En droit français, le régime des attroupements et rassemblements est au carrefour des droits administratif et pénal. Il dépasse le droit de manifester reconnu et protégé, tout en étant une nouvelle manière pour les citoyens de manifester leurs opinions, souvent véhiculées par Internet. Ces prises de position ont souvent pour point commun leur caractère spontané et immédiat, ainsi que leurs formes très éclectiques. Polysémique et évolutif dans son contenu, l’ordre public limite les atteintes à la liberté de manifester dont il est le corollaire. Dès lors, un équilibre entre les deux est exigé, illustré par la tolérance de l'autorité administrative d'un certain degré de désordre. C'est aujourd'hui la seule manière de concilier l'intérêt du pouvoir et des attroupements mobilisés dans la rue. Le maintien de l’ordre est l’une des missions principales des forces de police. Les dispositifs de prévention et les opérations de rétablissement de l’ordre troublé doivent obéir à la nécessité et à la proportionnalité reconnues à l’échelle européenne et nationale, assurant ainsi la légitimité des interventions policières. L’objectif poursuivi de cette recherche est de tenter de définir un régime juridique des attroupements unique, fondé sur l’ordre public dans un système cohérent et pertinent, indicateur du degré démocratique des systèmes contemporains. Ce fil directeur prend appui sur les textes, sur la jurisprudence, ou sur la doctrine mais aussi sur la pratique du maintien de l’ordre. / In French law, the rules governing gatherings and assemblies sit at the crossroads of administrative and criminal law. They go beyond the right to protest, which is recognised and protected, whilst also being a new way for citizens to demonstrate their opinions, often conveyed via the internet. Such positions often share a spontaneous and immediate nature, as well as taking highly eclectic forms. Polysemous and constantly evolving in terms of its content, public order limits the freedom of demonstration of which it is a corollary. Consequently, a balance between the two is required, illustrated by tolerance on the part of the administrative authorities of a certain degree of disorder. It is currently the only way to reconcile the interests of public authority and gatherings mobilised in the streets. One of the main tasks of police forces is to maintain order. Preventive mechanisms and operations intended to re-establish public order must be guided by necessity and proportionality, which are recognised at European and national levels, thus ensuring the legitimacy of police intervention. The aim pursued by this research is to attempt to define a single set of rules governing gatherings, based on public order within a consistent and relevant system, which is an indicator of the level of democracy in modern systems. That guiding principle is based on legislation, case law and jurisprudence, as well as the practicalities of maintaining public order.

The diploma thesis deals with the problematics of both health and technical installations in a residential building in the city of Brno. The theoretical part deals with the analysis of the topic with particular focus on the problematics of thermal losses within the pipeline. The thesis also focuses on various possibilities of protection of the pipeline and reduction of the thermal losses. The project part of the thesis deals with both health and technical installations in the particular building within the chosen option. The concerned building is constructed in the form of cascades consisting of five floors above the ground level and one underground floor which serves as a parking lot for the cars of the building residents.

The aim of this diploma thesis is the design of an automatic lawn mower. The design solution is based on innovative concept respecting all technical, ergonomical, aesthetical and ecological demands. A research study, including a historical, technical and design analysis of lawn mower, is preceding the description of main creative part of design process starting from the concept development and ending up with the final solution. A conclusion of the thesis presents an analysis of final solution, its character, contribution to the human society and the particular role of industial design in automatic lawn mower concept.

L'interférométrie visible longue base est une technique d'observation en astronomie permettant de sonder les objets avec une résolution spatiale qu'il est impossible d'atteindre avec un télescope seul. La mise en œuvre au sol de cette méthode est limitée en sensibilité et précision de mesure à cause de la turbulence atmosphérique. Or les nouveaux besoins scientifiques, tels que la détermination des paramètres fondamentaux, l'étude de l'environnement proche ou de la surface des étoiles, requièrent la capacité d'observer des objets de moins en moins brillants et de faire des mesures de plus en plus précises, en interférométrie visible. Pour s'affranchir de la turbulence, l'interférométrie multimode a été développée en reprenant le concept de l'interférométrie des tavelures utilisée sur un seul télescope. Aujourd'hui, pour améliorer davantage les performances des futurs instruments, cette instrumentation évolue vers l'utilisation de la nouvelle génération de détecteur, l'Electron Multiplying Charge-Coupled Device (EMCCD), et de l'emploi des fibres optiques interfacées avec des optiques adaptatives. Cette avancée est motivée par le succès de l'utilisation conjointe de l'optique adaptative et du suivi de franges pour s'affranchir partiellement de la turbulence en interférométrie infrarouge, en 2017 avec l'instrument GRAVITY (Gravity Collaboration et al. 2017). Le prototype FRIEND (Fibered and spectrally Resolved Interferometer - New Design) a été conçu pour caractériser et évaluer les performances de la combinaison de ces éléments, dans le domaine visible. L'amélioration de la précision des instruments interférométriques est apportée par les fibres optiques et par la dynamique du signal délivré par une EMCCD. L'inconvénient de l'emploi des fibres dans le visible est une perte de la sensibilité du fait que le taux d'injection du flux dans celles-ci est très faible à cause de la turbulence atmosphérique. Mais il se trouve que l'optique adaptative et l'EMCCD permettent d'améliorer la sensibilité. En effet, l'optique adaptative maximise l'injection en réduisant l'influence de la turbulence atmosphérique, et l'EMCCD est capable de détecteur de faibles flux. FRIEND prépare ainsi le développement du futur instrument SPICA, recombinant jusqu'à six télescopes (Mourard et al. 2017, 2018). Celui-ci devra explorer la stabilisation des interférences grâce au suivi de franges. Cet aspect n'est pas abordé dans cette thèse. Je présente dans cette thèse le prototype FRIEND, capable de recombiner jusqu'à trois télescopes, opérant dans la bande R en franges dispersées. Il est doté de fibres optiques gaussiennes monomodes à maintien de polarisation et d'une EMCCD. Il est installé sur l'interféromètre visible Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA), au Mount Wilson, en Californie, qui est en train de s'équiper d'optiques adaptatives. J'ai développé des estimateurs de visibilité et de clôture de phase, la méthode de réduction des données de ce prototype et une stratégie d'observation. Grâce à ces outils, j'ai montré que les optiques adaptatives améliorent le taux d'injection dans les fibres. Il est alors apparu que la stabilisation de l'injection est importante pour maximiser le rapport signal-à-bruit dans chaque image. La biréfringence des fibres dégrade les performances de l'instrument mais elle a pu être compensée. J'ai montré qu'un instrument, basé sur la conception de FRIEND, permet d'accéder à des mesures de visibilité faibles avec une précision, inatteignable avec la génération actuelle, grâce au développement et l'utilisation d'un modèle de rapport signal-à-bruit. L'instrument a enfin été testé dans son intégralité sur le système binaire connu ζ Ori A. Cette observation montre la fiabilité et la précision des mesures interférométriques obtenues avec ce prototype, montrant l'intérêt de cette association de technologies pour les futurs interféromètres visibles. / Long baseline visible interferometry in astronomy is an observing technique which allows to get insights of an object with an outstanding angular resolution, unreachable with single-dish telescope. Interferometric measurements with ground-based instrumentation are currently limited in sensitivity and precision due to atmospheric turbulence. However, the new astrophysical needs, particularly the determination of fundamental parameters or the study of the closed environment and the surface of the stars, require to observe fainter objects with a better precision than now in visible interferometry. Ought to overcome the atmospheric turbulence, multispeckle interferometry has been developed by adapting speckle imaging technics used on single-dish telescope. Today, in order to improve the performance of the future combiners, instrumentation progresses to the use of a new generation detector called EMCCD, and the use of optical fibers which are coupled with adaptive optics. This path is chosen thank to the success of the use of the adaptive optics with the fringe tracking in the infrared interferometry in 2017 (Gravity Collaboration et al. 2017), in order to compensate turbulence. FRIEND prototype (Fibered and spectrally Resolved Interferometer - New Design) has been designed to characterize and estimate the performance of such a combination of technologies, in the visible spectral band. The improvement of the precision of the measurements from interferometric instruments is due to optical fibers and the dynamical range of the EMCCD. The counterpart of using the optical fibers is a loss in sensitivity due to a low injection rate of flux into the fibers because of the atmospheric turbulence. On the other hand, sensitivity is improved thanks to adaptive optics and EMCCDs. Indeed, adaptive optics increases the injection rate and EMCCDs can measure low fluxes. Lastly, FRIEND is a pathfinder for the future instrument SPICA which should recombine up to 6 telescopes (Mourard et al. 2017, 2018). Fringe-tracking aspects will have to be studied for SPICA; this topic is not dealt with in this thesis. In this work, I present the FRIEND prototype, which can recombine up to three telescopes and operates in the R band with dispersed fringes. It has Gaussian polarization-maintaining single mode optical fibers and an EMCCD. It is set up at the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA), at Mount Wilson, in California. CHARA is currently being equipped with adaptive optics. I develop estimators of visibility modulus and closure phase, the data reduction software and an observing strategy. Thanks to that, I am able to show that adaptive optics improves the injection rate. I also demonstrate how important the stabilization of injection is to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per frame. Birefringence of the fibers decreases the performance of the instrument but we manage to compensate it. I show how such an instrument can measure low visibility with a better precision than now by developing and using a SNR model of FRIEND. Finally, FRIEND has entirely been tested on the known binary system ζ Ori A. These observations demonstrate how reliable and accurate the measurements of FRIEND are.

This paper describes some results of a research study on conjecturing and proving in a dynamic geometry environment (DGE), and it focuses on particular cognitive processes that seem to be induced by certain uses of tools available in Cabri (a particular DGE). Building on the work of Arzarello and Olivero (Arzarello et al., 1998, 2002; Olivero, 2002), we have conceived a model describing some cognitive processes that may occur during the production of conjectures and proofs in a DGE and that seem to be related to the use of specific dragging schemes, in particular to the use of the scheme we refer to as maintaining dragging. This paper contains a description of aspects of the theoretical model we have elaborated for describing such cognitive processes, with specific attention towards the role of the dragging schemes, and an example of how the model can be used to analyze students’ explorations.

Ethiopia, a developing country on the African continent, has experienced double digit growth during the last decade. To sustain this growth, the country needs a sound and healthy banking sector. Consensus exists that trust is a valuable resource that can make a difference. It influences the quality of relationships between an organisation and its employees and management. It enables organisations such as banks, to retain their most valuable employees and customers, and improve organisational functioning. Most leaders agree that high levels of trust are critical to the success of their organisations. In this study, the existing theoretical principles and models relating to trust, were analysed in depth, and followed up by an empirical study to determine to what extent trust management practices were being applied. A quantitative survey was conducted on a probability sample of 405 participants from the eight largest banks in Ethiopia. From the measured items, 54 usable factors were identified by using exploratory factor analysis. The calculated Cronbach alpha values indicated a satisfactory internal consistency. While the Pearson product-moment correlation applied to the factors, indicated a dominance of statistically significant positive correlations. Various informative results emerged from the empirical survey, amongst which were, the relative weak application of trust management practices such as trust drivers and trust builders. Some barriers were also identified such as the trustworthiness of coworkers/ team members, the immediate supervisor and top management. Thus, it was evident that proper trust management practices had not been fully established within the banking sector in Ethiopia. There was thus a need for some guidelines in this regard. An integrated trust management model was therefore developed, and tested, through Structural Equation Modelling, and validated to satisfy this need. / Human Resource Management / D. Admin. (Human Resource Management)

The study was prompted mainly by the need for and possibility of collaboration or even mutual accreditation of practising chartered accountants and auditors in the countries of Southern Africa. In establishing common ground between these countries of Southern Africa it was found that the countries share not only geographical space but also strong and increasingly important trade links, movement of people between the countries and in some instances a common history, culture and language in the form of English. The current harmonisation process of accounting standards worldwide enhanced this process. A literature study was done emphasising South Africa as part of the Southern African region, with a special emphasis on accountancy education. An analysis of current international co-operation was done with special reference to the current international harmonisation process. As part ofthe background an analysis was done of the current status of the accountancy profession in each Southern African country. As this study was done from a South African perspective, the emphasis was on the views of members of the accounting profession in public practice with regard to greater cooperation in the region in the accountancy field. This was achieved by means of an empirical survey. It was found that the aforesaid professionals are overwhelmingly in support of greater cooperation in the region. They believe that it would enhance the status of individual accounting bodies worldwide~ that costs, information and infrastructure could be shared; and that it would enhance professionalism and improve service to clients. Specific areas were identified where co-operation could be improved, namely that academic training should be harmonised, practical tralning should be interchangeable and agreements should be reached with individual countries. Some concern was expressed that above all, control should be maintained over the standards of academic and practical education. It is recommended that the bodies governing the accountancy establishment in South Africa, especially the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants and the Public Accountants' and Auditors' Board, should increase their current efforts to establish greater formal relations with other countries in the Southern African region. / Auditing / D. Compt. (Accounting Science)

The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of older caregivers of adult AIDS ill children in Umlazi Township in the province of Kwa- Zulu Natal. A qualitative research design which was exploratory was executed with a sample of purposively selected participants who are the members of the organization that provides support to the older caregivers. Data saturation occurred after focus group and in depth individual interview with ten participants. The findings revealed that older caregivers experience lot of challenges which ranges from emotional, physical, financial, psychological, social and time constraints when caring for their adult AIDS ill children .The study further revealed that older caregivers developed a wide range of coping strategies to face their challenging caregiving task and most of the older caregivers utilized positive coping strategies. Recommendations that are described focus on the inclusion and consultation of older caregivers in all decisions and programmes about them. / Appendix C (Interview guide) in English as well as in Zulu / Social Work / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)

The researcher attempts to establish the significance of video evidence analysis in the investigation of murder cases against the police. The evidence obtained could be crucial and admissible in court and ultimately resulted in the successful prosecution of an accused person. In order for investigators to conduct an effective investigation, it is important that they become familiar with the application of video evidence, its purpose, benefits and shortfalls. In order to achieve the intended goals and objectives of video evidence, the investigators should know how to collect, package, process and analyse video evidence. The clarification and processing of the crime scene of video evidence as well as the identification of a suspect at the scene of crime is very much important and without video evidence it would be difficult to convict an accused person in a court of law. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Notre étude explore des réactions du bébé vivant en pouponnière à la visite parentale. Cette étude s'inscrit dans la continuité des études sur les effets de la carence de soins et de la séparation. Objectifs : savoir comment le bébé réagit à la visite de ses parents, si tous les bébés ont le même bénéfice à recevoir la visite de leurs parents, et quels sont les facteurs impliqués dans la réaction du bébé. Méthode : étude de la réaction d'un groupe de 15 bébés vivant en pouponnière (2-36 mois) à la visite de leurs parents sur 24 heures par un protocole de test-re-test du comportement de retrait relationnel (ADBB 5 fois), de la concentration de cortisol salivaire (8 fois),d'un indice de comportement difficile le jour et la nuit avant et après la visite. Ces variables ont été étudiées en lien avec les caractéristiques de l'enfant(âge, développement, genre, rang dans la fratrie), de l'interaction parents-enfants(sensibilité, synchronie dyadique), les caractéristiques de la visite (fréquence, durée), du placement (durée, raison, âge au moment du placement), ainsi que les caractéristiques parentales(âge, dépression, anxiété, sensibilité à l'évaluation, santé mentale, soutien social, traumatismes, représentations d'attachement). Résultats : Trois types de profils de bébés ont pu être mis en évidence en fonction de leurs réactions à la visite parentale : - celui des bébés qui réagissent bien au contact de leurs parents et qui souffrent à la séparation au retour de la visite. Ces bébés ont un meilleur développement, leurs parents sont plus sensibles que ceux des autres groupes et ils bénéficient des visites. Leur niveau de cortisol baisse à la visite et remonte à la séparation. -des bébés qui réagissent par davantage de retrait relationnel au contact de leurs parents : Ces bébés ne montrent pas de détresse à la séparation. Ils apparaissent mieux adaptés à la vie dans l'institution (moins de retrait relationnel). Leurs parents sont beaucoup moins sensibles que ceux des autres. Leur niveau de cortisol est élevé globalement et pendant la visite. Ces bébés sont placés plus tôt que les deux autres groupes. -les bébés qui ne montrent aucune réaction au contact avec leurs parents en termes de retrait relationnel. Ils ont des niveaux de cortisol salivaire les plus bas. Ils ne se distinguent pas particulièrement des autres pour ce qui concerne les autres caractéristiques évaluées hors la durée de visite. Ce groupe apparaît à risque psychopathologique puisqu' il montre un niveau constant et élevé de retrait relationnel associé à des niveaux plus bas de cortisol salivaire et la moindre réactivité de l'axe HPA. La recherche a aussi permis de mettre en évidence l'effet de différentes variables sur les réactions du bébé à la visite parentale. Les plus importantes semblent être la qualité des interactions parents-enfants, le développement des enfants, les caractéristiques du placement et de la visite. Différents effets ont pu être mis en évidence : -un effet de deuil au retour de la visite pour les enfants qui ont eu un bon contact avec leurs parents. -un effet d'anticipation du stress de la visite pour les bébés qui réagissent mal au contact de leurs parents. -un effet de soulagement au retour de la visite pour les bébés qui réagissent mal au contact de leurs parents. -un effet de contamination pour certains enfants le lendemain de la visite, tous appartenant au groupe des enfants qui réagissent mal au contact de leurs parents. -un effet positif de la visite pour les enfants qui réagissent bien en contact de leurs parents. L'ensemble des résultats est discuté par rapport à la littérature, aux implications de théorique et juridique de l'étude du maintien du contact pour les bébés séparés de leurs parents, ainsi que les applications en termes de recherche et de clinique. / Our research is an exploratory study of the reactions of the baby living in residential nursery to parental contact. This study is in continuaty with studies on the effects of early infant neglect and separation. Objectives: explore how babies react to parental contact if all babies have the same benefit to receive visits from their parents, and what are the factors involved in the baby's reaction to parental contact. Method: study of the reaction of a group of 15 infants/babies living in a residential nursery (2-36 months) to contact with their parents on a 24 hours test-re-test protocol evaluating relational withdrawal (ADBB 5 times) , salivary cortisol concentrations (8 times), index of difficult behaviour the day and the night before and after the visit. These variables have been studied in connection with the child's characteristics (age, development, gender, birth order), and those of the parent-child interaction (sensitivity, dyadic synchrony), of the visit (frequency, duration), of the placement (time, reason, age at placement), as well as with parental characteristics (age, depression, anxiety, sensitivity to evaluation, mental health, social support, traumatic experiences, attachment representations). Results: babies do react to parental contact. Three types of reactions have been identified: - babies who respond well to contact with their parents and suffer from separation. These babies have a better development, their parents are more sensitive than those of other groups and they enjoy the visits. Their cortisol levels drop to visit and rise back at separation. - Babies who react by more relational withdrawal in contact with their parents: these babies show no distress at separation. They appear better adapted to life in the institution (less relational withdrawal). Their parents are much less sensitive than the others. Their cortisol levels are generally high even during the visit. These babies are placed sooner than the other two groups. -Babies who show no reaction to contact with their parents in terms of relational withdrawal. They have generally lower concentrations of cortisol. They cannot be particularly distinguished from the other with regard of all characteristics that have been evaluated. This group appears at psychopathological risk since it shows a consistently high level of relational withdrawal associated with lower levels of salivary cortisol and lower reactivity of the HPA axis. The research also highlighted the effect of different variables on the baby's reactions to parental visit. The most important ones seem to be the quality of parent-child interaction, child development, and the characteristics of the placement and the visit. Various effects have been highlighted: - grief effect when returning from visit for children who have had good contact with their parents. - An anticipatory effect of stress of the visit for babies who react badly to contact with their parents. - A relief effect returning from visit for babies that react poorly to contact with their parents. - A contamination effect for some children the day after the visit, those babies belonging to the group of children who respond poorly to contact with their parents. - A positive effect of the visit for children who respond well in contact with parents. Results are discussed in relation to literature, and in terms forensic implications and of clinical and research applications of maintaining contact between babies and parents separated by placement in the field of child protection.