but lack evidence to prove that a senior’s health deterioration or the loss of a spouse was the major determinant of the transition to live with children. Contrarily, transitions of living arrangements are more likely to occur when a senior changes her/his role as the economic decision-maker into the non economic decision-maker of the household or vice versa. That implies the influence of family values on transitions is decreasing, and the influence of exchange theory is increasing. This dissertation also uses a longitudinal data source and takes the changes of related variables between baseline and follow-up as independent variables to examine what factors are associated with “moving to be with children” and “returning to the nest” among those living apart from children at baseline of Taiwanese seniors. Empirical results imply that “returning to the nest” is more likely to occur when a senior’s positive economic factors are changed; while “moving to be with children” is more likely to occur when a senior’s needs factors and negative economic factors are changed, and lacking evidence to prove that health deterioration was the major determinant of the transition to live with children. Most previous research on elderly living arrangements examined all people aged 65 and over as a whole. Some cross-sectional studies on aging employed different samples, as did some longitudinal studies. This dissertation examines the living arrangements of young-old, old-old, and oldest-old in Taiwan. A panel study was used to answer the following questions: Is the proportion of coresidence with increased age U-shaped or decreased linearly? What influence does aging have on living arrangements? Analytical results show that the proportion of coresidence decreased linearly among the same samples for the young-old, old-old, and oldest-old. Empirical results show that some factors were significant at some stages, while not significant at other stages, that is, they were affected by aging. Additionally, some factors related to living arrangements for all three age groups, and their effects differed with increased age. All of them are good indicators in predicting the determinants of elderly living arrangements for the three groups. This dissertation also uses a longitudinal data source, applies a theoretical basis of person-environment congruence and basic-needs content, and takes the dynamic variables, the changes in related variables between the baseline and follow-up, as independent variables to examine the determinants of changes in satisfaction with living arrangements of the elderly. Empirical results indicate that both person-environment congruence and basic-needs content partially cause changes in satisfaction with living arrangements, and the “love me, love my dog” hypothesis is also fulfilled. This dissertation suggests that changes in satisfaction with living arrangements are mainly attributed to the congruence or fit between the environment and the individual. Summarily, the proportion of dissatisfaction with living arrangements increases as age increases, the condition of health worsened linearly and the proportion of living with children is decreased with increased age, many factors have been implied the influence of traditional values on family care is decreasing. No matter what kind of living arrangement the elderly adopted, they should improve the living arrangement satisfaction, and enhance the welfare. At this time, beyond the improvements through effective measures of the government, the elderly should fend for themselves by improving the living environment, moving to a good medical environment, transferring the power of decision-making to children, and more involving in sociability or visiting relatives, friends and neighbors. And then they achieve successful aging happily.