Due to the ever-increasing worldwide consumption of memory for digital information, new technologies for higher capacity and faster data storage systems have been the focus of research and development. A step towards achieving higher data storage densities or magnetic recording media is the concept of bit patterned media, where the magnetic recording layer is divided up into magnetically isolated bit units. This approach is one of the most promising technologies for increasing data storage densities and could be implemented by nanostructuring the wafer. Therefore, the fabrication of the appropriate nanostructures on a small scale and then be able to manufacture these structures on an industrial scale is one of the problems where science and industry are working on a solution. In addition, the answer to the open question about the influence that patterning on the nano length scale has on the magnetic properties is of great interest. The main goal of this thesis is to answer the open question, which magnetic properties can be tailored by a modification of the surface texture on the nanometre length scale. For this purpose the following properties: anisotropy, remanence, coercivity, switching field distribution, saturation magnetisation, Gilbert damping, and inhomogeneous linebroadening were compared between planar two dimensional thin ferromagnetic films and three dimensional magnetic structures. In addition, the influences of the tailored morphology on the intergranular or the exchange coupling between the structures, which is called interdot exchange coupling, was investigated. For the ferromagnetic thin films, the focus of the investigations was on the granular CoCrPt:SiO2 and [Co/Pd] layer, which currently are the state-of-the-art material for magnetic data storage media. These materials are characterised by their high coercivity and high perpendicular anisotropy, which has a low spatial distribution in the preferred direction of magnetisation. In this work the pre-structured GaSb(001) substrate with self-assembled periodic nanocone structures at the surface are used. The preparation by ion beam erosion of these structures is simple, fast, and highly reproducible and therefore this method is particularly beneficial for fundamental research. To compare the 2D thin films with the 3D magnetic structures, besides the pre-structured specimen, planar samples were also fabricated. The first sample series prepared was coated by Py. Due to the fact that the magnetic properties of this material are well-known, it was also possible to do some OOMMF simulations in addition to the VNA-FMR and MOKE measurements. Afterwards two planar samples with CoCrPt and CoCrPt:SiO2 were prepared. The planar CoCrPt:SiO2 samples were Co+ ion implanted to study the influence of such irradiation on the intergranular and interdot exchange coupling, switching field distribution, and in particular on the spin dynamics. Moreover, both samples were measured by TRMOKE in order to obtain information about the spin dynamics. Subsequently, the perpendicular storage media materials CoCrPt:SiO2 and [Co/Pd] were deposited on a prestructured GaSb(001) nanocone substrate surface. These sample series were measured by MOKE, SQUID, and vector-VSM. The measurements demonstrate the influence of the periodicity and height of the nanocones on the intergranular and interdot exchange coupling. They also show the reorientation of the magnetisation with respect to the curvature of the substrate template and furthermore, the morphology-induced influences on the magnetic domains. From the comparison between the results for the planar and the pre-structured samples, a decrease of the interdot exchange coupling was observed, which scales together with the periodicity of the nanocone pattern. In addition, it was shown that for all samples with thin magnetic films on nanocones,the magnetisation aligns along the curvature of the underlying nanocone structure. For Py on nanocones, planar granular CoCrPt:SiO2, and planar granular CoCrPt, measurements by VNA-FMR and TRMOKE could be carried out, which yielded information about the spin dynamics. The results obtained for both of the planar sample are comparable to values from the literature for the Gilbert damping. The results for the Py samples showed that the commonly used 2D model resonance condition is, in case of a 3D magnetic structure, no longer valid due to the alignment of the magnetisation along the underlying substrate structure and therefore an new model has to be derived. / Aufgrund des weltweiten, immer weiter steigenden Bedarfs an Speicherplatz von digitalen Information, sind neue Technologien für größere und schnellere Speichermedien im Fokus von Forschung und Entwicklung. Ein Schritt hin zu einer höheren Speicherdichte in der magnetischen Datenspeicherung ist dabei das sogenannte Konzept der ”Bit patterned media”, das definierte Informationseinheiten auf regelmäßig angeordneten Nanostrukturen beschreibt. Dieser Ansatz ist einer der derzeit vielversprechendsten Optionen die Speicherdichte zu erhöhen. Dabei ist die Herstellung der benötigten Nanostrukturen und deren Skalierung hin zu makroskopischen Dimensionen eines der Probleme an deren Lösung die Wissenschaft und Industrie derzeit arbeitet. Desweiteren ist die Antwort auf die noch offene Frage nach der Beeinflussung der nanoskaligen Strukturen auf die magnetischen Eigenschaften von großem Interesse. Das Hauptziel in dieser Arbeit ist es, einen Beitrag zur Beantwortung der Frage, welche magnetischen Eigenschaften sich durch eine Veränderung der Oberflächenstruktur im Nanometerbereich beeinflussen lassen, zu leisten. Hierzu wurden die folgenden Eigenschaften, wie zum Beispiel die Anisotropie, Remanenz,Koerzitivität, Schaltfeldverteilung, Sättigungsmagnetisierung, Gilbertdämpfung und inhomogene Linienverbreiterung von planaren zweidimensionalen dünnen ferromagnetische Schichten mit denen von dreidimensionalen magnetischen Strukturen verglichen. Zusätzlich wurde der Einfluss der angegpassten Morphologie auf die intergranularen- beziehungsweise auf die zwischen den Strukturen wirkende (interdot) Austauschkopplung untersucht. Der Hauptaugenmerk bei den ferromagnetisch dünnen Schichten lag dabei auf den granularen CoCrPt:SiO2 und [Co/Pd] Filmen, die heutzutage ein Standardmaterial für die magnetischen Speichermedien darstellen. Diese Materialien zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Koerzivität und senkrechte Anisotropie, mit geringer räumlicher Verteilung der Vorzugsrichtung der Magnetisierung, aus. Die hier vorgestellten vorstrukturierten GaSb(001) Substrate mit selbstordnenden periodischen Nanokegeln auf der Oberfläche, sind mittels Ionenstrahlerosion einfach, schnell und sehr gut reproduzierbar herzustellen. Deshalb ist diese Methode besonders für die Grundlagenforschung von Vorteil. Um einen Vergleich zwischen 2D Filmen und 3D Strukturen ziehen zu können, wurden neben den vorstrukturierten Substraten auch planare Proben beschichtet. Eine erste Versuchsreihe wurde mit einem dünnen Py Film präpariert. Da dessen magnetische Eigenschaften wohlbekannt sind, konnten neben den Untersuchungen mit VNA-FMR und MOKE auch einige OOMF Simulationen erstellt werden. Danach wurden zwei Proben mit planarem CoCrPt beziehungsweise CoCrPt:SiO2 untersucht. Bei den planaren CoCrPt:SiO2 Proben wurden außerdem noch Co+ Ionen implantiert, um deren Auswirkungen auf die intergranulare Austauschkopplung, Schaltfeldverteilung und besonders auf die Spindynamik zu bestimmen. Bei beiden Probensystemen konnte zusätzlich die Spindynamik mittels zeitaufgelöstem MOKE gemessen werden. Im Anschluss wurden die beiden senkrechten Speichermedien CoCrPt:SiO2 and [Co/Pd] auf Substraten mit Nanokegeln vorstrukturierten GaSb(001) Oberflächen abgeschieden. Diese Proben wurden mit MFM, MOKE, SQUID und Vektor-VSM vermessen. Aus den Messungen konnnten dann die Einflüsse auf die intergranulare- beziehungsweise interdot Austauschkopplung in Abhängigkeit von der Periodizität und Höhe der Nanokegel bestimmt werden, sowie die Umorientierung der Magnetisierung bezüglich der Substratkrümmung und den Morphologie induzierten Einfluss auf die magnetischen Domänen. Anhand der Vergleiche zwischen den Messungen der planaren und den vorstrukturierten Proben konnte eine Verringerung der Austauschkopplung zwischen den Strukturen gezeigt werden, die mit der Nanokegelstrukturperiodizität skaliert. Außerdem wurde in allen dünnen magnetischen Filmen auf Nanokegeln gezeigt, dass die Magnetisierung sich in Abhängigkeit der darunterliegenden Struktur ausrichtet. Bei den Py auf Nanokegeln, den planaren CoCrPt und dem planaren CoCrPt:SiO2 Proben konnten außerdem mit VNA-FMR und TRMOKE Informationen bezüglich der Spindynamik gemessen werden. Die erzielten Ergebnisse, der beiden planaren Proben, sind vergleichbar mit denen, aus der Literatur bekannten Werten, für die Gilbertdämpfung. Darüber hinaus wurde durch die Messungen an den Py Proben gezeigt, dass die Theorie, des bisher genutzten 2D Modells, nicht mehr gültig ist, da sich die Magnetisierung entlang der Substratstruktur ausrichtet, und deshalb ein neues Model aufgestellt werden muss.

No description available.

Dans cette thèse, nous montrons dans des amas d'oxyde de chrome épitaxiés, la contrainte conduit à l'apparition d'une phase multiferroïques, ainsi qu'un effet magnéto-électrique géant tel que le coefficient ME est de plusieurs ordres de grandeur supérieur que le terme linéaire dans Cr2O3 massif. Cela illustre que des contraintes épitaxiales dans des amas manométriques de taille réduite, crée un nouveau matériau magnéto-électrique ouvrant la possibilité d'utiliser un champ électrique pour orienter l'aimantation du matériau. Le coefficient magnéto-électrique linéaire calculé (6.7ns.m-1) est de trois ordres de grandeur plus élevé que dans l'oxyde de chrome massif (4.17ps.m-1) . Nous avons alors exalter ce coefficient sur des amas d'oxyde de chrome fortement contraintes. Nous avons aussi déclarés une assemblée d'amas n'ont pas seulement super-paramagnétique mais aussi super-paraélectrique.Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail nous avons donc utilisé une méthode d'optique non-linéaire afin d'observer cette polarisation spontanée à la température ambiante.Les mesures du magnéto-transport à température ambiante ne permettent pas d'étudier la polarisation électrique dans le Cr2O3, puisque la magnétorésistance tunnel mesurée à RT est nulle. Nous avons donc cherché une autre méthode la génération de la seconde harmonique qui est une méthode d'optique non linéaire, qui peut donner des informations sur l'état de la polarisation électrique dans un matériau non centrosymétriques. Elle a été utilisée dans notre cas pour déterminer la polarisation d'amas d'oxyde de chrome Cr2O3 super-paraélectriques à température ambiante>

La thèse porte sur la caractérisation et la modélisation d'un échantillon ferromagnétique doux de Fer-Cobalt sous stimulation mécanique vibratoire. Le banc de caractérisation permet de maîtriser l'amplitude et la fréquence de la sollicitation mécanique au travers d’actionneurs piézoélectriques. Le cycle d'hystérésis magnétique ainsi que l'amplitude des déformations mécaniques sont mesurés simultanément lorsque l'échantillon torique est sollicité en flexion longitudinale. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent une réduction importante de l'hystérésis magnétique statique. Les réductions de coercivité sont corrélées linéairement à l'amplitude des contraintes élastiques exercées sur le tore quelle que soit la fréquence mécanique des vibrations. Ces réductions, observées en présence d'une contrainte externe cyclique, sont associées à des décrochements de parois de Bloch lorsque celles-ci sont piégées par des défauts de contraintes internes. Pour interpréter ces résultats, une modélisation de l'interaction paroi - défaut est proposée à l'aide d'une approche énergétique. Les profils d'interaction énergétique entre paroi et défaut permettent alors d'exprimer la coercivité attribuée aux défauts de contrainte interne en présence d'une contrainte externe d'amplitude et/ou de direction variable(s). Le modèle met en évidence la nécessité d'explorer un grand nombre d'états mécaniques pour chaque valeur de champ magnétique. Les portées applicatives de ces travaux sont proposées à l'issue d'un bilan énergétique effectué sur le système d'excitation magnéto-mécanique. Cette étude ouvre de nouvelles voies pour des dispositifs de récupération d'énergie mécanique vibratoire ainsi que pour des systèmes de désaimantation par activation mécanique. / This study deals with the characterization and modeling of a soft ferromagnetic sample of Cobalt-Iron under vibratory mechanical stimulation. The characterization test bench allows to control the magnitude and the frequency of the mechanical solicitation through piezoelectric actuators. The magnetic hysteresis loop and the magnitude of the mechanical deformations are measured simultaneously when the ring sample is placed under longitudinal bending. The experimental results show a significant reduction of the static magnetic hysteresis. Decreases of coercivity are linearly correlated to the amplitude of elastic strain applied on the torus regardless of the mechanical vibration frequency. These reductions, observed under a cyclic external stress, are associated with the depinning of Bloch domain walls when they encounter residual stress defects. To clarify these results, a modeling of the interaction between domain wall and defect is proposed using an energy approach. Energy profiles interaction is used to express the coercivity attributed to residual stress defects in the presence of an external stress of both variable amplitude and/or variable direction(s). The model highlights the need to explore a large number of mechanical states for each magnetic field value. Finally, applications raised by this work are proposed from an energy balance analysis performed on the magneto-mechanical excitation system. This study opens new opportunities for vibratory mechanical energy harvesting devices and systems for demagnetization by mechanical activation.

In this thesis the magnetic properties of novel amorphous magnetic materials grown on a flexible substrate of polyethylene naphthalate and a silicon wafer have been analyzed and characterized. The analyzed films are two films of amorphous Cobalt-Iron-Zirconium(Co36Fe53Zr11 & Co37Fe55Zr8) grown on the flexible substrate and two films of amorphous (Fe89Zr11) doped with boron (B). The B is implanted in a lattice of rings with inner diameter of 10 μm and outer diameter of 20 μm and with the distance between the center of the rings of either 50 μm or 25 μm. The composition in the doped region is Fe80Zr10B10. Various magneto-optical Kerr effect(MOKE) magnetometers are used to measure hysteresis loops of the samples and a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) is used to find the volume magnetization of the flexible samples. To measure the anisotropy in the flexible films a series of sample holders has been developed to measure various amount of stress using the same sample in magneto-optical magnetometers. The stress induced uniaxial anisotropy is found by measuring hysteresis loops of the flexible samples while bending them with different curvatures. The induced anisotropy is related to the magnetostriction and the magnetostriction constants is estimated for the two flexible samples by assuming values for Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. The estimated values for the magnetostriction constant are found to vary with the amount of Zr and to be in the correct order of magnitude for magnetic films. The implanted B rings with the short distance of 25 μm between the center showed to have some interaction between the rings. This conclusion is drawn after analyzing first order reversal curves of the samples and looking at the domains under a MOKE-microscope. At very low temperatures the (unimplanted) FeZr matrix is ferromagnetic and seem to have an anti-ferromagnetic coupling with the B rings. At room temperature the rings are still ferromagnetic and they couple to each other.

Cette thèse porte sur l 'étude et le contrôle des caractéristiques de transition de phase dans les films magnétiques. Dans le cas des films pulvérisés par magnétron à base de FeRh, on a étudié l'influence de la composition et de la souche. La caractérisation magnétique, structurale et électrique a été effectuée en fonction de la position sur des films de composition graduelle. L'ajout d'un troisième élément (Pt ou Ni) a été utilisé pour décaler la température de transition. Nous avons établi qu'un changement dans les propriétés optiques se produit dans les films à base de FeRh en passant de l'état FM à l'état AFM. En étudiant la position dépendant de la température de la transition optique, nous avons pu construire un diagramme de phase du système Fe-Rh-Pt. Un tel diagramme de phase détaillé, basé sur une variation continue de composition, met en évidence une stabilité accrue (température de transition plus élevée) de la phase AFM pour une composition spécifique proche de celle équiatomique. Le contrôle de la souche du changement de phase dans les hétérostructures PMN-PT / FeRh a été étudié par des mesures de transport à l'aide des mises au point développées dans cette thèse. La température de transition pourrait être décalée de 22 K jusqu'à l'application d'un champ électrique faible (10 V ~ 0,32 kV / cm). Le changement de résistance induit par la déformation est important, ce qui est intéressant pour les applications. L'état AFM est stabilisé dans les films contraints. Le caractère anisotrope de la souche piézoélectrique joue un rôle important par rapport au changement de volume isotrope. Nous avons réussi à préparer des films de La (Fe, Si) 13 pour la première fois. Bien que les films optimaux présentent des valeurs de température de Curie, de constante de réseau, de variation d'entropie isotherme induite par le champ et d'aimantation spontanée comparables aux valeurs rapportées pour un matériau en vrac de composition similaire, elles présentent également des caractéristiques inhabituelles, c'est-à-dire des courbes M-T irréversibles et une hystérésis thermique inverse. L'élucidation de l'origine de ces effets nécessite une enquête plus approfondie / This thesis deals with the study and control of phase transition characteristics in magnetic films. In the case of FeRh-based magnetron sputtered films, the influence of both composition and strain were studied. Magnetic, structural and electrical characterization was made as a function of position on compositionally graded films. Addition of a third element (Pt or Ni) was used to shift the transition temperature. We established that a change in optical properties occurs in FeRh-based films on passing from the FM to AFM state. By studying the temperature dependent position of the optical transition, we were able to construct a phase diagram of the Fe-Rh-Pt system. Such a detailed phase diagram based on a continuous variation of composition, evidences an enhanced stability (higher transition temperature) of the AFM phase for a specific composition close to the equiatomic one. Strain control of the phase change in PMN-PT/FeRh heterostructures was investigated through transport measurements using set-ups developed in this thesis. The transition temperature could be shifted by up to 22 K upon application of a low electric field (10 V ~ 0.32 kV/cm). The strain-induced resistance change is large, which is attractive for applications. The AFM state is stabilized in strained films. The anisotropic character of the piezo-electric strain plays a significant role compared to the isotropic volume change. We succeeded in preparing films of La(Fe,Si)13 for the first time. While the optimal films show values of Curie temperature, lattice constant, field-induced isothermal entropy change and spontaneous magnetization comparable with values reported for bulk material of similar composition, they also display unusual features, i.e. irreversible M-T curves and an inverse thermal hysteresis. Elucidation of the origin of these effects requires further investigation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 paschoal_ef_me_ilha.pdf: 1666225 bytes, checksum: c8e0ac9ef47b75399e16b35077ba6dac (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a aplicação da tecnologia de controle semi-ativo em suspensões veiculares, empregando amortecedores magnetoreológicos e controladores nebulosos. O princípio de funcionamento dos amortecedores magnetoreológicos é evidenciado a partir de um procedimento de identificação numérica onde os resultados obtidos pela técnica de modelagem apresentada são confrontados com dados experimentais coletados. O grande avanço experimentado pelos controladores nebulosos nos últimos anos tem aberto novas possibilidades de aplicação prática de tais controladores. O comportamento não linear dos amortecedores magnetoreológicos associado às variações paramétricas e não- linearidades presentes em modelos de suspensões veiculares são características que corroboram para o uso dos controladores nebulosos. A formulação básica para a análise e projeto destes controladores é discutida e analisada através de um conjunto de simulações numéricas efetuado para a avaliação da robustez, estabilidade e desempenho dos mesmos. A bancada experimental, constituída de um sistema de dois graus de liberdade contendo um amortecedor magnetoreológico, é apresentada e tem seus parâmetros principais identificados. Tal bancada é usada para comparar os resultados numéricos simulados com aqueles obtidos experimentalmente. O trabalho termina comentando as potencialidades da metodologia apresentada, discutindo as facilidades e dificuldades encontradas na sua implementação e aponta propostas para a sua continuidade / This work focus on the investigation of semi-active vibration control technology in vehicle suspensions by using magneto-rheological dampers and fuzzy controllers. The operation principle of magneto-rheological dampers is verified by a numerical identification procedure and the results obtained by the presented modeling techniques are compared with the experimental collected data. The great progress tried by the fuzzy controllers in the last years has been opening new possibilities of practical application for these controllers. The non- linear behavior of the magnetorheological dampers associated to the parametric variations and non-linearities on vehicle suspension models corroborate to the use of the fuzzy controllers. The fundamental formulation of this controller is discussed and its robustness, stability and performance are shown through numeric simulations. An experimental apparatus representing a two degree-of-freedom system containing a magnetorheological damper is used to identify the main parameters and to compare the previous simulation results. This work is concluded presenting the potentialities of the design methodology proposed and future developments to be implemented

Orientador: José Roberto Campanha / Banca: Makoto Yoshida / Banca: Camilo Rodrigues Neto / Resumo: Uma oscilação mecânica pode gerar movimentos caóticos através de vibrações irregulares. O estudo da oscilação mecânica caótica é o objetivo deste trabalho e para isto propomos um sistema eletro - magneto mecânico que descreve um modelo físico que trata do movimento de um fio em um campo magnético. Com simulações numéricas estudamos o sistema, usando a transformada rápida de Fourier, expoentes de Lyapunov, diagrama de bifurcação, seção de Poincaré, trajetórias de plano de fase e gráficos das posições do fio em função do tempo que oscila em movimentos periódicos e caóticos. / Abstract: A mechanical oscillation can to generate chaotic movements through irregular vibrations. The study of chaotic mechanical oscillation is the objective of this work and for this we proposed a mechanical electro - magneto system that describes a physical model that treats the movement of a thread in a magnetic field. With numeric simulations, we studied the system using the fast Fourier transform, Lyapunov exponents, bifurcation diagram, Poincaré section, phase plane trajectories and graphs of the thread positions in time function that oscillate in periodic and chaotic movements. / Mestre

Les circulateurs et les isolateurs à ferrite sont couramment utilisés dans l’électronique hyperfréquence en raison de leur forte résistivité électrique et de leur aimantation spontanée élevée. La conception et l’optimisation des dispositifs micro-ondes à ferrites nécessitent d’une part la connaissance de leurs propriétés dynamiques, permittivité complexe et tenseur de perméabilité, et d’autre part le contrôle de la propagation de l’onde électromagnétique (EM) qui conditionne leurs performances. Les logiciels commerciaux de simulation utilisent différents modèles théoriques pour décrire le tenseur de perméabilité en fonction de l’état d’aimantation. Cependant la plupart de ces simulateurs EM restent limités à des états particuliers d’aimantation en raison des hypothèses simplificatrices des modèles de perméabilité utilisés. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous présentons un outil prédictif pour l’étude des propriétés EM des ferrites quel que soit leur état d’aimantation et qui tient compte de l’inhomogénéité des champs internes de polarisation. Cette modélisation combine des techniques expérimentales de détermination des paramètres physiques des ferrites et un modèle théorique qui utilise ces paramètres pour décrire le comportement dynamique des ferrites quel que soit l’état d’aimantation. Dans la première partie de la thèse nous présentons une méthode large bande en ligne coaxiale pour la mesure du coefficient d’amortissement. Les paramètres S théoriques sont calculés à partir d’une analyse EM (problème direct) de la cellule de mesure. Pour le problème inverse, une optimisation numérique a été développée pour calculer le coefficient d’amortissement (α) par comparaison des paramètres S calculés avec ceux mesurés. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, nous présentons un outil théorique de modélisation EM qui combine une analyse magnétostatique, un modèle du tenseur de perméabilité généralisé (GPT) et le simulateur Ansys HFSSTM. La majorité des paramètres d’entrée comme l’aimantation à saturation ou le champ d’anisotropie peuvent être mesurés à l’aide de techniques standards de caractérisation statique. Seul le paramètre dynamique, le coefficient d’amortissement, est déterminé à l’aide de la technique en ligne coaxiale proposée dans la première partie de la thèse. L’outil théorique développé est ensuite validé par la modélisation et la réalisation d’un circulateur micro-ruban à jonction Y. Grâce à la prise en compte de l’inhomogénéité des champs internes de polarisation, l’outil théorique proposé permet de mieux prédire le comportement dynamique des dispositifs à ferrites et cela pour tout état d’aimantation. / Ferrites are widely used in microwave electronics, particularly for circulators and insulators, because of their high electrical resistivity and high spontaneous magnetization. Design and optimization of microwave devices using ferrites requires realistic knowledge of its dynamic response, namely complex permittivity and permeability tensor and, on the other hand, control of wave propagation that condition their performance. Commercial simulation software use different theoretical models to describe the permeability tensor according to the state of magnetization. However, most of the electromagnetic (EM) simulators remain limited to certain states of magnetization, due to the simplified assumptions on which their permeability models are based upon.In this thesis work, we presented a predictive electromagnetic tool to study the EM properties of ferrites, whatever their magnetization state is, and takes into account the inhomogeneity of the internal polarization fields. This theoretical modeling approach combines experimental techniques to find the physical parameters of the ferrites, and a theoretical model which will use these parameters to describe the dynamic behavior of ferrites at any magnetization state.In the first part of the thesis, we presented a broadband coaxial line method for damping factor measurement. Theoretical S parameters are calculated using the EM analysis (direct problem) of the measurement cell. In the inverse problem, a numerical optimization procedure is developed to compute the damping factor (α) by matching theoretical S parameters with measured S parameters.During the second part of the thesis, we developed a theoretical EM modeling tool which combines a magneto-static solver, generalized permeability tensor model and commercial simulation software Ansys HFSSTM. Most of the input parameters like saturation magnetization, anisotropy field, etc. can be measured using standard characterization methods, except the damping factor used to represent the dynamic losses. Static input parameters of this theoretical tool are determined using standard material characterization methods.Dynamic input parameter, damping factor is calculated using the coaxial line technique proposed in the first part of this thesis. Theoretical EM tool is validated by modeling, and realizing a microstrip Y-junction circulator. By taking into account the inhomogeneity of the internal polarizing fields, proposed theoretical tool can predict the dynamic behavior of ferrite devices more accurately, at all magnetization states.

Ventos (em inglês outflows) de ampla abertura e larga escala sâo uma característica comum em galáxias ativas, como as galáxias Seyfert. Em sistemas como este, onde buracos negros supermassivos (em inglês super massive black holes, SMBHs) de núcleos galácticos ativos de galáxias (em inglês active galactic nuclei, AGN) coexistem com regiões de formação estelar (em inglês star forming, SF), nâo está claro das observações se o AGN SMBH ou o SF (ou ambos) são responsaveis pela indução desses ventos. Neste trabalho, estudamos como ambos podem influenciar a evolução da galáxia hospedeira e seus outflows, considerando galáxias tipo Seyfert nas escalas de kilo-parsec (kpc). Para este objetivo, estendemos o trabalho anterior desenvolvido por Melioli & de Gouveia Dal Pino (2015), que considerou ventos puramente hidrodinâmicos impulsionados tanto pela SF quanto pelo AGN, mas levando em conta para este último apenas ventos bem estreitos (colimados). A fim de obter uma melhor compreensão da influencia (feedback) desses mecanismos sobre a evolução da galáxia e seus outflows, incluímos também os efeitos de ventos de AGN com maior ângulo de abertura, já que ventos em forma de cone podem melhorar a interação com o meio interestelar da galáxia e assim, empurrar mais gás nos outflows. Além disso, incluímos também os efeitos dos campos magnéticos no vento, já que estes podem, potencialmente, ajudar a preservar as estruturas e acelerar os outflows. Realizamos simulações tridimensionais magneto-hidrodinâmicas (MHD) considerando o resfriamento radiativo em equilíbrio de ionização e os efeitos dos ventos do AGN com dois diferentes ângulos de abertura (0º e 10º) e razões entre a pressão térmica e a pressão magnética beta=infinito, = 300 e 30, correspondentes a campos magnéticos 0, 0,76 micro-Gauss e 2,4 micro-Gauss respectivamente. Os resultados de nossas simulações mostram que os ventos impulsionados pelos produtos de SF (isto é, pelas explosões de supernovas, SNe) podem direcionar ventos com velocidades 100-1000 km s¹, taxas de perda de massa da ordem de 50 Massas solares/ano, densidades de ~1-10 cm-3 e temperaturas entre 10 e 10 K, que se assemelham às propriedades dos denominados absorvedores de calor (em inglês warm absorbers, WAs) e também são compatíveis com as velocidades dos outflows moleculares observadas. No entanto, as densidades obtidas nas simulações são muito pequenas e as temperaturas são muito grandes para explicar os valores observados nos outflows moleculares (que têm n ~150-300 cm³ e T<1000 K). Ventos colimados de AGN (sem a presença de ventos SF) também são incapazes de conduzir outflows, mas podem acelerar estruturas a velocidades muito altas, da ordem de ~10.000 km s¹ e temperaturas T> 10 K, tal como observado em ventos ultra rapidos (em inglês, ultra-fast outflows, UFOs). A introdução do vento de AGN, particularmente com um grande ângulo de abertura, causa a formação de estruturas semelhantes a fontes galácticas. Isso faz com que parte do gás em expansão (que está sendo empurrado pelo vento de SF) retorne para a galáxia, produzindo um feedback \'positivo\' na evolução da galáxia hospedeira. Descobrimos que esses efeitos são mais pronunciados na presença de campos magnéticos, devido à ação de forças magnéticas extras pelo vento AGN, o qual intensifica o efeito de retorno do gás (fallback), e ao mesmo tempo reduz a taxa de perda de massa nos outflows por fatores de até 10. Além disso, a presença de um vento de AGN colimado (0º) causa uma remoção significativa da massa do núcleo da galáxia em poucos 100.000 anos, mas este é logo reabastecido pelo de gás acretante proveniente do meio interestelar (ISM) à medida que as explosões de SNe se sucedem. Por outro lado, um vento de AGN com um grande ângulo de abertura, em presença de campos magnéticos, remove o gás nuclear inteiramente em alguns 100.000 anos e não permite o reabastecimento posterior pelo ISM. Portanto, extingue a acreção de combustível e de massa no SMBH. Isso indica que o ciclo de trabalho desses outflows é de cerca de alguns 100.000 anos, compatível com as escalas de tempo inferidas para os UFOs e outflows moleculares observados. Em resumo, os modelos que incluem ventos de AGN com um ângulo de abertura maior e campos magnéticos, levam a velocidades médias muito maiores que os modelos sem vento de AGN, e também permitem que mais gás seja acelerado para velocidades máximas em torno de ~10 km s¹, com densidades e temperaturas compatíveis com aquelas observadas em UFOs. No entanto, as estruturas com velocidades intermediárias de vários ~100 km s¹ e densidades até uns poucos 100 cm³, que de fato poderiam reproduzir os outflows moleculares observados, têm temperaturas que são muito grandes para explicar as características observadas nos outflows moleculares, que tem temperaturas T< 1000 K. Além disso, estes ventos de AGN não colimados em presença de campos magnéticos entre T< 1000 K. Alem disso, estes grandes ventos AGN de angulo de abertura em fluxos magnetizados reduzem as taxas de perda de massa dos outflows para valores menores que aqueles observados tanto em outflows moleculares quanto em UFOs. Em trabalhos futuros, pretendemos estender o espaço paramétrico aqui investigado e também incluir novos ingredientes em nossos modelos, como o resfriamento radioativo fora do equilíbrio, a fim de tentar reproduzir as características acima que não foram explicadas pelo modelo atual. / Large-scale broad outflows are a common feature in active galaxies, like Seyfert galaxies. In systems like this, where supermassive black hole (SMBH) active galactic nuclei (AGN) coexist with star-forming (SF) regions it is unclear from the observations if the SMBH AGN or the SF (or both) are driving these outflows. In this work, we have studied how both may influence the evolution of the host galaxy and its outflows, considering Seyfert-like galaxies at kilo-parsec (kpc) scales. For this aim, we have extended previous work developed by Melioli & de Gouveia Dal Pino (2015), who considered purely hydrodynamical outflows driven by both SF and AGN, but considering for the latter only very narrow (collimated) winds. In order to achieve a better understanding of the feedback of these mechanisms on the galaxy evolution and its outflows, here we have included the effects of AGN winds with a larger opening angle too, since conic-shaped winds can improve the interaction with the interstellar medium of the galaxy and thus push more gas into the outflows. Besides, we have also included the effects of magnetic fields in the flow, since these can potentially help to preserve the structures and speed up the outflows. We have performed three-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamical (MHD) simulations considering equilibrium radiative cooling and the effects of AGN-winds with two different opening angles (0º and 10º), and thermal pressure to magnetic pressure ratios of beta=infinite, 300 and 30 corresponding to magnetic fields 0, 0.76 micro-Gauss and 2.4 micro-Gauss, respectively. The results of our simulations show that the winds driven by the products of SF (i.e., by explosions of supernovae, SNe) alone can drive outflows with velocities ~100-1000 km s¹, mass outflow rates of the order of 50 Solar Masses yr¹, densities of ~1-10 cm³, and temperatures between 10 and 10 K, which resemble the properties of warm absorbers (WAs) and are also compatible with the velocities of the observed molecular outflows. However, the obtained densities from the simulations are too small and the temperatures too large to explain the observed values in molecular outflows (which have n ~ 150-300 cm³ and T<1000 K). Collimated AGN winds alone (without the presence of SF-winds) are also unable to drive hese outflows, but they can accelerate structures to very high speeds, of the order of ~ 10.000 km s¹, and temperatures T> 10 K as observed in ultra-fast outflows (UFOs). The introduction of an AGN wind, particularly with a large opening angle, causes the formation of fountain-like structures. This makes part of the expanding gas (pushed by the SF-wind) to fallback into the galaxy producing a \'positive\' feedback on the host galaxy evolution. We have found that these effects are more pronounced in presence of magnetic fields, due to the action of extra magnetic forces by the AGN wind producing enhanced fallback that reduces the mass loss rate in the outflows by factors up to 10. Furthermore, the presence of a collimated AGN wind (0º) causes a significant removal of mass from the core region in a few 100.000 yr, but this is soon replenished by gas inflow from the interstellar medium (ISM) when the SNe explosions fully develop. On the other hand, an AGN wind with a large opening angle in presence of magnetic fields is able to remove the nuclear gas entirely within a few 100.000 yr and does not allow for later replenishment. Therefore, it quenches the fueling and mass accretion onto the SMBH. This indicates that the duty cycle of these outflows is around a few 100.000 yr, compatible with the time-scales inferred for the observed UFOs and molecular outflows. In summary, models that include AGN winds with a larger opening angle and magnetic fields, lead to to be accelerated to maximum velocities around 10 km s¹ (than models with collimated AGN winds), with densities and temperatures which are compatible with those observed in UFOs. However, the structures with intermediate velocities of several ~100 km s¹ and densities up to a few 100 cm3, that in fact could reproduce the observed molecular outflows, have temperatures which are too large to explain the observed molecular features, which have temperatures T<1000 K. Besides, these large opening angle AGN winds in magnetized flows reduce the mass loss rates of the outflows to values smaller than those observed both in molecular outflows and UFOs. In future work, we intend to extend the parametric space here investigated and also include new ingredients in our models, such as non-equilibrium radiative cooling, in order to try to reproduce the features above that were not explained by the current model.