O presente estudo preocupa-se em compreender a importância do Sistema de Espaços Livres Públicos SELP na estruturação do ambiente urbano e seu potencial para valorização do sentido público. Centra sua análise em área de urbanização consolidada e tem como objetivo caracterizar as principais atribuições do sistema a serem consideradas no processo de elaboração de políticas públicas e de sua contribuição ao planejamento urbano local; simultaneamente salienta a pertinência de convergir as preocupações ambientais com as políticas de valorização do espaço livre. Importante elemento de análise é a forma de estruturação do SELP no contexto do desenvolvimento urbano do Município de São Paulo e a legislação urbanística pertinente, para verificar como o Plano Diretor Estratégico do Município, aprovado em 2002, avança nessas questões. O estudo de caso a Subprefeitura de Vila Maria / Vila Guilherme na região nordeste do Município - busca estruturar um processo de análise que possa ser reproduzido em outros territórios buscando destacar conflitos e potencialidades sugeridos pela análise do SELP e compreender como a interação entre plano e gestão tem ocorrido no período recente. / The present work focuses in the importance of the Public Open Space System (or SELP Sistema de Espaços Livres Públicos) on structuring the urban environment and its potential on valuating the public sense. Based on a consolidated area, the analysis objective is to characterize the main attributions of the system in order to develop urban public politics, and contribute to the local planning. Therefore, it emphasizes the importance of environmental issues combined to urban politics that valuate the open spaces. The Public Open Space System structuring is an important element for the analysis of the urban development of São Paulo city, besides its legislation, to verify how the Strategic Urban Plan approved in 2002 deals with these issues. The study case is Vila Maria/ Vila Guilherme administrative unit, located at the northeast portion of São Paulo - its process analysis intends to create a method to be applied in order portions of the territory, emphasizing conflicts and potentials suggested by the SELP analysis, and comprehending how the urban plan and public management interact in recent time.

O presente estudo preocupa-se em compreender a importância do Sistema de Espaços Livres Públicos SELP na estruturação do ambiente urbano e seu potencial para valorização do sentido público. Centra sua análise em área de urbanização consolidada e tem como objetivo caracterizar as principais atribuições do sistema a serem consideradas no processo de elaboração de políticas públicas e de sua contribuição ao planejamento urbano local; simultaneamente salienta a pertinência de convergir as preocupações ambientais com as políticas de valorização do espaço livre. Importante elemento de análise é a forma de estruturação do SELP no contexto do desenvolvimento urbano do Município de São Paulo e a legislação urbanística pertinente, para verificar como o Plano Diretor Estratégico do Município, aprovado em 2002, avança nessas questões. O estudo de caso a Subprefeitura de Vila Maria / Vila Guilherme na região nordeste do Município - busca estruturar um processo de análise que possa ser reproduzido em outros territórios buscando destacar conflitos e potencialidades sugeridos pela análise do SELP e compreender como a interação entre plano e gestão tem ocorrido no período recente. / The present work focuses in the importance of the Public Open Space System (or SELP Sistema de Espaços Livres Públicos) on structuring the urban environment and its potential on valuating the public sense. Based on a consolidated area, the analysis objective is to characterize the main attributions of the system in order to develop urban public politics, and contribute to the local planning. Therefore, it emphasizes the importance of environmental issues combined to urban politics that valuate the open spaces. The Public Open Space System structuring is an important element for the analysis of the urban development of São Paulo city, besides its legislation, to verify how the Strategic Urban Plan approved in 2002 deals with these issues. The study case is Vila Maria/ Vila Guilherme administrative unit, located at the northeast portion of São Paulo - its process analysis intends to create a method to be applied in order portions of the territory, emphasizing conflicts and potentials suggested by the SELP analysis, and comprehending how the urban plan and public management interact in recent time.

A prática atual em planejamento urbano, bem como os elementos de sua política, não têm garantido a viabilidade ambiental das ações tomadas no processo de ocupação e modificação do território, limitando as ações propostas à mitigação de problemas que muitas vezes não atentam para suas raízes, e distanciando-se de uma abordagem pró-ativa de intervenção na realidade, ao aceitar as relações estabelecidas. A legislação brasileira têm atribuído ao planejamento local grande papel na definição destas ações, com grande parte desta responsabilidade atribuída aos municípios. O processo de gestão ambiental deve fornecer subsídios e avaliar a viabilidade de planos de desenvolvimento urbano, por serem estes guias de ações potencialmente impactantes. O presente trabalho parte da colocação de critérios ambientais a serem considerados no planejamento municipal, e da proposição da integração de instrumentos ambientais e urbanos visando atingir tais critérios. Em um segundo momento, analisa de que forma são ou não considerados critérios ambientais no estudo de caso do projeto de lei do plano diretor de São Carlos. Uma ilustração de como deveria ser balizado o planejamento municipal através de critérios e instrumentos ambientais é colocada no exemplo prático apresentado. Chega-se à conclusão de que podem existir grandes riscos ambientais às cidades pois não se garante a viabilidade ambiental através da implantação dos instrumentos colocados pelo estatuto da cidade, o que pôde ser observado no plano tido como estudo de caso, que em muito se assemelha a objetivos e propostas de outros planos diretores desenvolvidos para as cidades médias. / Urban planning and politics nowadays have not assured the environmental viability of occupation and transformation of territory process, limiting the proposals to problem mitigation, not attempting to its real causes, and not taking a pro-active approach in these interventions, accepting the existing relations. Brazilian laws give local planning an important role in the definition of these actions, with great part of this responsability lied on the cities. The environmental management process should provide information to the analysis of the viability of urban development plans, cause they are important guides to environmental impacts. The present work shows some environmental criteria to be considered in urban planning, and propose an articulation of environmental and urban planning instruments to reach these criteria. The case study analyses the environmental viability of the master city plan project to São Carlos city, attempting to these criteria and instruments. An illustration to environmental urban planning is shown in a project as an example. The conclusion shows that there are several environmental risks to cities because the existing laws and instruments do not guarantee environmental viability of cities. This could be analysed in the São Carlos master city plan, and can be recognized in other master city plans to medium cities.

A prática atual em planejamento urbano, bem como os elementos de sua política, não têm garantido a viabilidade ambiental das ações tomadas no processo de ocupação e modificação do território, limitando as ações propostas à mitigação de problemas que muitas vezes não atentam para suas raízes, e distanciando-se de uma abordagem pró-ativa de intervenção na realidade, ao aceitar as relações estabelecidas. A legislação brasileira têm atribuído ao planejamento local grande papel na definição destas ações, com grande parte desta responsabilidade atribuída aos municípios. O processo de gestão ambiental deve fornecer subsídios e avaliar a viabilidade de planos de desenvolvimento urbano, por serem estes guias de ações potencialmente impactantes. O presente trabalho parte da colocação de critérios ambientais a serem considerados no planejamento municipal, e da proposição da integração de instrumentos ambientais e urbanos visando atingir tais critérios. Em um segundo momento, analisa de que forma são ou não considerados critérios ambientais no estudo de caso do projeto de lei do plano diretor de São Carlos. Uma ilustração de como deveria ser balizado o planejamento municipal através de critérios e instrumentos ambientais é colocada no exemplo prático apresentado. Chega-se à conclusão de que podem existir grandes riscos ambientais às cidades pois não se garante a viabilidade ambiental através da implantação dos instrumentos colocados pelo estatuto da cidade, o que pôde ser observado no plano tido como estudo de caso, que em muito se assemelha a objetivos e propostas de outros planos diretores desenvolvidos para as cidades médias. / Urban planning and politics nowadays have not assured the environmental viability of occupation and transformation of territory process, limiting the proposals to problem mitigation, not attempting to its real causes, and not taking a pro-active approach in these interventions, accepting the existing relations. Brazilian laws give local planning an important role in the definition of these actions, with great part of this responsability lied on the cities. The environmental management process should provide information to the analysis of the viability of urban development plans, cause they are important guides to environmental impacts. The present work shows some environmental criteria to be considered in urban planning, and propose an articulation of environmental and urban planning instruments to reach these criteria. The case study analyses the environmental viability of the master city plan project to São Carlos city, attempting to these criteria and instruments. An illustration to environmental urban planning is shown in a project as an example. The conclusion shows that there are several environmental risks to cities because the existing laws and instruments do not guarantee environmental viability of cities. This could be analysed in the São Carlos master city plan, and can be recognized in other master city plans to medium cities.

The thesis is looking into development of Staré Hobzí village, which is consisted of five country residences (Staré Hobzí, Nové Hobzí, Vnorovice, Nové Dvory, Janov), specifically into drawing up a proposal of Village Renewal Programme. The introduction includes brief characteristic of the village environment in relation to territorial and local development, as well as analysis of the village literature and development materials. In the next part it gathers suggestions for the next development of the country residences, which were gained from the development materials, conversation with local experts, as well as from asking local inhabitants (extensive survey) and from personal terrain research of the residences and surrounding territory. The thesis proceeds to a proposal of structured system of activities of the Staré Hobzí Village Renewal Programme, which includes activities that support cultural and sports life, entrepreneurship, maintenance and reconstruction of buildings and public areas, completion of the technical infrastructure, and supporting the village cooperation with other villages.

Much academic research has studied the factors that increase adoption of online government services. However, the study areas have generally been relatively simple transactional environments focussed on specific consumer roles, and where "the computer can decide". However, this is not representative of all government services: many off-line services involve multiple government organisations or departments. Some services are used by a large range of different stakeholders who have different expectations and experiences of the administrative process concerned. Some require non-numeric elements to process the transaction. Some even involve humans to make a decision. All of these factors increase the complexity of supporting such services online and there is little literature either in the areas of stakeholder theory or technology adoption that examines how such services can be successfully deployed. This research addresses this void in the literature through an exploratory case study of the online planning application service in the UK as provided by the Planning Portal. A mixed methodology, both multi-phase and emergent, has been used to gather and analyse both qualitative and quantitative data to investigate how a single online service can successfully support a wide range of different stakeholders, what factors impact on uptake amongst those diverse stakeholder groups and how the service manages its relationships with stakeholders to ensure all are supported by the service. The pivotal complexities added by visual elements in the planning application and determination process, and by the central-local government interaction that is integral to the online planning service, are explored. The findings suggest that such a complex service can be very successful, but there are barriers outside the service provider's control that may ultimately affect the full provision of an end-to-end online service. Quantitative findings also suggest that there are factors other than those in the current models of technology adoption that may affect a more subjective and visually dependent service. This novel study of a distinctively complex and visual service provides insights that will be, and have already been, of use to real-world practitioners in supporting and developing complex online services.

L'évaluation environnementale est un processus contraignant et dédié qui s’inscrit dans une dynamique environnementale affectant le droit local de l’urbanisme depuis plusieurs décennies (de la prise en compte des préoccupations d’environnement à l’intégration de l’environnement au sein des documents d’urbanisme). L’évaluation environnementale constitue un outil d'intégration de l’environnement pour les plans locaux d’urbanisme. De façon complémentaire, l’évaluation environnementale est un vecteur de transformation du plan local d’urbanisme. Elle nourrit d'une valeur ajoutée environnementale ses mécanismes (gouvernance, caractères et contrôle), tout en commandant un renouvellement de sa méthodologie. L’évaluation environnementale porte également transformation de la nature du plan local d’urbanisme, quant à ses sources et ses finalités. Ainsi, la transformation du plan local d’urbanisme évalué exprime le mouvement plus général d'enrichissement des sources d’un droit de l'urbanisme poreux à la thématique environnementale / Environmental assessment is a constraining and dedicated process that falls within an environmental dynamics. This environmental dynamics impacts planning law for several decades, from the insertion of environmental concerns to the integration of environment into local planning. Environmental assessment is a tool for integrating environmental concerns into local planning. Complementarily, environmental assessment is a vector of transformation of local planning that fuels its mechanisms (governance, characteristics, and control) with an environmental added value, while imposing a renewal of its methodology. Environmental assessment also transforms the very nature of local planning, as for its sources and purposes. Thus, the transformation of local planning submitted to environmental assessment expresses the broader movement of enrichment of the sources of planning law, now open to the environment thematic

Detta examensarbete undersöker tidsåtgången av två skilda planprocesser. Det ena projektet beläget i Sverige och det andra i Tyskland. Anledningen till att jämförelsen gjordes med Tyskland är på grund av deras paragraf 34. Paragrafen innebär att nybyggnation kan ske utanför ett detaljplanerat område inom tätort och har på senare tid varit omtalad i svensk media. Byggbolagen i Sverige anser idag att det är en omständlig process från projektidé till byggstart och begär en förändring i planprocessen för att kunna påskynda byggandet. Befolkningen växer i framför allt storstäderna och det byggs för få bostäder för att kunna tillgodose efterfrågan. En av de bidragande orsakerna till att det byggs för lite är en allt för långt utdragen planprocess. Undersökningen av planprocessen för de två projekt i denna rapport har utförts genom analys av deras respektive detaljplaner. Dessutom genomfördes intervjuer med Sveriges Byggindustrier(BI), Sveriges kommuner och landsting(SKL) och NCC för att erhålla deras bild av den svenska planprocessen. Resultatet visade att planprocessen var 1,9 år längre i Sverige och att det skiljde sig mellan de två projektens planförfaranden. Programskedet tog längst tid i Sverige och i Tyskland tog programskedet och samrådet lika lång tid. Undersökningen visade också att slutpriset för två likartade husprojekt i respektive land skiljde sig med cirka 51 % billigare pris för det tyska projektet. Till detta kan det påpekas att byggprisindex är lägre i Tyskland och de har en effektivare produktutveckling, som är ett led i en snabbare planprocess. Vid en kortare planprocess kan kapitalkostnaden minskas och ur kundens perspektiv innebär det att slutpriset kan sänkas. Det finns flera orsaker till varför bostadsbyggandet inte flyter på trots den rådande bostadsbristen. Ett är att det tar för lång tid i hanteringen kring dokumentation av handlingar i de olika skedena i planprocessen. Därutöver tar överklagandeprocessen en lång tid och ett förslag är att färre instanser skulle påskynda processen. Vidare rekommenderas tydligare riktlinjer i PBL, slopande av kommunala särkrav och att inte detaljplanera mer än nödvändigt. Det behövs en förändring av den svenska planprocessen för att påskynda bostadsbyggandet. Färre instanser under överklagandeprocessen, bättre riktlinjer i PBL och tydligare hantering i kommuner, införande av en mer enhetlig regeluppsättning över hela Sverige och att inte detaljplanera om det inte är nödvändigt. Dessa rekommendationer skulle förbättra den svenska planprocessen. / This thesis examines time and cost consumption under two different planning processes. One project located in Sweden and the other in Germany. The main reason why the comparison was done in relation to Germany is because of an article on paragraph 34.This paragraph has recently been in Swedish media and construction companies in Sweden are requesting a change in the planning process to make it easier and faster to build houses. The population is growing, especially in the larger cities and the buildings fail to meet the demands required by the city. The main reason being that they build far too few homes because of an inefficient planning process. The planning process for these two projects has been carried out through analysis of their planning documents. In addition, interviews were conducted with the Swedish Construction Organization, Sweden's municipalities and NCC to obtain their view on how the Swedish planning process works. The results showed that the planning process was 1.9 years longer in Sweden. The program period took the longest time in Sweden and in Germany the program period and the consultation period took equal time. The investigation revealed that the final price to the customer is about 51% less in Germany. Furthermore, the construction price index is lower in Germany and they have a more efficient product development. With a shorter planning process the cost of capital can be reduced and from the customer's perspective, this means that the final price can be lowered. There are many reasons as to why the buildings aren't meeting the demands despite the housing shortage. One of them is that it takes too long in the handling of documentations in the different stages of the planning process. In addition, the process of appeal takes a very long a time and one suggestion is that a fewer instances would hurry up the planning process. Further recommendations would be that the guidelines in the regulations should be clearer and easier to follow and not to plan in detail more than necessarily. The Swedish planning process needs to change to accelerate the housing construction. Fewer instances during the appeal process, better guidelines in PBL and clearer management in municipalities, create a more uniform set of rules across Sweden and no detailed plan if it is not necessary. These recommendations would improve the Swedish planning process.

Geografiska informationssystem (GIS) kan bistå välgrundade beslut inom planering genom att visualisera och analysera data men mänskliga och organisatoriska faktorer orsakar tröghet för ökad tillämpning av verktyget. Trögheten kan motarbetas genom att kartlägga tjänstepersoners acceptans av verktyget och identifiera hur olika faktorer påverkar acceptansen. Denna studie undersöker acceptansen av GIS inom detaljplanering hos tjänstepersoner genom intervjuer i två svenska kommuner. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) har använts och utökats för att lämpa sig bättre i en kommunal kontext genom att inkludera organisationsstrukturens påverkan på individernas acceptans. Resultaten identifierar bristande kunskap och intresse samt otillräcklig styrning och incitament som hinder för utökad tillämpning. Individuellt engagemang, utbildning bekostat av kommunen samt starka normer för ökad acceptans identifieras som möjligheter, och rollfördelning fastslås kunna utgöra både hinder och möjligheter för ökad tillämpning. Genom att uppmärksamma och bearbeta dessa hinder och möjligheter främjas ökad acceptans för mer avancerade analyser och visualiseringar i detaljplanering. / Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can facilitate informed decision-making in planning by visualizing and analyzing data. However, inertia for increased application of GIS persists due to human and organizational factors. Therefore, this study researches the acceptance of GIS among civil servants in local planning through interviews in two Swedish municipalities. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has been utilized and adapted to better suit the municipal context by considering the influence of organizational structure on individuals' acceptance. The findings reveal barriers to increased application, such as lack of knowledge and interest, inadequate governance, and insufficient incentives. On the other hand, opportunities for increased acceptance include individual commitment, municipality-funded training, and compelling social norms. Role allocation is identified as both an obstacle and an opportunity for increased application. By addressing and leveraging these obstacles and opportunities, increased acceptance can be promoted for more advanced analysis and visualization in local planning.

This thesis project is part of an internship at Visual Behavior. The company aims at producing computer vision models for robotics, helping the machine to better understand the world through the camera eye. The image holds many features that deep learning models are able to extract: navigable area, depth inference and object detection. Example of recent advances are the RAFTstereo model [1] to infer or refine depth features from stereo images, or the end-to-end Object detection model DETR [2]. The field of autonomous navigation can then benefit from these advanced features to propose better path planning methods. In particular, to help the deployment of ground robots in human crowded environments, the robots behavior must not only be safe but it must also look smart so as to inspire trust. This thesis proposes a local path planner based on the Dynamic Window Approach [3] using a scoring function inspired from the Velocity Obstacle method [4] so as to benefit from the flexibility of the first and the long-term anticipation of the second. The proposed method can induce a smart behavior by setting the robot on safe tracks from a long time horizon without increasing the time to reach a positional goal, compared to a closer-ranged strategy inspired from the DW4DO method [5]. This improves the robot’s ability to deal with several moving obstacles and to avoid engaging in already occupied corridors. The code produced in this thesis uses ROS and the gazebo simulator and is available in the following git page https://github.com/FloCoic oi/fc_thesis along with the minimal instructions to run the install and get started to quickly run a demo. / Detta examensarbete är en del av en praktik på Visual Behavior. Företaget har som mål att ta fram modeller för datorseende för robotar som hjälper maskinen att bättre förstå världen genom kamerans öga. Bilden innehåller många egenskaper som modeller för djupinlärning kan extrahera: navigerbart område, djupinferens och objektsdetektering. Exempel på nya framsteg är RAFT-stereo-modellen [1] för att härleda eller förfina djupegenskaper från stereobilder, eller ”end-to-end” objektdetektering modellen DETR [2]. Inom området autonom navigering kan man sedan dra nytta av dessa avancerade funktioner för att föreslå bättre metoder för vägplanering. För att underlätta användningen av markrobotar i miljöer med mycket människor måste robotarnas beteende inte bara vara säkert utan också se smart ut så att de väcker förtroende. I den här avhandlingen föreslås en lokal vägplanerare som bygger på Dynamic Window Approach [3] och som använder en poängfunktion inspirerad av Velocity Obstacle metoden [4] för att dra nytta av flexibiliteten hos den första metoden och den långsiktiga förutsebarheten hos den andra. Den föreslagna metoden kan framkalla ett smart beteende genom att sätta roboten på säkra spår på lång sikt utan att öka tiden för att nå ett positionsmål, jämfört med en strategi med närmare avstånd som inspirerats av DW4DOmetoden [5]. Detta förbättrar robotens förmåga att hantera flera rörliga hinder och att undvika att gå in i redan upptagna korridorer. Koden som produceras i denna avhandling använder ROS och gazebosimulatorn och finns tillgänglig på följande git-sida https://github.c om/FloCoicoi/fc_thesis tillsammans med minimala instruktioner för att köra installationen och komma igång för att snabbt köra en demo.