Since their invention in the early 1900s, Tuned Vibration Absorbers (TVAs) have shown to be effective in suppressing vibrations of machines and structures. A vibration absorber is a vibratory subsystem attached to a primary system. It normally consists of a mass, a spring, and a damper. Mounted to the primary system, a TVA counteracts the motions of the primary system, "absorbing" the primary structure's vibrations. A conventional passive TVA, however, is only effective when it is tuned properly, hence, the name "tuned" vibration absorber. In many practical applications, inevitable off-tuning (or mistuning) of a TVA occurs because of the system's operating conditions or parameter changes over time. For example, the mass in a building floor could change by moving furnishings, people gathering, etc., which can "off-tune" TVAs. When TVAs are off-tuned, their effectiveness is sharply reduced. Moreover, the off-tuned TVAs can excessively amplify the vibration levels of the primary structures; therefore, not only rendering the TVA useless but also possibly causing damage to the structures. Off-tuning is one of the major problems of conventional passive TVAs. This study proposes a novel semiactive TVA, which strives to combine the best features of passive and active TVA systems. The semiactive TVA in this study includes a Magneto-Rheological (MR) damper that is used as a controllable damping element, for providing the real-time adjustability that is needed for improving the TVA performance. This study is conducted in two phases. The first phase provides a numerical investigation on a two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) numerical model in which the primary structure is coupled with a TVA. The numerical investigation considers four semiactive control methods for the MR TVAs, in addition to an equivalent passive TVA. These numerical models are optimally tuned using numerical optimization techniques to compare each TVA system. These tuned systems then serve as the basis for numerical parametric studies for further evaluation of their dynamic performance. The parametric study covers the effects of damping, as well as system parameter variations (off-tuning). The results indicates that semiactive TVAs are more effective in reducing the maximum vibrations of the primary structure and are more robust when subjected to off-tuning. Additionally, the numerical study identifies the "On-off Displacement-Based Groundhook control (on-off DBG)" as the most suitable control method for the semiactive TVA among control methods considered in this study. For the second phase of this study, an experimental study is performed on a test setup, which represents a 2-DOF structure model coupled with an MR TVA. Using this setup, a series of tests are conducted in the same manner as the numerical study to evaluate the performance of the semiactive TVA. The primary purposes of the experiment are to further evaluate the most promising semiactive control methods and to serve as a "proof-of-concept" of the effectiveness of this MR TVA for floor vibration applications. The results indicate that the semiactive TVA with displacement-based groundhook control outperforms the equivalent passive TVA in reducing the maximum vibrations of the primary structure. This confirms the numerical result that identifies on-off DBG control method as the "best" control method for the MR TVA among four semiactive control schemes considered. The experimental robustness study is also conducted, focusing on the dynamic performance of both the passive and the semiactive TVAs when the mass of the primary system changes (mass off-tuning). The mass of the primary system varied from -23 % to +23 % of its nominal value by adding and removing external masses. The experimental results show that the semiactive TVA is more robust to changes in the primary mass than the passive TVA. These results justify the benefits of the use of semiactive MR TVAs in structures, such as building floor systems. The off-tuning analysis further suggests that, in practice, semiactive TVAs should be tuned slightly less than their optimum in order to compensate for any added masses to the structure. Additionally, the lessons learned from the experimental study have paved the way for implementing the semiactive MR TVA on a test floor, which is currently in progress under a separate study. / Ph. D.

This dissertation focuses on projects where optical techniques were employed to characterize novel materials, developing concepts toward next generation of devices. The materials that I studied included InAsP, InMnSb and InMnAs, and BT-BCN. I have employed several advanced time resolved and magneto-optical techniques to explore unexplored properties of these structures. The first class of the materials were the ternary alloys InAsP. The electron g-factor of InAsP can be tuned, even allowing for g=0, making InAsP an ideal candidate for quantum communication devices. Furthermore, InAsP shows promises for opto-electronics and spintronics, where the development of devices requires extensive knowledge of carrier and spin dynamics. Thus, I have performed time and polarization resolved pump-probe spectroscopy on InAsP with various compositions. The carrier and spin relaxation time in these structures were observed and demonstrated tunability to the excitation wavelengths, composition and temperature. The sensitivity to these parameters provide several avenues to control carrier and spin dynamics in InAsP alloys. The second project focused on the ferromagnetic narrow gap semiconductors InMnAs and InMnSb. The incorporation of Mn can lead to ferromagnetic behavior of InMnAs and InMnSb, and enhance the g-factors, making them ideal candidates for spintronics devices. When grown using Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), the Curie temperature (textit{$T_c$}) of these structures is textless 100 K, however structures grown using Metalorganic Vapor phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) have textit{$T_c$} textgreater 300 K. Magnetic circular dichroism was performed on MOVPE grown InMnAs and InMnSb. Comparison of the experimental results with the theoretical calculations provides a direct method to map the band structure, including the temperature dependence of the spin-orbit split-off band to conduction band transition and g-factors, as well as the estimated sp-d electron/hole coupling parameters. My final project was on the lead-free ferroelectric BT-BCN. Ferroelectric materials are being investigated for high speed, density, nonvolatile and energy efficient memory devices; however, commercial ferroelectric memories typically contain lead, and use a destructive reading method. Reflectometry measurements were used in order to determine the refractive index of BT-BCN with varying thicknesses, which can provide a means to nondestructively read ferroelectric memory through optical methods. / Ph. D.

This study of adaptable vibration isolating mounts sets out to capture the uniqueness of magnetorheological (MR) fluid's variable viscosity rate, and to physically alter the damping and stiffness when used inside an elastomeric mount. Apparent variable viscosity or rheology of the MR fluid has dependency on the application of a magnetic field. Therefore, this study also intends to look at the design of a compact magnetic field generator which magnetizes the MR fluid to activate different stiffness and damping levels within the isolator to create an adaptable and tunable feature. To achieve this adaptable isolator mount, a mold will be fabricated to construct the mounts. A process will then be devised to manufacture the mounts and place MR fluid inside the mount for later compatibility with the magnetic field generator. This process will then produce an MR fluid-elastic mount. Additionally for comparative purposes, passive mounts will be manufactured with a soft rubber casing and an assortment of metal and non-metal inserts. Next, the design of the magnetic field generator will be modeled using FEA magnetic software and then constructed. Stiffness or force/displacement measurements will then be analyzed from testing the isolator mount and magnetic field generator on a state-of-the-art vibration dynamometer. To vary the magnetic flux through the mount, an electro-magnet is used. To analyze the results, a frequency method of the stiffness will be used to show the isolators adaptation to various increments of magnetic flux over the sinusoidal input displacement frequencies. This frequency response of the stiffness will then be converted into a modeling technique to capture the essence of the dynamics from activating the MR fluid within the isolator mount. With this methodology for studying the adaptability of an MR fluid-elastic mount, the stiffness increases are dependent on the level of magnetic field intensity provided from the supplied electro-magnet. When the electro-magnet current supply is increased from 0.0 to 2.0 Amps, the mount stiffness magnitude increase is 78% in one of the MR fluid-elastic mounts. Through comparison, this MR fluid-elastic mount at off-state with zero magnetic field is similar to a mount made of solid rubber with a hardness of 30 Shore A. With 2 Amps of current, however, the MR fluid-elastic mount has a higher stiffness magnitude than a rubber mount and resembles a rubber casing with a steel insert. Moreover, when the current in the electro-magnet is increased from 0.0 to 2.0 Amps the equivalent damping coefficient in a MR fluid-elastic mount increases over 500% of the value at 0 Amps at low frequency. Through damping comparisons, the MR fluid-elastic mount with no current is similar to that of a mount made of solid rubber with a hardness of 30 Shore A. At full current in the electromagnet, however, the damping in the MR fluid-elastic mount is greater than any of the comparative mounts in this study. Therefore, the results show that the MR fluid-elastic mount can provide a wide range of stiffness and damping variation for real-time embedded applications. Since many aerospace and automotive applications use passive isolators as engine mounts in secondary suspensions to reduce transmitted forces at cruise speed, the MR fluid-elastic mount could be substituted to reduce transmitted forces over a wider range of speeds. Additionally, this compact MR fluid-elastic mount system could be easily adapted to many packaging constraints in those applications. / Master of Science

Nós demonstramos, pela primeira vez, o resfriamento via laser de um feixe atômico duplo. Ao se carregar um forno a 650oC com uma liga de Li179Na obtêm-se uma destilação efusiva que produz um feixe com fluxos idênticos de Li e de Na. Este feixe formado por duas espécies é desacelerado pela técnica Zeeman utilizando-se dessintonias iguais a Li = -850 MHz e Na = +150 MHz das respectivas transições atômicas 2S1/2 F = 2 2P3/2 F = 3. Em um segundo experimento, mostramos uma nova armadilha magneto-óptica bicromática, em cela de vapor. Obtivemos um incremento de ~10 vezes no número de átomos resfriados utilizando uma armadilha de Na do tipo I circundada por uma armadilha do tipo II, que não se superpõe à primeira. Isto ocorre quando temos o laser de captura a 12 MHz para o vermelho da transição 32S1/2 F = 2 32P3/2 F = 2. Em um terceiro experimento, observamos a primeira armadilha magneto-óptica para alcalinos operando na transição 2S1/2 2P1/2 (linha D1). Para o caso escolhido de átomos de sódio, obtêm-se quatro armadilhas diferentes dentro desta linha D1, contendo de 105 a 107 átomos resfriados. Para duas delas, é necessário inverter-se o sinal das polarizações circulares usuais dos lasers de resfriamento, devido aos desvios Zeeman negativos dos níveis hiperfinos inferiores / We demonstrate, for the first time, a laser cooling of a double atomic beam. By loading an oven at 650oC with a Li179Na alloy we get an effusive distillation producing a beam with equal fluxes of Li and Na. This two-species beam was laser cooled by Zeeman technique with Li = -850 MHz and Na = +150 MHz detunings from the corresponding 2S1/2 F = 2 2P3/2 F = 3 atomic transitions. In a second experiment, we show a new two-color vapor-cell magneto-optical trap. By surrounding type-I Na trap with a non-overlaping type-II trap we achieve a ~10-fold improvement in the number of cooled atoms. This is achieved when the capture laser is detuned 12 MHz to the red of the 32S1/2 F = 2 32P3/2 F = 2 transition. In a third experiment, we observe the first alkaline magneto-optical trap operating on 2S1/2 2P1/2 transition (D1 line). For the choosen sodium atoms, we have four different traps within D1 line, with 105 to 107 cooled atoms. For two of them, one has to revert the usual sign of circular polarizations of the cooling lasers, due to negative Zeeman shift of the lower hyperfine levels

Nós demonstramos, pela primeira vez, o resfriamento via laser de um feixe atômico duplo. Ao se carregar um forno a 650oC com uma liga de Li179Na obtêm-se uma destilação efusiva que produz um feixe com fluxos idênticos de Li e de Na. Este feixe formado por duas espécies é desacelerado pela técnica Zeeman utilizando-se dessintonias iguais a Li = -850 MHz e Na = +150 MHz das respectivas transições atômicas 2S1/2 F = 2 2P3/2 F = 3. Em um segundo experimento, mostramos uma nova armadilha magneto-óptica bicromática, em cela de vapor. Obtivemos um incremento de ~10 vezes no número de átomos resfriados utilizando uma armadilha de Na do tipo I circundada por uma armadilha do tipo II, que não se superpõe à primeira. Isto ocorre quando temos o laser de captura a 12 MHz para o vermelho da transição 32S1/2 F = 2 32P3/2 F = 2. Em um terceiro experimento, observamos a primeira armadilha magneto-óptica para alcalinos operando na transição 2S1/2 2P1/2 (linha D1). Para o caso escolhido de átomos de sódio, obtêm-se quatro armadilhas diferentes dentro desta linha D1, contendo de 105 a 107 átomos resfriados. Para duas delas, é necessário inverter-se o sinal das polarizações circulares usuais dos lasers de resfriamento, devido aos desvios Zeeman negativos dos níveis hiperfinos inferiores / We demonstrate, for the first time, a laser cooling of a double atomic beam. By loading an oven at 650oC with a Li179Na alloy we get an effusive distillation producing a beam with equal fluxes of Li and Na. This two-species beam was laser cooled by Zeeman technique with Li = -850 MHz and Na = +150 MHz detunings from the corresponding 2S1/2 F = 2 2P3/2 F = 3 atomic transitions. In a second experiment, we show a new two-color vapor-cell magneto-optical trap. By surrounding type-I Na trap with a non-overlaping type-II trap we achieve a ~10-fold improvement in the number of cooled atoms. This is achieved when the capture laser is detuned 12 MHz to the red of the 32S1/2 F = 2 32P3/2 F = 2 transition. In a third experiment, we observe the first alkaline magneto-optical trap operating on 2S1/2 2P1/2 transition (D1 line). For the choosen sodium atoms, we have four different traps within D1 line, with 105 to 107 cooled atoms. For two of them, one has to revert the usual sign of circular polarizations of the cooling lasers, due to negative Zeeman shift of the lower hyperfine levels

In the present work, the implications of ion irradiation on the magnetostatic and dynamic properties of soft magnetic Py/Ta (Py = Permalloy: Ni80Fe20) single and multilayer films have been investigated with the main objective of finding a way to determine their saturation magnetization. Both polar magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) and vector network analyzer ferromagnetic resonance (VNA-FMR) measurements have proven to be suitable methods to determine µ0MS, circumventing the problem of the unknown effective magnetic volume that causes conventional techniques such as SQUID or VSM to fail. Provided there is no perpendicular anisotropy contribution in the samples, the saturation magnetization can be determined even in the case of strong interfacial mixing due to an inherently high number of Py/Ta interfaces and/or ion irradiation with high fluences. Another integral part of this work has been to construct a VNA-FMR spectrometer capable of performing both azimuthal and polar angle-dependent measurements using a magnet strong enough to saturate samples containing iron. Starting from scratch, this comprised numerous steps such as developing a suitable coplanar waveguide design, and writing the control, evaluation, and fitting software. With both increasing ion fluence and number of Py/Ta interfaces, a decrease of saturation magnetization has been observed. In the case of the 10×Py samples, an immediate decrease of µ0MS already sets in at small ion fluences. However, for the 1×Py and 5×Py samples, the saturation magnetization remains constant up to a certain ion fluence, but then starts to rapidly decrease. Ne ion irradiation causes a mixing and broadening of the interfaces. Thus, the Py/Ta stacks undergo a transition from being polycrystalline to amorphous at a critical fluence depending on the number of interfaces. The saturation magnetization is found to vanish at a Ta concentration of about 10–15 at.% in the Py layers. The samples possess a small uniaxial anisotropy, which remains virtually unaffected by the ion fluence, but slightly reduces with an increasing number of Py/Ta interfaces. In addition to magnetostatics, the dynamic properties of the samples have been investigated as well. The Gilbert damping parameter α increases with both increasing number of Py/Ta interfaces and higher ion fluences, with the former having a stronger influence. The inhomogeneous linewidth broadening ΔB0 increases as well with increasing number of Py/Ta interfaces, but slightly decreases for higher ion fluences. / In dieser Dissertation ist der Einfluss von Ionenbestrahlung auf die magnetostatischen und dynamischen Eigenschaften von weichmagnetischen Py/Ta-Einzel- und Multilagen (Py = Permalloy: Ni80Fe20) untersucht worden, wobei das Hauptziel gewesen ist, eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Sättigungsmagnetisierung zu finden. Sowohl polare magneto-optische Kerr-Effektmessungen (MOKE) als auch ferromagnetische Resonanzmessungen mittels eines Vektornetzwerkanalysators (VNA-FMR) haben sich als geeignet erwiesen, um µ0MS zu bestimmen, wobei das Problem des unbekannten effektiven magnetischen Volumens umgangen wird, welches bei der Verwendung von Techniken wie SQUID oder VSM auftreten würde. Unter der Voraussetzung, dass die Proben keinen senkrechten magnetischen Anisotropiebeitrag besitzen, kann die Sättigungsmagnetisierung selbst im Fall starker Grenzflächendurchmischung infolge einer großen Anzahl an Py/Ta-Grenzflächen und/oder Ionenbestrahlung mit hohen Fluenzen bestimmt werden. Ein weiterer wesentlicher Bestandteil dieser Arbeit ist die Konstruktion eines VNA-FMR-Spektrometers gewesen, welches vollautomatisiert ist, polare und azimutale Winkelabhängigkeiten messen kann und einen Magneten besitzt, der Proben, die Eisen beinhalten, sättigen kann. Von Grund auf beginnend umfasste dies zahlreiche Schritte wie z. B. die Entwicklung eines geeigneten koplanaren Wellenleiterdesigns sowie das Schreiben von Steuerungs-, Auswertungs- und Fitprogrammen. Mit steigender Fluenz und Zahl an Py/Ta-Grenzflächen ist eine Abnahme der Sättigungsmagnetisierung beobachtet worden. Im Fall der 10×Py-Proben findet diese bereits bei kleinen Fluenzen statt. Im Gegensatz dazu bleibt µ0MS der 1×Py- und 5×Py-Proben bis zu einer bestimmten Fluenz konstant, bevor sie sich dann umso schneller verringert. Die Bestrahlung mit Ne-Ionen verursacht eine Durchmischung und Verbreiterung der Grenzflächen. Infolgedessen erfahren die Py/Ta-Proben bei einer kritischen Fluenz, die von der Zahl der Grenzflächen abhängig ist, einen Phasenübergang von polykristallin zu amorph. Die Sättigungsmagnetisierung verschwindet ab einer Ta-Konzentration von etwa 10–15 Atom-% in den Py-Schichten. Die Proben besitzen eine kleine uniaxiale Anisotropie, die praktisch unbeeinflusst von der Fluenz ist, sich jedoch mit steigender Zahl an Py/Ta-Grenzflächen leicht verringert. Neben den statischen sind auch die dynamischen magnetischen Eigenschaften der Proben untersucht worden. Der Gilbert-Dämpfungsparameter α erhöht sich sowohl mit steigender Zahl an Py/Ta-Grenzflächen als auch mit höheren Fluenzen, wobei Erstere einen größeren Einfluss hat. Die inhomogene Linienverbreiterung ΔB0 nimmt ebenfalls mit steigender Zahl an Py/Ta-Grenzflächen zu, verringert sich jedoch bei größeren Fluenzen leicht.

Diese Dissertation stellt die erste Anwendung des magneto-optischen Kerr Effektes (MOKE) auf ferromagnetische Metall/Organische Heterostrukturen zur Aufklärung der optischen und chemischen Eigenschaften dar. Die MOKE-Untersuchungen wurden spektroskopisch in einem Energiebereich von 1.7 eV bis 5.5 eV durchgeführt. Heterostrukturen, wie sie hier untersucht werden, sind relevant für Anwendungen in der organischen Spintronik. Die Auswertung der Experimentellen Daten wird unterstützt durch numerische Simulationen eines Schichtmodells und ergänzende Untersuchung der strukturellen und magnetischen Eigenschaften unter Zuhilfenahme von AFM, TEM, SEM, STXM und SQUID-Magnetometrie. In der aktuellen Arbeit wurde Ni als Beispiel einer ferromagnetischen Schicht oberhalb oder unterhalb des organischen Films verwendet. Die organische Schicht besteht jeweils aus den diamagnetischen Molekülen Rubren, Pentacen und Fulleren, welche nur ein vernachlässigbares MOKE-Signal aufweisen. Zum Vergleich wurden das metallfreie Phtalocyanin H2Pc, welche ein nur eine bis zwei Größenordnungen schwächeres MOKE Signal als das genutzte Ni zeigen, betrachtet. Selbst Moleküle, welche kein intrinsisches MOKE-Signal zeigen, können über die optische Interferenz Einfluss auf das MOKE Signal von Ni nehmen. Daher kann die Dicke der organischen Schicht genutzt werden, um den Verlauf des MOKE Spektrum zu kontrollieren. Dies wird für Rubren und C60 gezeigt. Beim Vergleich des MOKE-Spektrums von Rubren/Ni- und Ni/Rubren-Doppelschichten war es möglich zu zeigen, dass die Metallablagerung an der Oberfläche einen Versiegelungseffekt hat, welcher die Oxidation der organischen Unterschicht verlangsamt. AFM und TEM Messungen zeigen, dass Ni die Morphologie der unteren Rubrenschicht annimmt. Die Proben, die mit einer geringen Wachstumsrate von Rubren hergestellt wurden, weisen bei einer nominellen Schichtdicke von 15 nm klar geformte Rubren-Inseln mit großen Abständen zwischen ihnen auf. In diesen Fällen zeigte die magnetische Hysteresemessung von MOKE bei Raumtemperatur eine unterschiedliche Gestalt in Abhängigkeit von der Photonenenergie. Die Hystereseschleifen wurden durch die Präsenz zweier magnetischer Phasen interpretiert. Die MOKE-Spektren dieser beiden Phasen wurden aus dem experimentellen Spektrum separiert. Die Gestalt des gemessenen Spektrums ändert sich mit der Stärke des angelegten Feldes aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Beiträge der zwei Phasen. An den ferromagnetischen Metall/organischen Schichten wurde TEM angewendet, um die Größe der Metallpartikel zu bestimmen, sowie STXM um die Orientierung der organischen Moleküle festzustellen. Die Schichtdicke, das Massenverhältnis sowie die Wechselwirkung zwischen Metall und organischen Material beeinflussen nachweislich das MOKE Signal.

Το θέμα αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η παρασκευή με τη μέθοδο sputtering και ο χαρακτηρισμός μαγνητικών λεπτών υμενίων. Στo πρώτο κεφάλαιο, που αποτελεί και την εισαγωγή, γίνεται μια αναφορά στη τεχνολογία των λεπτών υμενίων και δίνεται το στοιχειώδες θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο των τεχνικών ανάπτυξης αυτών. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται η διάταξη sputtering που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την ανάπτυξη των μαγνητικών υμενίων και δίνονται τα αποτελέσματα της βαθμονόμησης ενός μετρητικού πάχους υψηλής ακρίβειας. Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται στην κατασκευή και πιστοποίηση μιας πλήρως αυτοματοποιημένης και χαμηλού κόστους διάταξης μέτρησης μαγνητικών βρόχων μέσω του φαινομένου Kerr, με μέγιστο πεδίο πόλωσης 2Τ. Το τέταρτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται στις πειραματικές λεπτομέρειες της παρασκευής των μαγνητικών λεπτών υμενίων Νικελίου και Κοβαλτίου και δίνονται τα αποτελέσματα του δομικού και μαγνητικού χαρακτηρισμού τους. Τέλος, στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζονται τα συμπεράσματα και οι παρατηρήσεις που προέκυψαν κατά τη διάρκεια της ενασχόλησης με τη διπλωματική εργασία. Γίνονται, επιπλέον, και ορισμένες προτάσεις για τη μελλοντική εξέλιξη των συστημάτων sputtering και ΜΟΚΕ, ενώ τονίζεται και το τεχνολογικό ενδιαφέρον που παρουσιάζουν τα υμένια που παρασκευάσθηκαν. / The subject of this diploma thesis is the growth using the sputtering process and the characterization of thin magnetic films. The first chapter refers to thin films' technology and there is given the elementary theoretical background of the thin films’ growth. In the second chapter, there is presented the sputtering device, which is used for the growth of the magnetic films. Also, there is given the results of the calibration of a newly established thickness monitor, which is used for high accuracy thickness measurements. In the third chapter, there is given the description of the construction of a fully automatic and low cost magneto - optic Kerr effect magnetometer for the magnetic loops' measurement in a maximum magnetic field of 2T. There are, also, given the magnetic loops which are used for the construction’s certification. The fourth chapter refers to the experimental details about the preparation of the Nickel and Cobalt magnetic thin films. There are, also, given the results about the structural and magnetic characterization of the thin films. Finally, in the fifth chapter, there are presented the conclusions and the observations, which arose during the diploma thesis. There are, also, presented some proposals about the future progress of the sputtering and MOKE systems, whereas at the same, there is stressed the technical interest of the thin films, which are prepared.

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