In this thesis we studied precession mechanism in ferromagnetic thin film half-metal NiMnSb. We measured magnetization oscillations using optical pump and probe experiment at temperatures between 15 and 200 K and we evaluated the magnetic anisotropy fields, spin stiffness and Gilbert damping. New setup for ferromagnetic resonance measurement was built utilizing vector network analyser. With this setup we measured FMR at temperatures between 300 and 75 K. We evaluated the same parameters from FMR experiments as from the optical one. We found very good agreement in results obtained by the two methods. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Industrial development processes as well as research in physics, materials and engineering science rely on computer modelling and simulation techniques today. With increasing computer power, computations are carried out on multiple scales and involve the analysis of coupled problems. In this work, continuum modelling is therefore applied at different scales in order to facilitate a prediction of the effective material or structural behaviour based on the local morphology and the properties of the individual constituents. This provides valueable insight into the structure-property relations which are of interest for any design process. In order to obtain reasonable predictions for the effective behaviour, numerical models which capture the essential fine scale features are required. In this context, the efficient representation of discontinuities as they arise at, e.g. material interfaces or cracks, becomes more important than in purely phenomenological macroscopic approaches. In this work, two different approaches to the modelling of discontinuities are discussed: (i) a sharp interface representation which requires the localisation of interfaces by the mesh topology. Since many interesting macroscopic phenomena are related to the temporal evolution of certain microscopic features, (ii) diffuse interface models which regularise the interface in terms of an additional field variable and therefore avoid topological mesh updates are considered as an alternative. With the two combinations (i) Extended Finite Elemente Method (XFEM) + sharp interface model, and (ii) Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) + diffuse interface model, two fundamentally different approaches to the modelling of discontinuities are investigated in this work. XFEM reduces the continuity of the approximation by introducing suitable enrichment functions according to the discontinuity to be modelled. Instead, diffuse models regularise the interface which in many cases requires even an increased continuity that is provided by the spline-based approximation. To further increase the efficiency of isogeometric discretisations of diffuse interfaces, adaptive mesh refinement and coarsening techniques based on hierarchical splines are presented. The adaptive meshes are found to reduce the number of degrees of freedom required for a certain accuracy of the approximation significantly. Selected discretisation techniques are applied to solve a coupled magneto-mechanical problem for particulate microstructures of Magnetorheological Elastomers (MRE). In combination with a computational homogenisation approach, these microscopic models allow for the prediction of the effective coupled magneto-mechanical response of MRE. Moreover, finite element models of generic MRE microstructures are coupled with a BEM domain that represents the surrounding free space in order to take into account finite sample geometries. The macroscopic behaviour is analysed in terms of actuation stresses, magnetostrictive deformations, and magnetorheological effects. The results obtained for different microstructures and various loadings have been found to be in qualitative agreement with experiments on MRE as well as analytical results. / Industrielle Entwicklungsprozesse und die Forschung in Physik, Material- und Ingenieurwissenschaft greifen in einem immer stärkeren Umfang auf rechnergestützte Modellierungs- und Simulationsverfahren zurück. Die ständig steigende Rechenleistung ermöglicht dabei auch die Analyse mehrskaliger und gekoppelter Probleme. In dieser Arbeit kommt daher ein kontinuumsmechanischer Modellierungsansatz auf verschiedenen Skalen zum Einsatz. Das Ziel der Berechnungen ist dabei die Vorhersage des effektiven Material- bzw. Strukturverhaltens auf der Grundlage der lokalen Werkstoffstruktur und der Eigenschafen der konstitutiven Bestandteile. Derartige Simulationen liefern interessante Aussagen zu den Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen, deren Verständnis entscheidend für das Material- und Strukturdesign ist. Um aussagekräftige Vorhersagen des effektiven Verhaltens zu erhalten, sind numerische Modelle erforderlich, die wesentliche Eigenschaften der lokalen Materialstruktur abbilden. Dabei kommt der effizienten Modellierung von Diskontinuitäten, beispielsweise Materialgrenzen oder Rissen, eine deutlich größere Bedeutung zu als bei einer makroskopischen Betrachtung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei unterschiedliche Modellierungsansätze für Unstetigkeiten diskutiert: (i) eine scharfe Abbildung, die üblicherweise konforme Berechnungsnetze erfordert. Da eine Evolution der Mikrostruktur bei einer derartigen Modellierung eine Topologieänderung bzw. eine aufwendige Neuvernetzung nach sich zieht, werden alternativ (ii) diffuse Modelle, die eine zusätzliche Feldvariable zur Regularisierung der Grenzfläche verwenden, betrachtet. Mit der Kombination von (i) Erweiterter Finite-Elemente-Methode (XFEM) + scharfem Grenzflächenmodell sowie (ii) Isogeometrischer Analyse (IGA) + diffuser Grenzflächenmodellierung werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit zwei fundamental verschiedene Zugänge zur Modellierung von Unstetigkeiten betrachtet. Bei der Diskretisierung mit XFEM wird die Kontinuität der Approximation durch eine Anreicherung der Ansatzfunktionen gemäß der abzubildenden Unstetigkeit reduziert. Demgegenüber erfolgt bei einer diffusen Grenzflächenmodellierung eine Regularisierung. Die dazu erforderliche zusätzliche Feldvariable führt oft zu Feldgleichungen mit partiellen Ableitungen höherer Ordnung und weist in ihrem Verlauf starke Gradienten auf. Die daraus resultierenden Anforderungen an den Ansatz werden durch eine Spline-basierte Approximation erfüllt. Um die Effizienz dieser isogeometrischen Diskretisierung weiter zu erhöhen, werden auf der Grundlage hierarchischer Splines adaptive Verfeinerungs- und Vergröberungstechniken entwickelt. Ausgewählte Diskretisierungsverfahren werden zur mehrskaligen Modellierung des gekoppelten magnetomechanischen Verhaltens von Magnetorheologischen Elastomeren (MRE) angewendet. In Kombination mit numerischen Homogenisierungsverfahren, ermöglichen die Mikrostrukturmodelle eine Vorhersage des effektiven magnetomechanischen Verhaltens von MRE. Außerderm wurden Verfahren zur Kopplung von FE-Modellen der MRE-Mikrostruktur mit einem Randelement-Modell der Umgebung vorgestellt. Mit Hilfe der entwickelten Verfahren kann das Verhalten von MRE in Form von Aktuatorspannungen, magnetostriktiven Deformationen und magnetischen Steifigkeitsänderungen vorhergesagt werden. Im Gegensatz zu zahlreichen anderen Modellierungsansätzen, stimmen die mit den hier vorgestellten Methoden für unterschiedliche Mikrostrukturen erzielten Vorhersagen sowohl mit analytischen als auch experimentellen Ergebnissen überein.

La capacité à détecter des micro-défauts ou des défauts profonds dans les pièces métalliques constitue un enjeu important pour l'industrie de l'aéronautique ou du nucléaire. La technique de contrôle non destructif (CND) par courant de Foucault est souvent utilisée pour cette application. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre d'une collaboration ayant pour but la réalisation et l'intégration de micro-capteurs de champ magnétique basés sur l’effet de magnéto-impédance (MI) à des systèmes de détection par CND. Ces micro-capteurs de structure multicouche (ferromagnétique/conducteur/ferromagnétique) ont été élaborés en salle blanche par dépôt de films minces. Un traitement thermique sous champ magnétique a ensuite permis d’optimiser les propriétés du matériau et d’induire des anisotropies dans le plan des couches ferromagnétiques. Une méthode basée sur la double démodulation d’amplitude du signal de mesure a été proposée pour la caractérisation dynamique des capteurs. Les paramètres importants tel que la géométrie, l’anisotropie et la fréquence d’excitation ont été étudiés afin d’optimiser les caractéristiques. Les résultats ont montré la nécessité de polariser les capteurs en champ. Nous avons donc étudié la possibilité de réaliser, grâce à une technique de micromoulage épais, un microsolénoïde 3D et des travaux préliminaires sur l’intégration d'un capteur dans le microsolénoïde par transfert de film ont été effectués. Enfin, une étude théorique a été réalisée en tenant compte des résultats obtenus expérimentalement. Pour cela, le modèle de Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) a été implanté dans un code de calcul électromagnétique par éléments finis permettant de calculer l’impédance du capteur en fonction du champ magnétique appliqué. / The capability to detect micro-defects or buried flaws in the metallic parts is an important issue for the aerospace or nuclear industry. The technique of nondestructive testing (NDT) by eddy current is widely used for these applications. This thesis is part of collaboration project aimed at the realization and integration of magnetic field microsensors based on the magneto-impedance (MI) effect for the NDT detection systems. These multilayered structure microsensors (ferromagnetic/conductor/ferromagnetic) were realized in the clean room by thin film deposition method. A post-annealing step with magnetic field was then used to optimize the material properties and to induce magnetic anisotropy in the ferromagnetic layers. A method based on the double amplitude demodulation was proposed for the dynamic characterization of the sensors. The important parameters such as the geometry, the anisotropy and the driven frequency were studied in order to optimize the characteristics. The results showed that a bias field is necessary for the application. Therefore, we have investigated the possibility to realize, through thick micromoulding technique, a 3D microsolenoid and preliminary work on integrating a sensor in the microsolenoid by film transfer has been carried out. Finally, a theoretical study was investigated by taking into account the results obtained experimentally. For this purpose, the model of Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) has been implemented in an electromagnetic finite element calculation program in order to determine the impedance of the sensor as a function of the applied magnetic field.

Neste trabalho apresentamos o estudo da possivilidade de melhores regimes para o uso dos experimentos de aquecimento e geracao de corrente e fluxo de plasma no tokamak TCABR. Apresentamos um estudo dos efeitos de rotacao de plasma em baixa frequencia (low-frequency (LF)), penetração de campo eletromagnético, absorção e forças ponderomotoras no “Tokamak Chauffage Alfvén Brésilien" (TCABR) com ênfase na faixa de frequências de 0, 5–10, 0kHz. Os campos de LF são dirigidos pelo limitador magnético ergódico (ergodic magnetic limiter (EML)) no TCABR. Foi feito um estudo analítico das ondas de Alfvén e ressonância usando modelos simples. Um estudo num´erico tembém foi realizado utilizando três códigos, quais sejam, o código cinético toroidal, o código cilíndrico e o código ALTOK. / In this work we present the study of the determination the best regimes and parameters¶for the heating experiments and current generation and plasma flow in the tokamak TCABR. Study of effects of plasma rotation in low frequency (LF), field penetration, absorption and ponderomotive forces in “Tokamak Chauffage Alfvén Brésilien" (TCABR)is investigated with emphasis in the frequency range of 0, 5–10, 0kHz. The fields of LF are driven by the ergodic magnetic limiter (EML) in TCABR. A qualitative analytical study of the Alfvén waves and their resonances is performed using simple models. A numeric study was carried out using through three codes, called the kinetic totoidal code, the cylindrical code and the ALTOK code.

Ventos (em inglês outflows) de ampla abertura e larga escala sâo uma característica comum em galáxias ativas, como as galáxias Seyfert. Em sistemas como este, onde buracos negros supermassivos (em inglês super massive black holes, SMBHs) de núcleos galácticos ativos de galáxias (em inglês active galactic nuclei, AGN) coexistem com regiões de formação estelar (em inglês star forming, SF), nâo está claro das observações se o AGN SMBH ou o SF (ou ambos) são responsaveis pela indução desses ventos. Neste trabalho, estudamos como ambos podem influenciar a evolução da galáxia hospedeira e seus outflows, considerando galáxias tipo Seyfert nas escalas de kilo-parsec (kpc). Para este objetivo, estendemos o trabalho anterior desenvolvido por Melioli & de Gouveia Dal Pino (2015), que considerou ventos puramente hidrodinâmicos impulsionados tanto pela SF quanto pelo AGN, mas levando em conta para este último apenas ventos bem estreitos (colimados). A fim de obter uma melhor compreensão da influencia (feedback) desses mecanismos sobre a evolução da galáxia e seus outflows, incluímos também os efeitos de ventos de AGN com maior ângulo de abertura, já que ventos em forma de cone podem melhorar a interação com o meio interestelar da galáxia e assim, empurrar mais gás nos outflows. Além disso, incluímos também os efeitos dos campos magnéticos no vento, já que estes podem, potencialmente, ajudar a preservar as estruturas e acelerar os outflows. Realizamos simulações tridimensionais magneto-hidrodinâmicas (MHD) considerando o resfriamento radiativo em equilíbrio de ionização e os efeitos dos ventos do AGN com dois diferentes ângulos de abertura (0º e 10º) e razões entre a pressão térmica e a pressão magnética beta=infinito, = 300 e 30, correspondentes a campos magnéticos 0, 0,76 micro-Gauss e 2,4 micro-Gauss respectivamente. Os resultados de nossas simulações mostram que os ventos impulsionados pelos produtos de SF (isto é, pelas explosões de supernovas, SNe) podem direcionar ventos com velocidades 100-1000 km s¹, taxas de perda de massa da ordem de 50 Massas solares/ano, densidades de ~1-10 cm-3 e temperaturas entre 10 e 10 K, que se assemelham às propriedades dos denominados absorvedores de calor (em inglês warm absorbers, WAs) e também são compatíveis com as velocidades dos outflows moleculares observadas. No entanto, as densidades obtidas nas simulações são muito pequenas e as temperaturas são muito grandes para explicar os valores observados nos outflows moleculares (que têm n ~150-300 cm³ e T<1000 K). Ventos colimados de AGN (sem a presença de ventos SF) também são incapazes de conduzir outflows, mas podem acelerar estruturas a velocidades muito altas, da ordem de ~10.000 km s¹ e temperaturas T> 10 K, tal como observado em ventos ultra rapidos (em inglês, ultra-fast outflows, UFOs). A introdução do vento de AGN, particularmente com um grande ângulo de abertura, causa a formação de estruturas semelhantes a fontes galácticas. Isso faz com que parte do gás em expansão (que está sendo empurrado pelo vento de SF) retorne para a galáxia, produzindo um feedback \'positivo\' na evolução da galáxia hospedeira. Descobrimos que esses efeitos são mais pronunciados na presença de campos magnéticos, devido à ação de forças magnéticas extras pelo vento AGN, o qual intensifica o efeito de retorno do gás (fallback), e ao mesmo tempo reduz a taxa de perda de massa nos outflows por fatores de até 10. Além disso, a presença de um vento de AGN colimado (0º) causa uma remoção significativa da massa do núcleo da galáxia em poucos 100.000 anos, mas este é logo reabastecido pelo de gás acretante proveniente do meio interestelar (ISM) à medida que as explosões de SNe se sucedem. Por outro lado, um vento de AGN com um grande ângulo de abertura, em presença de campos magnéticos, remove o gás nuclear inteiramente em alguns 100.000 anos e não permite o reabastecimento posterior pelo ISM. Portanto, extingue a acreção de combustível e de massa no SMBH. Isso indica que o ciclo de trabalho desses outflows é de cerca de alguns 100.000 anos, compatível com as escalas de tempo inferidas para os UFOs e outflows moleculares observados. Em resumo, os modelos que incluem ventos de AGN com um ângulo de abertura maior e campos magnéticos, levam a velocidades médias muito maiores que os modelos sem vento de AGN, e também permitem que mais gás seja acelerado para velocidades máximas em torno de ~10 km s¹, com densidades e temperaturas compatíveis com aquelas observadas em UFOs. No entanto, as estruturas com velocidades intermediárias de vários ~100 km s¹ e densidades até uns poucos 100 cm³, que de fato poderiam reproduzir os outflows moleculares observados, têm temperaturas que são muito grandes para explicar as características observadas nos outflows moleculares, que tem temperaturas T< 1000 K. Além disso, estes ventos de AGN não colimados em presença de campos magnéticos entre T< 1000 K. Alem disso, estes grandes ventos AGN de angulo de abertura em fluxos magnetizados reduzem as taxas de perda de massa dos outflows para valores menores que aqueles observados tanto em outflows moleculares quanto em UFOs. Em trabalhos futuros, pretendemos estender o espaço paramétrico aqui investigado e também incluir novos ingredientes em nossos modelos, como o resfriamento radioativo fora do equilíbrio, a fim de tentar reproduzir as características acima que não foram explicadas pelo modelo atual. / Large-scale broad outflows are a common feature in active galaxies, like Seyfert galaxies. In systems like this, where supermassive black hole (SMBH) active galactic nuclei (AGN) coexist with star-forming (SF) regions it is unclear from the observations if the SMBH AGN or the SF (or both) are driving these outflows. In this work, we have studied how both may influence the evolution of the host galaxy and its outflows, considering Seyfert-like galaxies at kilo-parsec (kpc) scales. For this aim, we have extended previous work developed by Melioli & de Gouveia Dal Pino (2015), who considered purely hydrodynamical outflows driven by both SF and AGN, but considering for the latter only very narrow (collimated) winds. In order to achieve a better understanding of the feedback of these mechanisms on the galaxy evolution and its outflows, here we have included the effects of AGN winds with a larger opening angle too, since conic-shaped winds can improve the interaction with the interstellar medium of the galaxy and thus push more gas into the outflows. Besides, we have also included the effects of magnetic fields in the flow, since these can potentially help to preserve the structures and speed up the outflows. We have performed three-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamical (MHD) simulations considering equilibrium radiative cooling and the effects of AGN-winds with two different opening angles (0º and 10º), and thermal pressure to magnetic pressure ratios of beta=infinite, 300 and 30 corresponding to magnetic fields 0, 0.76 micro-Gauss and 2.4 micro-Gauss, respectively. The results of our simulations show that the winds driven by the products of SF (i.e., by explosions of supernovae, SNe) alone can drive outflows with velocities ~100-1000 km s¹, mass outflow rates of the order of 50 Solar Masses yr¹, densities of ~1-10 cm³, and temperatures between 10 and 10 K, which resemble the properties of warm absorbers (WAs) and are also compatible with the velocities of the observed molecular outflows. However, the obtained densities from the simulations are too small and the temperatures too large to explain the observed values in molecular outflows (which have n ~ 150-300 cm³ and T<1000 K). Collimated AGN winds alone (without the presence of SF-winds) are also unable to drive hese outflows, but they can accelerate structures to very high speeds, of the order of ~ 10.000 km s¹, and temperatures T> 10 K as observed in ultra-fast outflows (UFOs). The introduction of an AGN wind, particularly with a large opening angle, causes the formation of fountain-like structures. This makes part of the expanding gas (pushed by the SF-wind) to fallback into the galaxy producing a \'positive\' feedback on the host galaxy evolution. We have found that these effects are more pronounced in presence of magnetic fields, due to the action of extra magnetic forces by the AGN wind producing enhanced fallback that reduces the mass loss rate in the outflows by factors up to 10. Furthermore, the presence of a collimated AGN wind (0º) causes a significant removal of mass from the core region in a few 100.000 yr, but this is soon replenished by gas inflow from the interstellar medium (ISM) when the SNe explosions fully develop. On the other hand, an AGN wind with a large opening angle in presence of magnetic fields is able to remove the nuclear gas entirely within a few 100.000 yr and does not allow for later replenishment. Therefore, it quenches the fueling and mass accretion onto the SMBH. This indicates that the duty cycle of these outflows is around a few 100.000 yr, compatible with the time-scales inferred for the observed UFOs and molecular outflows. In summary, models that include AGN winds with a larger opening angle and magnetic fields, lead to to be accelerated to maximum velocities around 10 km s¹ (than models with collimated AGN winds), with densities and temperatures which are compatible with those observed in UFOs. However, the structures with intermediate velocities of several ~100 km s¹ and densities up to a few 100 cm3, that in fact could reproduce the observed molecular outflows, have temperatures which are too large to explain the observed molecular features, which have temperatures T<1000 K. Besides, these large opening angle AGN winds in magnetized flows reduce the mass loss rates of the outflows to values smaller than those observed both in molecular outflows and UFOs. In future work, we intend to extend the parametric space here investigated and also include new ingredients in our models, such as non-equilibrium radiative cooling, in order to try to reproduce the features above that were not explained by the current model.

A utilização de sistemas semi-ativos no controle de movimento e vibração vem crescendo muito nos últimos anos, e está se firmando como a opção mais econômica em muitas aplicações. Os sistemas de controle semi-ativos baseados em fluidos magneto-reológicos (MR) já são empregados no controle de vibrações desde máquinas de lavar a grandes pontes suspensas, e até mesmo no controle de vibração de edifícios sujeitos a abalos sísmicos. No controle de movimento, eles têm sido aplicados em aparelhos de fisioterapia, próteses de joelho humano e embreagens. No setor automobilístico, os sistemas semi-ativos são empregados em sistemas de controle da suspensão e sistemas anti-rolagem, e também no controle de sistemas de torque e tração. Visto a crescente importância dos sistemas de controle semi-ativo, este trabalho aborda este assunto dividindo-o em duas partes: a primeira, apresentada no volume 1, trata do projeto de atuadores magneto-reológicos e do seu modelamento dinâmico voltado para projetos de controle; e a segunda parte, apresentada no volume 2, trata de projeto de controladores para sistemas semi-ativos, mais especificamente voltados para o controle de suspensão veicular semi-ativa, buscando a melhoria do desempenho em conforto, segurança e dirigibilidade do veículo. Na primeira parte, a maior contribuição deste trabalho está em preencher uma lacuna na literatura no que diz respeito a uma técnica sistemática de projeto de atuadores magneto-reológicos e da forma mais adequada de sua representação dinâmica para projetos de controle, que é feita a partir de dados experimentais. Na segunda parte deste trabalho buscou-se desenvolver um sistema de controle economicamente viável para veículos utilitários (caminhonetes principalmente). Estes são os veículos que mais carecem de sistemas de suspensão capazes de atender a uma grande variedade de situações (variação de pista, variação de carga), e cujo mercado exige uma relação custo/benefício melhor que aquela dos mercados de carros de luxo, onde estes sistemas são empregados atualmente. Como resultados mais importantes deste trabalho têmse: uma proposição para o uso da lei de controle LQG/LTR em sistemas não estritamente próprios; um modelo de um veículo utilitário completo com sete graus de liberdade e capaz de representar as situações mais importantes do comportamento dinâmico deste tipo de veículo; o desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de controle robusto baseado na técnica LQG/LTR, adequada para trabalhar com atuadores semi-ativos, e que utiliza sensores de custo compatível com a aplicação. O sistema de controle proposto foi capaz de melhorar o desempenho em conforto e segurança, evitando situações de perda de aderência dos pneus e comportamentos dinâmicos indesejáveis destes veículos, que foi verificado experimentalmente e através de simulações em computador. / The application of semi-active systems to motion and vibration control has significantly grown during the last years, and it is becoming an economically viable option for several applications. Semi-active systems based on magneto-rheological (MR) fluids were applied to vibration control ranging from washing machines to suspended bridges, and also in vibration control of buildings under seismic tremors. Regarding the movement control, they have been used in gym apparati, human knee prosthesis and clutches. More specifically in the automotive industry, semi-active systems have been applied in suspension and anti-roll systems, and also in torque and traction control systems. This work treats this subject dividing it into two parts: the first one, presented in volume 1, deals with the design of semi-active actuators based on magneto-rheological fluids and dynamic modeling; and the second one, presented in volume 2, deals with the design of semi-active control for vehicular suspension systems. The control main objective is the performance improvement in comfort, safety and handling features of a vehicle. In the first part, the main contribution of this work is to fulfill a literature gap regarding a systematic procedure for design of magneto-rheological actuators and to find a better representation for the dynamic behavior regarding the control system development, which is done based on experimental data analysis. The second part of this work leaded with the development of a vehicular suspension system for utility vehicles (for SUVs, and mainly for light trucks), which need suspension systems able to face a great number of situations (road variation, load variation, etc.), and which present stability problems due to its high gravity center height. Important results of this work are: the development of a robust control strategy based on LQG/LTR techniques for non-strictly proper systems, the development of a dynamic model for light trucks and SUVs with seven degrees of freedom; the development of a robust control strategy based on the LQG/LTR synthesis, suit to work with semi-active actuators, and using sensors with costs compatible to the application. The proposed control system was able to improve the performance of comfort and safety, avoiding the loss of adherence between tires and the ground and other undesirable dynamic behaviors of these vehicles, that was verified experimentally and through computer simulations.

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l’étude des propriétés magnéto-optiques de nanoparticules (NP) magnétiques de ferrite de cobalt (CoFe2O4) sous forme liquide et lorsqu’elles sont bloquées dans une matrice de silice produite par voie sol-gel. Cette dernière dispersion constitue un matériau composite à activité magnéto-optique obtenu par un procédé basse température qui le rend totalement compatible avec les technologies d’intégration. A plus long terme, ce matériau pourra contribuer à l’intégration de composants non-réciproques. L’objectif de ce travail est d’une part l’identification du type de NP qui maximise la rotation Faraday et le facteur de mérite (rapport de la rotation Faraday à l’absorption) dans le but d’améliorer la qualité magnéto-optique du matériau composite. Et d’autre part, il s’agit d’améliorer la compréhension des phénomènes physiques liés aux effets magnéto-optiques de ces nanoparticules et le lien avec leurs caractéristiques physiques. L’étude est menée sur des NP magnétiques synthétisées et dispersées en phase aqueuse au laboratoire PHENIX (UMR CNRS 8234). Les mesures optiques et magnéto-optiques réalisées au laboratoire Hubert Curien (UMR CNRS 5516) ont été complétées par des mesures magnétiques XMCD au synchrotron SOLEIL. L’étude des différentes nanoparticules magnétiques a révélé que l’utilisation d’une petite taille de NP permet de multiplier par deux le facteur de mérite du matériau pour une longueur d’onde de 1,5 µm, soit une division par deux des pertes pour les composants magnéto-optiques visés. L’analyse du comportement spectral de l’effet Faraday illustre l’influence de la distribution cationique des ions Co2+ et Fe3+ dans la structure cristalline. Couplée aux mesures XMCD, l’analyse montre le besoin d’une localisation de l’ion Co2+ en site tétraédrique dans la structure spinelle pour maximiser l’effet Faraday à 1,5µm, et obtenir une anisotropie uniaxe qui permette une pré-orientation aisée des NP lors de la gélification / This work is dedicated to the study of the magneto-optical properties of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (NP) dispersed in liquid as ferrofluid, or blocked in a solid silica matrix realized with a sol-gel method. This last dispersion is a magneto-optical composite material, obtained with a low temperature process which insures its compatibility with photonic integration technologies, to produce, in the future, integrated non-reciprocal devices. The aim of the study is, on one hand, to identify which kind of NP can improve the Faraday effect and the merit factor (ratio between the Faraday effect and the absorption) of the composite material. On the other hand, the aim is to give a better understanding of the link between the magneto-optical properties and the physical characteristics of the NP. The study has been led on NP synthetized and dispersed as ferrofluid in PHENIX laboratory (UMR CNRS 8234). Optical and magneto-optical measurements were made in Hubert Curien laboratory (UMR CNRS 5516) and completed by XMCD analysis in Synchroton SOLEIL. Results show that it is necessary to use a small size of NP (5 nm) to maximize the merit factor at a wavelength of 1,5 µm. The spectral analysis of the Faraday effect shows the influence of the cationic distribution of Co2+ et Fe3+ in the spinelle structure. Coupled to XMCD results, this analysis shows that it is necessary to maximize the quantity of Co2+ in tetraedric sites to maximize the Faraday effect at 1,5 µm and to obtain an uniaxial anisotropy which allows to orientate the NP during the gelification of the sol-gel matrix

Cette thèse décrit le travail accompli au cours des trois dernières années sur la nouvelle expérience d’Hélium métastable de l'Institut d'Optique à Palaiseau.Le premier chapitre décrit une étude visant à améliorer à la fois l'efficacité et la précision du système de détection par galettes à micro-canaux (MCP). Nous avons fait des mesures avec des galettes recouvertes d'une couche d'or sur la face avant, obtenant un accroissement de l'efficacité de détection mais également une réduction de la précision. L'ajout d'une tension intermédiaires entre les deux galettes empilées a au contraire améliorer à la fois l'efficacité et la précision des MCP, en l’absence d’une couche d’or.Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à la construction de l'appareil expérimental pour le refroidissement et le piégeage d’atomes. L’excitation de l'état fondamental de l’Hélium à l'état métastable est décrite, ainsi que la collimation et le refroidissement ultérieur par Zeeman lent du faisceau atomique chaud résultant. Le faisceau ralenti est alors capturé dans un piège magnéto-optique (PMO), dans lequel nous avons capturé 8x108 atomes.Dans le troisième chapitre une étude originale du refroidissement Doppler tridimensionnel dans un PMO et une mélasse désaccordée vers le rouge de la transition atomique est discutée. L’atome d’Hélium métastable est unique et ses propriétés ont permis une telle étude. En effet, les faibles densités atomiques impliquent qu’il n'y a pas de diffusion multiple de photons d’une part, et la faible masse et la faible largeur de la transition 23S1 -> 23P2 rend inefficace les processus de refroidissement sous la limite Doppler. Ces conditions nous ont permis d’observer pour la première fois à trois dimensions un gaz refroidit dans le régime Doppler.Le quatrième chapitre présente une étude sur les collisions dans un piège magnéto-optique d’Hélium métastable. Les collisions Penning induites par la lumière, en particulier à des intensités élevées et à des fréquences proches de la fréquence de transition, sont responsables de pertes élevées d’atomes piégés. Nous mesurons le coefficient de taux associé à ces pertes, Ksp = 2,8 ± 0,4 x 10-7cm3/ s. / This thesis describes the work done over the past three and a half years on the new metastable helium experiment at the Institut d'Optique in Palaiseau. In the first chapter it describes a study to improve both the efficiency and the accuracy of the Microchannel Plate (MCP) detection system. We have experimented with adding a gold layer on the top of the input plate, something that we have found increases the efficiency but also decreases the accuracy. The addition of a voltage between the two stacked plates has been shown to both raise the efficiency and improve the accuracy in non-coated MCPs.The second chapter is devoted to the construction of the experimental apparatus. Here the excitation of ground state helium to its metastable state is described, as well as the subsequent collimation and cooling by Zeeman slower of the resulting hot atomic beam. The slowed beam is then captured in a Magneto-Optical Trap, in which we have captured 8x108 atoms.In the third chapter an original study on three-dimensional Doppler cooling in a red-detuned molasses and in the Magneto-Optical trap is presented. The metastable helium system is unique as there is no multiple scattering of photons and there are no sub-Doppler effects. This allows for a never before seen experimental realisation of pure Doppler cooling theory. The fourth chapter describes a study on collisions in a magneto-optical trap of metastable helium. Light-induced Penning collisions are responsible for high trap losses at high intensities and at frequencies close to the transition frequency. We measure the constant rate coefficient to Ksp = 2.8 ± 0.4 x 10-7cm3/s.

Ce travail porte sur l’exaltation de l’effet magnéto-optique (MO) Kerr transverse induite par des «résonances extraordinaires» dans un réseau d’or périodique 1D déposé sur un oxyde de grenat magnéto-optique. La structure complète incluant le réseau métallique 1D a été conçue, simulée numériquement, dimensionnée, fabriquée puis caractérisée. Un algorithme de type RCWA (Rigorous Coupled Wave Algorithm) adapté au calcul parallèle a été développé et utilisé d’une part pour l’étude théorique des modes résonants dans les réseaux magnétoplasmoniques et d’autre part pour l’analyse des données de mesures optiques et magnéto-optiques d’ellipsométrie à base de matrices de Mueller. L’impact sur la réflectivité angulo-spectrale du couplage entre les modes Fabry-Pérot des fentes du réseau et les plasmons de surface à l’interface entre l’or et la couche de grenat MO est ainsi étudié, en utilisant les paramètres optiques et magnéto-optiques réels des matériaux. Pour cela, les caractéristiques optiques du substrat en sGGG (grenat de gallium et gadolinium dopé CaMgZr) et du matériau Bi:GIG (grenat de fer et de gadolinium substitué bismuth) sont au préalable déterminés dans la gamme spectrale 0,73 – 6,42 eV (193 nm-1,7 μm) par ellipsométrie à base de matrices de Mueller. Puis de même la dispersion des composantes magnéto-optiques du tenseur diélectrique est obtenue en appliquant un champ magnétique externe dans le plan, en configuration longitudinale ou transverse. Ces données mesurées sont alors utilisées dans les simulations. Il est ainsi démontré numériquement que grâce à l’interaction des résonances de surface et de cavité dans le réseau 1D l’effet Kerr transverse peut être exalté, éteint ou même de signe inversé, et cela sans renverser ou modifier l’aimantation de la couche magnéto-optique. Pour confirmer les résultats théoriques, une série d’échantillons comportant des réseaux de fentes différentes a été fabriquée par lithographie électronique et procédé de lift-off. Afin de reproduire les données des matrices de Mueller mesurées, les modèles ont été adaptés et optimisés pour tenir compte des imperfections des structures réelles. Les mesures expérimentales confirment l’exaltation de l’effet Kerr magnéto-optique transverse due aux effets magnéto-plasmoniques et prouvent la validité des modèles. / This work studies the enhancement of the transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect by exploiting extraordinary resonances occurring in 1D periodic grating. The 1D periodic gold grating structure was designed, described, numerically simulated, and fabricated. A rigorous Coupled Wave Algorithm (RCWA) developed for parallel computing is used for the theoretical study of resonant modes in magnetoplasmonic gratings and for analysis of optical and magneto-optical data measured by Mueller matrix ellipsometry. The impact of coupling between Fabry-Perot modes inside grating air-gaps and surface plasmon mode at the interface between gold and MO garnet layer is studied via spectra of specular reflectivity and for the various angles of incidence. In a first step, the optical functions of the (CaMgZr)-doped gallium-gadolinium garnet (sGGG) substrate and the Bi-substituted gadolinium iron garnet (Bi:GIG) are obtained in the spectral range from 0.73 eV to 6.42 eV (wavelength range 193 nm – 1.7 μm). Subsequently, the spectra of the magneto-optical tensor components are obtained by applying an external in-plane magnetic field in longitudinal and transverse geometry. The obtained functions are then used for numerical simulations demonstrating that by hybridization of surface and cavity resonances in this 1D plasmonic grating, the transverse Kerr effect can be further enhanced, extinguished or even switched in sign and that without inverting or modifying the film's magnetization. To confirm theoretical results a set of samples, gratings with a different width of an air-gap, was fabricated using electron beam lithography and liftoff technique. To be able to reproduce Mueller matrix data from the samples, the models describing realistic structures were further developed and optimized. Experimental measurements of real structures confirm transverse MO effect enhancement using magnetoplasmonic effects and prove applicability of numerical models.

Aujourd'hui, la puissance de calcul des processeurs et la capacité de stockage des disques durs tels que conçus dans l'électronique moderne sont limités par la limite thermodynamique aux systèmes finis. Pour garder une vitesse de développement tel que prédit par la loi de Moore, il est donc nécessaire de considérer de nouveaux types d’architecture d’unité de calcul et stockage d’information. Un autre problème réside dans la gestion des pertes de courant par effet Joule, qui deviennent critiques dès lors que l’on atteint de très fortes densités de transistors et bits magnétiques. Notre étude s’inscrit dans ces problématiques, par la conception de nouveaux systèmes à fort couplage magnéto-électrique qui permettrait de contrôler l’information magnétique par l’injection de faibles courants électriques. Notre objectif a été de concevoir un système à fort couplage magnéto-électrique. Il existe des matériaux possédant un couplage entre ordre magnétique et ordre ferroélectrique de façon intrinsèque. Ce type de structures représente une bonne base d’analyse conceptuelle sur la nature d’hybridation des ordres férroiques. Cependant le couplage y est généralement faible, et ne permet pas l’intégration de ces matériaux dans l’électronique moderne.Une autre option consiste à artificiellement générer un couplage magnéto-électrique à travers l’interface entre deux matériaux possédant chacun un des ordres férroiques. Nous avons travaillé essentiellement sur ce type d’hétérostructure binaire, alliant un substrat ferroélectrique type, (BaTiO3) avec, dans un premier temps, un film ultra-mince ferromagnétique type (Fe, Co, FeNi). Nous avons montré la présence d’une signature d’un couplage magnéto-électrique faible à l’interface de ces systèmes. Nous avons ensuite proposé de remplacer le matériau ferromagnétique typique par un film mince de FeRh, un alliage qui possède une transition de phase magnétique d’antiferromagnétique à ferromagnétique juste au-dessus de la température ambiante, qui dépend à la fois de la température, de la pression et du champ magnétique.Nous avons alors réalisé une étude de croissance de FeRh en films ultra-minces. Nous avons pu montrer que l’alliage garde une température de transition bulk et une transition assez abrupte jusqu’à 5nm d’épaisseur. Nous avons ensuite étudié le couplage magnéto-électrique dans le système FeRh(22nm)/BaTiO3 par magnétométrie SQUID sous champ électrique. Nous avons démontré un très fort effet magnéto-électrique induit par contrainte mécanique, possédant une constante de couplage record, α = 1.6 x 10-5 s.m-1, un ordre de grandeur au-dessus des valeurs rapportées dans la littérature.Utilisant notre connaissance du système, nous avons montré l’intérêt conceptuel d’utiliser un matériau à transition de phase dans les architectures novatrices de mémoire, en proposant une description mathématique d’un comportement memristif dans le système FeRh/piézoélectrique.Finalement, l’utilisation pratique de FeRh nous a amené à étudier l’alliage par calculs Ab Initio sous contrainte mécanique et sous injection de charges, pour comprendre plus fondamentalement la nature et les mécanismes de la transition. / One of the most practical concept used in physics and engineering is the concept of triggeror switch, consisting of a means to start a controlled chain of energy transformation.A switch can lead to reversible or irreversible consequences. Technological developmentusually seeks to make use of the former because it allows for repetitive logical tasks. Suchtriggers exist via the coupling between two or more types of energetic transformations.It is formally described by the interaction between two or more distinct fields and theirexpression on a system. Amongst the most studied coupling in material physics, we findelectro-mechanical couplings such as piezoelectricity or ferroelectricity, electro-caloric ormagneto-caloric couplings such as pyroelectricity and pyro-magnetism, magneto-electric,etc. The fundamental and experimental domestication and understanding of these couplingsis usually followed (and very often motivated) by the design of practical applicationin electronics engineering technology.