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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
601

Malária em gestantes no município de Cruzeiro do Sul pertencente à região amazônica brasileira / Malaria in pregnant women in the city of Cruzeiro do Sul, belonging to the Brazilian Amazon

Suiane da Costa Negreiros do Valle 29 June 2011 (has links)
IntroduçãoMalária é um grande problema de saúde pública em diferentes regiões do mundo, notadamente nos países em desenvolvimento, causando um milhão de mortes anuais, principalmente em crianças e em mulheres grávidas. No Brasil 99,7% dos casos de malária ocorrem na região amazônica. Objetivos-Estimar a incidência da malária durante a gravidez, descrever as características sociodemográficas, clínicas e laboratoriais e os efeitos da malária sobre a mãe e o concepto. Metodologia-Estudo transversal, realizado com gestantes em processo de abortamento ou de parto e seus conceptos, na maternidade do município de Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, janeiro a dezembro de 2009. Aplicado questionário, coletado sangue da mãe, placenta e cordão umbilical e do recém-nascido para avaliar a existência de Plasmodium, e quantificação. Histologia da placenta foi realizada. Resultados - Incluídas no estudo 1870 grávidas, incidência da malária de 8,7%. Idade variou de 12 a 48, média de 23 anos, grau de instrução foi de 5 a 8 anos de estudo (43,3%), 1277 (71,4%) eram do lar e 966 (51,7%) procedentes da zona rural. Plasmodium vivax e parasitemia até uma cruz foi mais freqüente. Anemia na mãe foi o efeito mais importante. Quanto ao baixo peso ao nascer, aborto e prematuridade não foram significativos. Nenhum caso de malária congênita. Presença de alterações histológicas nas placentas infectadas com ambas as espécies. Conclusões Incidência da malária entre as gestantes do município de Cruzeiro do Sul foi de 8,7% e taxa de infecção na placenta de 5,6%. Anemia materna foi o efeito mais importante. / Introduction - Malaria a great problem of public health is considered in different areas of the world, happening mainly at the underdeveloped countries, determiming million annual deaths, mainly in children and in pregnant women. In Brazil, 99,7% of malaria occurs in Amazonica region. Objective-Estimate the incidence of the malaria during the pregnancy, describing the characteristics sociodemográficas, clinics and laboratory and estimate effects of the malaria on the mother and the concepto. Methodology - Study transverse, with pregnant women in abortion process or of childbirth and their conceptos in the maternity of the district of Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil, of January to December of 2009. Applied standardized questionnaire, collection of bloods samples the mother\'s, placenta and umbilical cord and also of the newly born to evaluate species and parasitic quantification. Histologia of the placenta was colection. Results - It was included in the study 1870 women pregnancy, incidence of the malaria of 8,7% . Age that varied from 12 to 48, average 23 years, instruction degree around 5 to 8 years of study (43,3%), 1277 (71,4%) they are of the home and 966 (51,7%) coming from the rural area. Plasmodium vivax and parasitemia until a cross was the most frequent. Low birth weight, prematurity and miscarriage were not significant. Anemia in the mother was the most important effect. No cases congenital malaria. Histological alterations in the placenta were found in both species. Conclusion Incidence of malaria in pregnant women of the district of Cruzeiro do Sul, were of 8,7% and infection taxes in the placenta around 5,6%. Anemia in the mother was the most important effect.
602

Estado atual da bromélia-malária no Brasil / Current status of bromeliad-malaria in Brazil

Jose Maria Soares Barata 10 January 1974 (has links)
Foi feito o estudo da Bromélia-Malária no Brasil, e de acordo com os dados disponíveis foi reconstituída a distribuição geográfica e evidenciada a incidência dessa enfermidade entre nós. Para o levantamento do estado atual dispusemos de dados inéditos referentes a São Paulo e a Santa catarina, nestes últimos, englobados também os referentes ao Rio Grande do Sul. Pudemos verificar que nessas áreas em diferentes estágios de erradicação, São Paulo, cujo plano de erradicação quase concluído, luta para não ser restabelecida a transmissão, e Santa Catarina, ainda com uma grande parte a ser concluída, luta não só para interromper a transmissão nas áreas ainda maláricas, como para não ser restabelecida, ou mesmo estabelecida a transmissão nas áreas não maláricas. / Actualized data about Bromelia-Malaria in Brazil, are presentedthrough a reconstituted geographic distribution and new records about the disease incidence. New data are related to São Paulo and Santa Catarina States, including the ones belonging to Rio Grande do Sul. There are several areas in different erradication stages. In São Paulo, it is almost concluded and struggle is against the menace of a transmission restablishment. At other places there are a quite different picture because the transmission in malaria areas but also for to avoid its introduction in disease - cleaned ones.
603

Síntese de análogos da febrifugina / Synthesis of antimalarial febrifugina analogues

Correia, Valquirio Graia 19 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Ronaldo Aloise Pilli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T09:48:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Correia_ValquirioGraia_M.pdf: 5120551 bytes, checksum: 59d3f74f13394c176e7a8ee336417804 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho sintetizamos alguns análogos à febrifugina (1), alcaloide inicialmente isolado a partir de extratos da erva Chang shan (Dichroa febrífuga) e detentor de potente atividade antimalárica. Foram sintetizados análogos na forma racêmica em que se variou o tamanho do anel heterocíclico saturado, a ausência de substituinte e presença de um átomo de bromo na posição C3¿, visando estudar a influência desses elementos na atividade contra P. falciparum e na citotoxicidade. A síntese dos análogos envolveu reações de a-amidoalquilação entre íons N-acilimínio e éteres enólicos de silício ou acetatos enólicos na etapa chave. Os análogos 11, 80 e 81 foram preparados em oito etapas, em bons rendimentos globais. Enquanto os análogos 82-84 foram preparados em seis etapas, utilizando-se metodologias diastereosseletivas, em rendimentos globais razoáveis / Abstract: In this work we synthesized some febrifugine analogs (1), alkaloid initially isolated from the extracts of the herb Chang Shan (dichroa febrifuga) wich displayed potent antimalarial activity. Analogs have been synthesized in racemic form, varying the size of the saturated heterocyclic ring, the absence of substituent and the presence of a bromine atom at C3¿ position aiming to study the influence of these elements in the activity against P. falciparum and the cell toxicity. To synthesize the analogues we have used a-amidoalkylation reaction between N-acyliminium ions and silylenolethers or enolacetates in the key step. Analogs 11, 80 and 81 were prepared in eight steps in good overall yields, while the analogs 82-84 were prepared in six steps, using a diastereoselective á-amidoalkylation reaction, in reasonable overall yields / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química
604

Desenvolvimento de drogas experimentais e imunopatogênese na malária / Experimental antimalarial drug development and malaria imunopathogenesis

Lopes, Stefanie Costa Pinto, 1983- 20 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T06:24:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_StefanieCostaPinto_D.pdf: 63660430 bytes, checksum: 46ba12508eba9cd5aeed590ca748d9cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho de tese está dividido em dois capítulos. Abaixo descreveremos brevemente os achados de cada um deles. O primeiro capítulo entitulado Desenvolvimento de Drogas Experimentais trata da atividade antimalárica de um composto natural, a violaceína e suas formulações geradas com o auxílio da nanotecnologia. Neste sentido, a violaceína foi eficiente em eliminar in vitro formas sanguíneas de P. falciparum 3D7 e P. falciparum S20, sendo este último isolado resistente à cloroquina. Quando testada in vitro em isolados frescos de P. vivax, a violaceína não foi capaz de inibir o desenvolvimento parasitário. No entanto, acreditamos que novos ensaios são necessários para confirmar este dado, uma vez que o IC50 (concentração inibitória 50%) observado para cloroquina apresentou-se estranhamente elevado. Os experimentos in vivo utilizando camundongos infectados com Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS revelaram uma potente atividade desta droga, inclusive quando o tratamento foi iniciado após o estabelecimento de infecção patente nos animais. Quando administrada em animais infectados com uma cepa murina letal (Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AJ), a violaceína protegeu 80% dos animais. Como a violaceína é um composto insolúvel em água, novas formulações com essa molécula foram feitas visando sua solubilidade e também potencializar sua atividade antimalárica. Neste sentido, tanto a violaceína encapsulada com co-polímero de ácido láctico e ácido glicólico quanto as formulações de violaceína com três diferentes nanotubos de carbono também foram capazes de inibir o crescimento parasitário in vitro contra P. falciparum, no entanto esta atividade não foi potencializada. Em síntese, este capítulo nos mostra que a violaceína apresenta capacidade de inibir o crescimento parasitário de Plasmodium sp., no entanto as suas formulações não foram capazes de potencializar a atividade antimalárica. O segundo capítulo entitulado Imunopatogênese na malária vivax trata da capacidade adesiva de eritrócitos infectados por P. vivax (Pv-EI) a diferentes receptores endoteliais e da capacidade deste parasita em formar rosetas. Uma vez que há uma baixa proporção de formas maduras principalmente esquizontes na circulação periférica de pacientes infectados por P. vivax, estabelecemos uma técnica de cultivo in vitro para obtenção destas formas maduras e investigamos a capacidade adesiva destas formas do parasita. Neste sentido, observamos que Pv- EI pós-amadurecimento apresentam maior capacidade adesiva em HLEC (células endoteliais de pulmão humano) que parasitas do mesmo isolado antes do amadurecimento. Quando avaliado os receptores envolvidos antes e após o amadurecimento, ensaios com células transfectadas ou uso de inibidores específicos, revelou a participação de ICAM-1 (molécula de adesão intercelular 1) e CD36 (cluster de diferenciação 36) na citoadesão deste parasita enquanto a participação de CSA (Condroitin Sulfato A) permanece a ser elucidada. Ao passo que ICAM-1 parece estar envolvida na citoadesão de todos os estágios do parasitas, o CD36 parece ser estritamente envolvido na citoadesão de formas maduras, essencialmente esquizontes. Além disso, a citoadesão de Pv-EI em HLEC foi potencializada na presença de soro do próprio paciente, sugerindo a existência no soro dos infectados de mediadores adesivos. Quando investigada a formação de rosetas por Pv-EI verificamos que a porcentagem de rosetas foi maior nas formas amadurecidas e também foi potencializada na presença de soro autólogo. Os dados aqui apresentados abrem perspectivas para novos estudos visando compreender o fenômeno patológico envolvido na malária vivax grave, incluindo a participação de mediadores plasmáticos e a identificação dos receptores celulares e dos ligantes parasitários envolvidos / Abstract: This thesis was divided into two chapters, and below we briefly describe the findings of each one. The first chapter entitled Experimental Drug Development investigates the antimalarial activity of a natural compound, violacein, and its formulations developed by nanotechnology. Violacein effectly killed in vitro blood stages of P. falciparum 3D7 and P. falciparum S20, a chloroquine resistant strain. When tested in vitro against P. vivax fresh isolates, violacein did not inhibit parasite development. However, further experiments are needed to confirm this finding, as chloroquine IC50 (inhibition concentratios 50%) was strangely high. The in vivo experiments using mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS revealed a potent activity of this drug, even when treatment was initiated after the establishment of patent infection in animals. When administered to lethal strain (Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AJ) infected mice, violacein protected 80% of animals. As violacein is insoluble in water, new formulations were developed to enhance its solubility and also its antimalarial activity. However, violacein encapsulated with PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) and violacein formulations with three different carbon nanotubes did not enhanced violacein activity in vitro against P. falciparum. In summary, this chapter shows that violacein has the capacity to inhibit Plasmodium sp. growth; still their formulations were not able to potentiate violacein antimalarial activity. The second chapter entitled Immunopathogenesis of vivax malaria investigates the adhesive capacity of P. vivax infected erythrocytes (Pv-IE) in different endothelial cell receptors and the ability of this parasite to form rosettes. Since there are a low proportion of mature forms, especially schizonts, in peripheral circulation of malaria vivax patients, we established an in vitro technique to obtain these mature forms and investigate their adhesive capacity in endothelial cells. Here we showed that post-maturation Pv-IE presented more adhesive capacity in HLEC (human lung endothelial cells) than the same isolate before maturation. The search for receptors involved in cytoadhesion before and after maturation, using transfected cells or specific inhibitors, showed that ICAM-1 (intracellular adhesion molecule 1) and CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36) were involved in Pv-IE cytoadhesion whereas CSA (chondroitin sulfate A) involvement remains to be elucidated. While ICAM-1 seems to be involved in all stages of Pv-IE cytoadhesion, CD36 seems to be strictly involved in mature forms cytoadhesion, essentially schizonts. Furthermore, Pv-IE cytoadhesion in HLEC was enhanced in patient's serum presence, suggesting the existence of adhesive mediators in Pv-IE infected serum. Rosette formation by Pv- IE was also higher in mature forms and rosette formation was enhanced in autologous serum presence. These data collectively open new perspectives to study the pathological phenomenon involved in severe vivax malaria, including the involvement of plasma mediators and identification of cell receptors and parasite ligands involved in Pv-IE cytoadhesion / Doutorado / Imunologia / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular
605

Construção de linhagens atenuadas de S. enterica Typhimurium produtoras de antígeno de Plasmodium / Construction of attenuated strains of S. enterica Typhimurium producing antigen of Plasmodium

Milanez, Guilherme Paier, 1986- 20 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Marcelo Brocchi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T14:46:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Milanez_GuilhermePaier_M.pdf: 1651986 bytes, checksum: 4681c88f937b4fe6f4d915fce0eb3f20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A Salmonelose e a malária são duas doenças infecciosas negligenciadas de grande prevalência no mundo, mas acometendo particularmente populações humanas que vivem em regiões e países subdesenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento. Apesar dos esforços ainda não existem formulações vacinais totalmente efetivas no controle destas enfermidades. Desta forma, nosso grupo tem buscado aprimorar a expressão do Domínio M2 do antígeno MAEBL de Plasmodium yoelii, que apresenta similaridade com a proteína de Plasmodium falciparum, em linhagens de Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, atenuadas para virulência. Em estudos prévios constatou-se que a expressão em níveis baixos não seria suficiente para a indução de uma resposta imune protetora. Com isso, ficou clara a necessidade de se aprimorar os níveis de expressão deste antígeno nas linhagens a serem testadas. Para tanto, o vetor de expressão anteriormente utilizado foi modificado, os codons da seqüência a ser expressa foram otimizados para expressão em salmonela e um sinal de secreção periplasmática foi adicionado no início da seqüência a ser expressa. Adicionalmente, modificamos novas linhagens atenuadas de S. enterica desenvolvidas por nosso grupo de tal forma a utiliza-las na expressão de antígenos heterólogos, empregando um sistema letal balanceado (Asd) de estabilização da expressão gênica. Apesar do sucesso na construção dos novos vetores, e da otimização de codons para a expressão, constatamos um possível efeito deletério do domínio M2 quando expresso em grande quantidade, o que impossibilitou a obtenção de algumas construções planejadas. Entretanto, os resultados obtidos na estabilização de plasmídios em novas linhagens vacinais significam um avanço no teste e uso de tais linhagens no desenvolvimento de vacinas multifatoriais / Abstract: Salmonellosis and malaria are two infectious diseases of high prevalence in the world, particularly affecting human populations living in underdeveloped regions and countries or developing countries. Despite several efforts, there is not a vaccinal formulation totally effective to control these diseases. This way, our group has sought to enhance the expression of M2 MAEBL's antigen Domain of Plasmodium yoelii, which is quite similar to same protein of P. falciparum, in attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium. In previous studies we found that the expression at low levels was not sufficient to induce a protective immune response. Thus, there was a clear need to improve M2 expression levels in the new strains to be tested. The expression vector previously used was modified, the m2 sequence was codon-optimized for expression in Salmonella, and a periplasmic secretion signal was added at the beginning of the sequence to be expressed. Additionally, new attenuated S. enterica strains developed by our group were modified in a way to use them in the expression of heterologous antigens, employing a balanced lethal system (ASD) for expression plasmid stabilization. Despite of the new vectors successfully built as well as codon optimization for m2 expression, we found a possible deleterious effect of the M2 domain when expressed in large quantities, making it impossible to obtain some planned constructs. However, the results obtained on stabilization of expression vectors in the new vaccine strains are an important advance for the use of such strains as multifactorial vaccines / Mestrado / Bioquimica / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular
606

Análise dos mecanismos protetores desencadeados pela oxigenação hiperbárica na malária cerebral / Effects of hiperbaric oxigenation in Plasmodium spp experimental infection

Blanco, Yara Carollo, 1980- 28 March 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T23:13:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Blanco_YaraCarollo_D.pdf: 7163711 bytes, checksum: 880b23b56e210670cf37c82408110b1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A Malária é a principal doença parasitária do mundo, infectando 300-500 milhões de pessoas e levando ao óbito cerca de 1 milhão de indivíduos anualmente. As infecções maláricas geralmente não apresentam complicações, no entanto, infecções por Plasmodium falciparum podem se desenvolver em formas graves da doença, como a malaria cerebral. A malaria cerebral e considerada uma síndrome multifatorial, envolvendo a citoadesão de eritrócitos infectados por P. falciparum (EIPf) através de diferentes receptores como CD36, ICAM-1, VCAM, P-selectina e E-selectina, sendo o ICAM-1 apontado como o principal receptor. Varias evidências sugerem ainda que o desbalanço da resposta imune do hospedeiro, a ativação endotelial e alterações na cascata de coagulação desempenham papel importante na patogênese da MC. Além disso, outros fatores como a presença de heme livre e NOS também tem sido apontados como essenciais para o desenvolvimento da MC... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: Malaria still is a major parasitic disease in the world, infecting 300-500 million people and leading to death about 1 million people annually. Usually malaria infections do not lead to complications, however some infections, mainly, by Plasmodium falciparum can evolve into severe forms of disease such as cerebral malaria (CM). CM is considered a multifactorial syndrome involving cytoadhesion of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes (PfEI) to different host receptors such as CD36, VCAM, P-selectin and E-selectin and ICAM-1 , which is considered the main receptor involved in MC. A large body of evidences suggests that the imbalance of the host immune response, endothelial activation and changes in the coagulation cascade play an important role in the pathogenesis of CM. Moreover, of free heme, and NOS has also been identified as essential for the development of CM...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document / Doutorado / Parasitologia / Doutor em Parasitologia
607

Avaliação das propriedades imunogênicas das proteínas 3α e 3β da superfície do merozoíto de Plasmodium vivax / Analysis of the immunogenic properties of protein 3α and 3β of the merozoite surface of Plasmodium vivax

Amanda Romagnoli Bitencourt 27 September 2011 (has links)
O avanço no desenvolvimento de uma vacina contra o Plasmodium vivax exige a identificação de antígenos capazes de induzir uma resposta imune protetora contra a malária. O presente estudo avalia o potencial da proteína-3 da superfície de merozoítos de P. vivax (PvMSP-3), como candidata a vacina. As proteínas recombinantes representando a região C-terminal da MSP-3α e diferentes regiões (N e C-terminal e proteína inteira) da MSP-3β de P. vivax foram utilizadas como antígeno. A imunogenicidade destas proteínas recombinantes foi avaliada em camundongos BALB/c, utilizando adjuvantes agonistas de TLR (flagelina FliC de Salmonella Typhimurium e CpG ODN) ou adjuvantes convencionais, tais como hidróxido de alumínio, saponinas, TiterMax Gold e adjuvante incompleto de Freund. Os títulos de anticorpos IgG foram determinados por ELISA utilizando soros de camundongos coletados duas semanas após cada dose de imunização. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a MSP-3α e a MSP-3β foram capazes de induzir altos títulos de anticorpos em camundongos na presença de diferentes adjuvantes, incluindo agonistas de TLR. Dentre as formulações testadas, aquelas contendo os adjuvantes CPG ODN 1826, Quil A, TiterMax e adjuvante incompleto de Freund foram mais imunogênicas e, portanto, mais promissoras para os ensaios pré-clínicos em primatas não-humanos. Usando camundongos TLR-4 KO, nós demonstramos que a proteína MSP-3β tem uma propriedade adjuvante intrínseca que é independente do TLR4 e que a contaminação por LPS na proteína purificada não desempenha qualquer papel no nosso sistema. / The advance in the development of a vaccine against Plasmodium vivax requires the identification of immunodominant antigens able to induce a protective immune response against malaria. The present study evaluates the potential of the Merozoite Surface Protein 3 of P. vivax (PvMSP-3) as vaccine candidate. Recombinant proteins representing the C-terminal region of MSP-3α and different regions of MSP-3β (N and C-terminal and full-length protein) of P. vivax were used as antigen. The immunogenicity of these recombinants was evaluated in BALB/c mice using as adjuvant TLR agonists (FliC flagellin of Salmonella Typhimurium and CpG motif-containing DNA) or conventional adjuvants such as Aluminum hidroxide, Saponins, TiterMax Gold and Incomplete Freund\'s Adjuvant. The IgG antibodies were determined by ELISA in sera from mice two weeks after each immunizing dose. Our results demonstrated that MSP-3α and MSP-3β were able to induce high antibody titres in mice in the presence of different adjuvants, including TLR agonists. Among the tested formulations, the adjuvants CPG ODN 1826, Quil A, TiterMax and Incomplete Freund\'s Adjuvant were more immunogenic, therefore more promising for pre-clinical trials in non-human primates. Using TLR-4 KO mice, we demonstrated that the MSP-3β protein has an intrinsic adjuvant property that is independent of TLR4 and that contaminating LPS in the purified protein did not play any role in our system.
608

Possibilities and obstacles regarding under-five mortality : A case study in Babati district, Tanzania

Ekström, Josephine January 2012 (has links)
Tanzania is close to reach one of the Millennium Development Goals; to reduce child mortality with two-thirds between 1990 until 2015. This qualitative case study focuses on under-five children’s health in Babati district, situated in the north-west of Tanzania. The empirical data used in this thesis has been collected through interviews with health personnel and mothers during three weeks in February to March 2012. The purpose of the study has been to identify direct and underlying reasons causing child mortality, and to investigate what measures are needed to improve the situation. The most prominent diseases creating death amongst children are pneumonia and malaria, and also diarrheal diseases are common. The prevalence of the diseases differs from wet and dry season, whereas there are more cases of illness and death during the wet season. Malaria and pneumonia are common causes of death during the wet season, and diarrheal diseases are more common during the dry season. Underlying reasons affecting child mortality in Babati district are the lack of infrastructure, such as few well-functioning roads to the main hospitals which affects the rural population in particular. Also the limited access to transport is a vast problem when there is acute illness or childbirth. The clinics available in Babati district are poorly equipped and have a lack of personnel, creating a stressful situation for both healthcare workers and patients. More governmental funds and infrastructure is needed in the area to be able to create a sustainable situation for future children. / Tanzania är nära att nå ett av Milleniemålen; att reducera barnadödligheten med två tredjedelar mellan 1990 till 2015. Den här kvalitativa fallstudien fokuserar på barn under fem års hälsosituation i Babati distriktet, beläget i nordvästra Tanzania. De empiriska data som används i studien har samlats genom intervjuer med sjukvårdspersonal och mödrar under tre veckors tid under februari och mars 2012. Syftet med studien har varit att identifiera direkta och indirekta orsaker till barnadödlighet, samt att undersöka vilka förbättringar som krävs för att förbättra situationen. De mest framträdande orsakerna för barnadödlighet är lunginflammation och malaria, men också sjukdomar kopplade till diarré är vanligt förekommande.  Förekomsten av sjukdomarna varierar beroende på om det är regnsäsong eller torrperiod. Under regnsäsongen så är det flest sjukdoms- och dödsfall, och lunginflammation och malaria är mest förekommande medans diarré är vanligast under torrperioden. Bakomliggande orsaker som påverkar barnadödlighet i Babati är bristen på infrastruktur, få välfungerande vägar till huvudsjukhusen vilket framför allt påverkar den rurala befolkningen. Den begränsade tillgången till transport är ett vidsträckt problem vid akut sjukdom eller förlossning. Klinikerna i Babati distriktet är undermåligt utrustade och har personalbrist, vilket skapar en ohållbar situation för både sjukvårdspersonalen och patienterna. Mer statliga resurser och infrastruktur behövs i området för att kunna skapa en hållbar situation för framtidens barn. / Miljö och utveckling i syd
609

Development of a novel, quantitative assay for determining the rate of activity of antimalarial drugs

Khan, Tasmiyah January 2013 (has links)
Malaria, caused by an intracellular Plasmodium parasite, remains a devastating disease, having claimed approximately 655 000 lives worldwide in 2010. The Medicines for Malaria Venture suggests a "single-dose radical cure" as the ideal malaria treatment since rapid clearance of blood-stage parasites and symptom relief improves patient compliance and limits drug resistance. Thus, novel antimalarials should be rapid-acting and assessing their rate of activity is critical to drug discovery. Traditional evaluation of this rate by morphological assessments is flawed by highly subjective, operator-specific interpretations, mainly due to heterogeneous parasite morphology under routine culture conditions. This study aimed to develop an alternative, quantitative assay. Energy is vital for the growth and maintenance of all living organisms. Commercially available kits allow rapid quantification of the cell's energy currency, ATP. Therefore, quantification of parasite ATP shows potential for diagnosing abnormal parasite metabolism and the kinetics of drug action. In this study, a rapid protocol for detecting ATP in Plasmodium falciparum parasites using a luminescence-based kit was developed and optimised. Furthermore, luciferase-expressing transgenic parasites, in which luciferase activity is detected using a similar kit, were acquired. The utility of both methods for evaluating the rate of drug-induced stress was explored using antimalarials with varying modes of action and, presumably, rates of activity. Results showed that parasite ATP remained unchanged, increased or decreased during drug exposure. Morphological examinations by light microscopy and a Recovery assay, aided interpretation of the drug-induced changes in parasite ATP. These investigations suggested that unchanged parasite ATP levels reflect poor drug action, increased ATP levels indicate a stress response and partially compromised viability, while significantly reduced ATP reflects severely compromised viability. Concerning the Luciferase assay, parasite luciferase activity decreased during drug exposure, even in the presence of proteasome inhibitors. Changes in parasite ATP and luciferase activity occurred at rates which suggested that chloroquine is slow-acting, mefloquine has a moderate rate of activity and artemisinin is rapid-acting. These findings are compatible with the expected rates of activity of these established antimalarials. Hence, measurement of parasite ATP and/or luciferase activity may support assessments of parasite health and the kinetics of antimalarial action during drug discovery
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Over-expression, purification and biochemical characterization of DOXP reductoisomerase and the rational design of novel anti-malarial drugs

Tanner, Delia Caroline January 2004 (has links)
Malaria poses the greatest threat of all parasites to human life. Current vaccines and efficacious drugs are available however their use is limited due to toxicity, emergence of drug resistance, and cost. The discovery of an alternative pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, the non-mevalonate pathway, within the malarial parasite has resulted in development of novel anti-malarial drugs. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DOXP) reductoisomerase, the second enzyme in this pathway, is responsible for the synthesis of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) in an intramolecular rearrangement step followed by a reduction process involving NADPH as a hydrogen donor and divalent cations as co-factors. Fosmidomycin and FR900098 have been identified as inhibitors of DOXP reductoisomerase. However, they lack clinical efficacy. In this investigation recombinant DOXP reductoisomerase from Escherichia coli (EcDXR) and Plasmodium falciparum (pfDXR) were biochemically characterized as potential targets for inhibition. (His)6-EcDXR was successfully purified using nickel-chelate affinity chromatography with a specific activity of 1.77 μmoles/min/mg and Km value 282 μM. Utilizing multiple sequence alignment, previous structural data predictions and homology modeling approaches, critical active site amino acid residues were identified and their role in the catalytic activity investigated utilizing site-directed mutagenesis techniques. We have shown evidence that suggests that Trp212 and Met214 interact to maintain the active site architecture and hydrophobic interactions necessary for substrate binding, cofactor binding and enzyme activity. Replacement of Trp212 with Tyr, Phe, and Leu reduced specific activity relative to EcDXR. EcDXR(W212F) and EcDXR(W212Y) had an increased Km relative to EcDXR indicative of loss in affinity toward DOXP, whereas EcDXR(W212L) had a lower Km of ~8 μM indicative of increased affinity for DOXP. The W212L substitution possibly removed contacts necessary for full catalytic activity, but could be considered a non-disruptive substitution in that it maintained active site architecture sufficient for DOXP reductoisomerase activity. EcDXR(M214I) had 36-fold reduced enzyme activity relative to EcDXR, while its Km (~8 μM) was found to be lower than that of EcDXR. This suggested that the M214I substitution had maintained (perhaps improved) substrate and active site architecture, but may have perturbed interactions with NADPH. Rational drug design strategies and docking methods have been utilized in the development of furan derivatives as DOXP reductoisomerase inhibitors, and the synthesis of phosphorylated derivatives (5) and (6) has been achieved. Future inhibitor studies using these novel potential DOXP reductoisomerase inhibitors may lead to the development of effective anti-malarial drug candidates.

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