Diversity structures (e.g. diversity trainings) have been implemented in companies to bring awareness to discrimination and promote equality (Shen, Chanda, D’Netto, & Monga, 2009). However, previous research has shown that diversity structures can act as legitimizing cues and can threaten the authenticity of claims of discrimination made by low-status groups (Dover, Major, & Kaiser, 2012). Ironically, high-status group are typically threatened by pro-diversity organizational messages (Dover, Major & Kaiser, 2015). Could diversity structures meant to help minorities make it more likely that high-status groups are more likely to believe bias claims from an in-group member? In Study 1, White participants were randomly assigned to read a description of a company that had a diversity training versus regular employee training, then read a claim of discrimination made by a White employee. They also completed a measure of White group identification. There was a significant interaction (Condition X GID), which suggested that when participants in the control condition identified more with their in-group, the more believable they found the claim of discrimination to be. The unexpected but interesting result could be due to the fact participants in the diversity condition withdrew their support of the White claimant because they did not want to appear racist or felt that the White claimant was acting as a bad in-group member. A replication of the Study 1 with the additional measures, group level social cost and individual level social cost was conducted, and the results did not replicate. However, exploratory mediation analyses revealed group level social cost served as a significant mediator for the relationship between GID and claim believability, perceptions of diversity structures and perceptions of policy changes while individual social cost did not. Implications for diversity structures, GID and future research directions are discussed.

This paper explores issues of the work stress of Czech employees using the data from Quality of working life survey conducted in Sociological institute of Czech Academy of science in 2014. However work stress is generally seen as a serious problem, employers in the Czech Republic do not take it enough into account yet. The aim of this paper is to define groups of employees which are the most endangered by work stress, sources of stress (stressors) and explore the relationship between work stress and life satisfaction with special focus on employee status. As a theoretical background, we use the theory of spillover (transmission between life spheres), theories of high status stress and low status stress and balance models of work stress (namely Job demands-control model and Effort- reward imbalance model). Apart of work demands, overtime work, low social support and negative phenomenon as well as monotonous and unattractive job content and poor job security were identified as important stressors. As the most endangered group were identified those who have lower employee status, high level of stress and also lower satisfaction in all studied aspects of life. Situation of this group can be seen as a serious social problem. All identified stressors occur in this group together with other unfavourable...

Städare kan anses vara ett yrke av låg status med fysiskt krävande arbetsuppgifter, låg lön och en utsatthet för kemikalier. Det är viktigt med motiverade städare framför allt inom vården eftersom god renhållning minskar smittspridning. Denna problematik gör att det är intressant att undersöka vad som motiverar städare och hur de upplever yrkets status. Syftet med studien är att utifrån städares upplevelser undersöka hur yrkesstatus påverkar deras motivation i arbetslivet samt om det finns skillnader i upplevd motivation beroende av ålder. Studien grundas i ett fenomenologiskt förhållningssätt och en kvalitativ undersökning har gjorts. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts på en heterogen grupp städare som arbetar i vårdlokaler. Tidigare forskning visar att städare anses ha låg status i samhället, minimala utvecklingsmöjligheter och låga ambitioner till att utvecklas. Motivationsnivån hos städare är dock viktig, då motiverade städare arbetar mer noggrant och på så vis kan minska smittspridning. Viktiga motivationsfaktorer som anges är lön, sociala relationer och utvecklingsmöjligheter. Tidigare studier har inte sett till städarnas ålder och inte heller deras egen upplevelse av yrkesstatus. Motivationsfaktorer som städarna i studien anger är viktiga för den upplevda motivationen är sociala relationer och feedback från chef och kunder. Upplevelsen av motivation skiljer sig beroende av städarens ålder. Yngre respondenter är mer benägna till att vilja utvecklas än de äldre. Samtliga upplever hög trivsel i sin yrkesroll och anser inte att yrkets status påverkar deras motivation i arbetet. / Cleaners can be considered a profession of low status with physically demanding duties, low wages and exposure to chemicals. Motivated cleaners are important, especially in health care, as good cleaning reduces the spread of infection. This problem makes it interesting to investigate what motivates cleaners and how they experiencing the status of the profession. The purpose of the study is to examine how status affects cleaners motivation in working life and whether there are differences in perceived motivation depending on age. The study is based on a phenomenological approach and a qualitative study has been conducted. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted on a heterogeneous group of cleaners working in health care. Previous research shows that cleaners are considered to have low status in society, minimal development opportunities and low ambitions to develop. However, the level of motivation in cleaners is important, as motivated cleaners work more carefully and thus can reduce the spread of infection. Important motivational factors that are mentioned are salary, social relationships and development opportunities. Previous studies have not examined the age of the cleaners, nor their own experience of professional status. Motivation factors that the cleaners in the study indicate are important for the perceived motivation are social relationships and feedback from the manager and customers. The experience of motivation differs depending on the age of the cleaner. Younger respondents are more likely to want to develop than the older ones. All of the cleaners experience high job satisfaction in their professional role and do not consider that the status of the profession affects their motivation at work.

Ce travail de recherche est consacré à la différenciation individuelle (DI), une notion présente dans trois champs de recherche : l’identité, l’individualisme/collectivisme et la variabilité perçue dans les groupes. Avec des approches contrastées, ces trois courants ne situent pas la DI au même niveau d’analyse et adoptent des méthodologies différentes. En outre, dans ces travaux, la DI n’a qu’une place périphérique. Par conséquent, on ne sait pas exactement ce qu’elle recouvre. L’objectif de ce travail est d’approfondir le contenu théorique de la DI et de l’opérationnaliser plus précisément. Afin de comparer les méthodologies existantes, nous avons utilisé trois mesures de la DI. Une échelle générale et décontextualisée, des échelles spécifiques, contextualisées séparément et une mesure implicite fondée sur des descriptions de soi et d’autrui. L’impact du statut socioprofessionnel, du genre, du contexte et de l’ordre des descriptions dans la mesure implicite ont été examinés auprès d’une population de professionnels, agents de service et avocats. Les résultats montrent un fort impact des variables positionnelles sur la DI. Le contexte et l’ordre des descriptions ont également induit d’importantes variations. Cette recherche permet de mieux délimiter l’approche de la DI et d’étayer sa définition. La DI correspond à une norme socioculturelle induisant deux conséquences : la perception d’unicité et la recherche de différence, repérable dans les stratégies de présentation de soi. L’utilisation de mesures complémentaires semble indispensable car ces deux effets sont approchés par des mesures différentes, la mesure générale et la mesure implicite, respectivement. Sur ces deux mesures, la DI est plus importante dans les groupes dominants. Les échelles spécifiques correspondent à une mesure explicite qui produit des résultats inversés : davantage de DI dans les groupes dominés. Ce type de mesure révèle un refus des images respectives associées aux groupes dominants et dominés. Elle permet de comprendre que dans la vie quotidienne, la DI engendre de nombreux paradoxes par rapport aux besoins de conformité et d’affiliation groupale. Cette mesure reflète la gestion des contradictions induites par la DI aux plans identitaire et normatif. / The present dissertation is devoted to individual differentiation (ID), a notion that is present in three fields of research: identity, individualism/collectivism and perceived group variability. These three approaches do not consider ID at the same level of analysis and use different methods. Moreover, ID only has a peripheral place. Consequently, we do not know exactly what this notion covers. This work intended to develop the theoretical content of ID and operationalize it more precisely. With the aim to compare the existing methods, we used three measures of ID. A general and decontextualized scale, specific scales, separately contextualized and an implicit measure based on self and others descriptions. The impact of socio-professional status, gender, context and order of descriptions in the implicit measure were estimated within a population of cleaners and lawyers. Results showed a strong effect of status variables on ID. Important variations induced by context and order of descriptions were also observed. This research enabled to delimit ID approach and to develop its definition. ID refers to a socio-cultural norm that brings about two consequences: perception of uniqueness and quest of difference, located in self presentation strategies. The use of complementary measures appears necessary since these two effects are reached by different measures, general measure and implicit measure respectively. With these two measures, ID is more important in high-status groups. Specific scales refer to an explicit measure which produces the opposite result: more ID in low-status groups. This type of measure reveals a rejection of respective images associated to high and low-status groups. It enables us to understand that in everyday life, ID generates many paradoxes with regard to the needs of conformity and of group affiliation. This measure reflects the control of contradictions induced by ID that arise at an identitary level and a normative one.

Det outtalade – What is not uttered. The purpose of this study is to observe and analyze interaction between young children and between them and their educators focusing on power relations shown by non verbal communication. The study argues that such expressions can often lead to violations that can be more difficult to address than those outspoken. In our intents as educators to remediate unequal relationships between children and between them and their educators and create a positive social atmosphere in the school context, we need to pay attention to nonverbal interaction. We also need to develop an adequate set of vocabulary in order to be able to discuss what happens and our practice; how we ourselves as educators interact, dealing with it. The study suggests how to – by using a palette of definitions and concepts, collected from different theories. I have performed observations in an Elementary School class, year one and at their After-school programme and furthermore interviewed the educators and pupils participating in the study. The theoretical framework used in the analysis is a combination of positioning and social dramaturgical theory. I present and discuss the negative nonverbal communication that I identified in my observations using four theoretical perspectives, all contributing to shed light on different aspects of power relations and relational creating interaction. These four are: 1. Johnstone’s positioning theory regarding how all human beings engage in High/Low swings in interpersonal relationships (1985).  2. The non vocal aspects of Eile’s theory of The Master Suppression Techniques and their Counter-strategies (2015) based on Ås’ theory (1989). 3. The Sociological theory of Goffman’s The presentation of the Self in Everyday life, an interactionist/dramaturgical perspective (1959). 4. The Low Arousal Approach as presented by Heljskov Elfvén &amp; Wiman (2015). Among the results I found several occurrences of negative non verbal interaction in this First Grade Elementary class between pupils and educators and that the vocabulary of the used perspectives were applicable. The study’s result implies that awareness of non verbal communication can increase both children’s and educator’s available positions and repertoire of actions. / Studien syftar till att undersöka, lyfta fram och belysa tyst maktspel på lågstadiet. Studiens huvudsakliga syfte är att observera negativ icke verbal interaktion mellan barn sinsemellan och mellan pedagoger och barn med fokus på maktförhållanden. Ett andra syfte är att samla begrepp från olika teorier som belyser detta på olika sätt och på så vis presentera en vokabulär för att sätta ord på det outtalade, som kan vara användbar för pedagoger i förebyggande arbete mot kränkningar i skola och på fritidshem. Detta då det implicit uttryckta outtalade kan leda till kränkningar som ofta kan vara svårare att komma åt än sådana som bygger på det explicit uttalade. Jag har gjort observationer av en klass ett och deras tre pedagoger i olika situationer i skolan och på fritidshemmet. Observationer har oftast direkt följts upp med samtal om vad som hände. Empirin har så analyserats med utgångspunkt i positioneringsteori och det social-dramaturgiska perspektivet utifrån begrepp hämtade från fyra teorier av Eile (2015 – utifrån Ås, 1989), Goffman (1959), Johnstone (1985) samt Wiman &amp; Hejlskov Elfvén (2015) som alla på olika vis belyser kroppsspråk ur ett relationellt maktperspektiv. Två längre intervjuer har genomförts: inledningsvis med Eile, doktorand i pedagogik specialiserad på ickeverbal interaktion och avslutningsvis med två av klassens pedagoger som reflekterat kring de observationer som gjorts och hur de tolkas. Uppsatsens resultat visar att bruk av ickeverbala negativa signaler förekommer som maktspel redan på lågstadiet och implikerar att pedagogernas kunskaper om kroppsspråk och maktspel i form av hög- och lågstatusspel och Härskartekniker samt kännedom om strategier för att motverka negativa effekter av detta – som till exempel genom Motstrategier, Bekräftartekniker och Lågaffektivt bemötande – kan ha inverkan på hur dessa signaler påverkar klassen. Jag förordar därför vidare forskning på området och att pedagoger, i sitt arbete för jämbördiga relationer och för att skapa en positiv psykosocial skolmiljö, även bör uppmärksamma det outtalade. Mer kunskaper om de negativa ickeverbala signalerna och de metoder och den vokabulär som här lyfts fram för hur det kan motverkas tycks kunna användas som ett sätt att motverka mobbing i det tysta. Medvetenhet om dylikt ger fler möjliga sätt för barn och vuxna att förhålla sig till sin egen position i mötet med andra och därmed en större handlingsrepertoar. / <p>Examinator blev samma person; Adrian Ratkic, som var den första handledaren för denna uppsats, men då det var redan 2016 och uppsatsen sedan dess skrivits om och givits ny form osv så ansåg kursansvarige, Frans Hagerman, att det var i sin ordning. Efter att uppsatsen ventilerats första gången 2018 med examinatorn Liza Haglund som berömde intentionerna men saknade den stringens som bör känneteckna ett dylikt arbete, fick jag så värdefull handledning av henne som möjiggjorde presentationen av denna reviderade version 2019.</p>