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2000-talets digitaliserade samhällsera har bidragit till att allt fler aktörer fått tillträde till den tillverkande industrin. Denna utveckling har bidragit till en globaliseringstrend, vilken resulterat i att företagen verksamma inom den tillverkande industrin konkurrerar på andra villkor än tidigare. Från att ha strävat efter att äga samtliga delar av distributionskedjan utnyttjar man numera externa leverantörer och samarbetar integrerat med dessa för att främja en, för distributionskedjan, global värdegenerering. Således konkurrerar företagen inte längre mot varandra. Snarare är det numera distributionskedjorna, verksamma inom samma bransch, som rivaliserar. Detta då det tidigare förhållningssättet inte längre är hållbart i en global omvärld. Det globala förhållningssättet kräver dock att samtliga involverade aktörer kommunicerar väl med varandra inom distributionskedjorna. Detta för att stödja informationsflödet och effektivisera produktionen och distributionen av de tillverkade produkterna eller tjänsterna. I syfte att förbättra kommunikationsmöjligheterna inom distributionskedjorna används globala informationssystem. Tidigare publicerad forskning på området belyser vikten av innovativa förbättringsåtgärder i anknytning till dessa. Detta för att underbygga en bibehållen intern effektivitet och samtidigt stärka integrationen inom distributionskedjorna. Därmed är fördelaktiga beslutsprocesser gällande utvärderingsfaktorer i anknytning till distributionskedjornas informationssystem väsentliga att se till, inte minst inom den tillverkande industrin, där konkurrensen är hård. En fallstudie har genomförts på Cloetta-Skandinavien, ett företag som i högsta grad befinner sig inom den tillverkande industrins ramar. I samspel med företaget har potentiella utvärderingsfaktorer i anknytning till Supply Chain Management granskats och utvärderats utifrån situationen i praktiken. / The development in the 21th century has resulted in that more companies than ever have access to the manufacturing industry. This development has contributed to a globalization trend, which in turn has resulted in that business operating in the manufacturing industry are competing on different terms than before. From having strived to possess all parts of the supply chain utilities they nowadays use external suppliers and cooperates integrated with them to promote a global value generation. Thus, firms no longer compete against each other. Rather it is now the distribution chains, operating in the same industry that rivals. This is because the former approach is no longer sustainable in the newly developed global approach. The global approach, however, requires that all involved distributors communicate well with each other within the supply chains. This is to support the information flow and streamline the production and distribution of the products manufactured or offered services. In order to improve the communication possibilities within the supply chains companies nowadays use global information systems. Previously published research in this area highlights the importance of innovative improvements related to these. This is to build a sustained internal efficiency while strengthening integration in the supply chains. Thus, advantageous decisionmaking regarding the evaluation factors related to supply chain information systems essential to ensure, particularly in the manufacturing industry where competition is tough. A case study has been conducted within Cloetta Scandinavia, a company that in the highest degree is working within the manufacturing industry’s framework. In interaction with the company, potential evaluation factors related to Supply Chain Management has been reviewed and evaluated based on the situation in practice.

Les luttes de légitimité et les rapports de forces intercommunautaires présents en Nouvelle-Calédonie ne sont pas simples à analyser tant d' un point de vue sociétal qu'organisationnel. Ils s' inscrivent dans une logique où clivage ethnique et clivage politique se rejoignent et s'enchevêtrent. Nous avons tenté de démêler cet échevau pour analyser les interactions intercommunautaires sur le plan sociétal et les relations de travail dans l'entreprise. Nous avons cherché à montrer quela reproduction de la complexité calédonienne des positionnements identitaires individuels etcollectifs au sein de la SLN influence la perception du climat organisationnel et médiatise les eftetsdu climat d'organisation sur l'engagement envers le travail et l'entreprise. Cela a conduit à relever les appropriations identitaires que chaque individu fait des caractéristiques de sa communauté d'appartenance, en s'appuyant sur des éléments simples comme par exemple:le rapport au temps, la solidarité interindividuelle, le rapport à l'autorité, la satisfaction des objectifs personnels. Tout ceci constitue des éléments qui se rapportent au fonctionnement de l'entreprise et à sa culture, lesquels reposent sur les règles de fonctionnement, les objectifs, 1' innovation et le soutien. Les résultats de notre recherche de terra in révèlent quel' interaction entre les positionnements identitaires et le statut hiérarchique du salarié est plus discriminante pour expliquer l'engagement des salariés. / The struggles of legi timacy and of forces inter-community present in New Caledoniaare not simple to analyze both from a societal point of view that organizational. They are part of a logic where ethnie cleavage and political clivide meet and intertwine. We tried to disentangle the skein to analyze inter-community interactions at the societal leve! and labour relations in the company. We have sought to show that the reproduction of the Caledonian complexity of individual and collective identity positioning within SLN influences the perception of organizational climate and mediates the effects of the climate of organization on the commitment to work and thecompany. This has led to raise iclentity a ppropriations that each individual is with the characteristics of its community, relying on simple as elements for example : the report at the time,the inter-inclividual soliclarity, the report to the author it y, the satisfaction of personal goals.All this constitutes elements that relate to the operation of the compan y and its culture, which is basee! on the ru les of operation, objecti ves, innovation and support. The results of our field research showed thal the interaction between iclentity sets a nd the hierarchical stat us of the employee is more discriminating to explain the commitment of employees.

Markets are arenas of social interaction for the exchange of products and services that are embedded in specific networks, cultures, and political relations. The study of how new markets come into being is a lively area of scholarly debate, and the purpose of this thesis is to shed light on the dynamics of these early moments of market formation. These nascent markets are characterized by the lack of shared meanings and settled rules around their participants, processes, and infrastructure. I approach them with arguments from economic sociology and from theories of organizations and institutions. The empirical context is a longitudinal study of the UK social investment market from 2000 to 2015, a field that intersects the social, financial, and public sectors. Social investment refers to the combination of financial returns and social impact, but the contest over its meaning and practice is itself a part of this analysis. The core data collection is based on interviews, reports, field events, and online sources, which provide an empirical basis to understand the social, cultural, and political processes that are shaping this market. I build on different traditions in the sociology of markets to explore changes over time in the rules, identities, practices, and dominant actors during the early moments of the UK social investment market. My first main finding is that the initial period of uncontested ambiguity is followed by efforts from mainstream organizations to reduce that ambiguity by reshaping rules and practices. This then results in a period of collaborative contestation, where peripheral actors challenge the core features of the field and hinder the path to stability. The second finding is about the role played by intermediary organizations in nascent markets, which consists of building the market infrastructure by connecting actors, developing a language, and establishing rules and practices. These findings point to the importance of theorizing about ambiguity in the early moments of markets. I contribute to this endeavor by specifying some of its features and dynamics, and by emphasizing the centrality of intermediation. I also further our understanding of those markets that span across the worlds of business, policy, and civil society.

Doctor of Philosophy / Excerpt Chapter 2 - A review of the literature has revealed that asthma management practices in the Australian community are currently suboptimal resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. In adolescent asthma there are added challenges, with problems of self-image, denial and non-adherence to therapy where self-management skills assume a greater importance (Forero et al 1996, Price 1996, Brook and Tepper 1997, Buston and Wood 2000, Kyngäs et al 2000). In rural and remote areas in Australia, asthma management practices have been shown to be poorer and mortality rates from asthma are considerably higher compared to metropolitan areas (AIHW ACAM 2005, AIHW 2006). Limited access and chronic shortages of specialist services in rural areas are shifting the burden more and more towards the primary sector (AIHW 2006). It becomes paramount that people with asthma in rural settings become involved in self-management of their asthma and that community based health care providers be more proactive in facilitating these self-management behaviours by appropriate education and counselling. Health promotion activities, which are a broad range of activities including health education, have been acknowledged as having the potential to improve the health status of rural populations (National Rural Health Alliance 2002). Community pharmacy settings have been shown to be effective sites for the delivery of health promotion, screening and education programs (Anderson 2000, Elliott et al 2002, Cote et al 2003, Hourihan et al 2003, Watson et al 2003, Boyle et al 2004, Goode et al 2004, Paluck et al 2004, Sunderland et al 2004, Chambers et al 2005, Saini et al 2006). In the case of asthma, outreach programs have been shown to have beneficial effects in terms of reducing hospital admissions and emergency visits and improved asthma outcomes (Greineder et al 1995, Stout et al 1998, Kelly et al 2000, Legorreta et al 2000, Lin et al 2004). We proposed to extend the role of the community pharmacist beyond the traditional realm of the “pharmacy” into the community in rural Australia with the first asthma outreach programs designed for community pharmacy. The outreach programs were designed to include two health promotion strategies, the first targeting adolescents in high schools and the second targeting the general community. The project aimed firstly, to assess the feasibility of using community pharmacists to deliver two asthma outreach programs, one targeting adolescents and one for the wider community in a rural area and secondly, to assess the programs’ impact on adolescent asthma knowledge and requests for information at the community pharmacy. Excerpt Chapter 3 - Patient education is one of the six critical elements to successful long-term asthma management included in international and national asthma management guidelines, which have emphasised education as a process underpinning the understanding associated with appropriate medication use, the need for regular review, and self-management on the part of the person with asthma (Boulet et al 1999, National Asthma Council 2002, National Asthma Education and Prevention Program 2002, British Thoracic Society 2003, NHLBI/WHO 2005). The ongoing process of asthma education is considered necessary for helping people with asthma gain the knowledge, skills, confidence and motivation to control their own asthma. Since most health care professionals are key providers of asthma education, their knowledge of asthma and asthma management practices often needs to be updated through continuing education. This is to ensure that the education provided to the patient conforms to best practice guidelines. Moreover, health care professionals need to tailor this education to the patients’ needs and determine if the education provided results in an improvement in asthma knowledge. A review of the literature has revealed that a number of questionnaires have been developed that assess the asthma knowledge of parents of children with asthma (Parcel et al 1980, Fitzclarence and Henry 1990, Brook et al 1993, Moosa and Henley 1997, Ho et al 2003), adults with asthma (Wigal et al 1993, Allen and Jones 1998, Allen et al 2000, Bertolotti et al 2001), children with asthma (Parcel et al 1980, Wade et al 1997), or the general public (Grant et al 1999). However, the existing asthma knowledge questionnaires have several limitations. The only validated asthma knowledge questionnaire was developed in 1990 and hence, out of date with current asthma management guidelines (Fitzclarence and Henry 1990). The shortcomings of the other knowledge questionnaires relate to the lack of evidence of the validity (Wade et al 1997, Grant et al 1999, Bertolotti et al 2001), being outdated 81 with current concepts of asthma (Parcel et al 1980) or having been tested on small or inadequately characterised subject samples e.g. subject samples consisting of mainly middle class and well educated parents (Brook et al 1993, Wigal et al 1993, Moosa and Henley 1997, Allen and Jones 1998, Allen et al 2000, Ho et al 2003). Furthermore, most of the published asthma knowledge questionnaires have been designed to assess the asthma knowledge of the consumer (i.e. a lay person with asthma or a parent/carer of a person with asthma). There is no questionnaire specifically developed to assess the asthma knowledge of health care professionals, who are key providers of asthma education. It is hence important to have a reliable and validated instrument to be able to assess education needs and to measure the impact of training programs on asthma knowledge of health care professionals as well. An asthma knowledge questionnaire for health care professionals might also be used to gauge how successful dissemination and implementation of guidelines have been. Excerpt Chapter 4 - Asthma self-management education for adults that includes information about asthma and self-management, self-monitoring, a written action plan and regular medical review has been shown to be effective in improving asthma outcomes (Gibson et al 1999). These interventions have been delivered mostly in a hospital setting and have utilised individual and/or group formats. Fewer interventions have been delivered in a primary care setting, usually by qualified practice nurses and/or general practitioners or asthma educators and, to date, their success has not been established (Fay et al 2002, Gibson et al 2003). Community pharmacy provides a strategic venue for the provision of patient education about asthma. Traditionally, patient education provided by community pharmacists has been individualised. However, group education has been shown to be as effective as individualised education with the added benefits of being simpler, more cost effective and better received by patients and educators (Wilson et al 1993, Wilson 1997). While small group education has been shown to improve asthma outcomes (Snyder et al 1987, Bailey et al 1990, Wilson et al 1993, Yoon et al 1993, Allen et al 1995, Kotses et al 1995, Berg et al 1997, de Oliveira et al 1999, Marabini et al 2002), to date, no small-group asthma education provided by pharmacists in the community pharmacy setting has been implemented and evaluated.

Doctor of Philosophy / Excerpt Chapter 2 - A review of the literature has revealed that asthma management practices in the Australian community are currently suboptimal resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. In adolescent asthma there are added challenges, with problems of self-image, denial and non-adherence to therapy where self-management skills assume a greater importance (Forero et al 1996, Price 1996, Brook and Tepper 1997, Buston and Wood 2000, Kyngäs et al 2000). In rural and remote areas in Australia, asthma management practices have been shown to be poorer and mortality rates from asthma are considerably higher compared to metropolitan areas (AIHW ACAM 2005, AIHW 2006). Limited access and chronic shortages of specialist services in rural areas are shifting the burden more and more towards the primary sector (AIHW 2006). It becomes paramount that people with asthma in rural settings become involved in self-management of their asthma and that community based health care providers be more proactive in facilitating these self-management behaviours by appropriate education and counselling. Health promotion activities, which are a broad range of activities including health education, have been acknowledged as having the potential to improve the health status of rural populations (National Rural Health Alliance 2002). Community pharmacy settings have been shown to be effective sites for the delivery of health promotion, screening and education programs (Anderson 2000, Elliott et al 2002, Cote et al 2003, Hourihan et al 2003, Watson et al 2003, Boyle et al 2004, Goode et al 2004, Paluck et al 2004, Sunderland et al 2004, Chambers et al 2005, Saini et al 2006). In the case of asthma, outreach programs have been shown to have beneficial effects in terms of reducing hospital admissions and emergency visits and improved asthma outcomes (Greineder et al 1995, Stout et al 1998, Kelly et al 2000, Legorreta et al 2000, Lin et al 2004). We proposed to extend the role of the community pharmacist beyond the traditional realm of the “pharmacy” into the community in rural Australia with the first asthma outreach programs designed for community pharmacy. The outreach programs were designed to include two health promotion strategies, the first targeting adolescents in high schools and the second targeting the general community. The project aimed firstly, to assess the feasibility of using community pharmacists to deliver two asthma outreach programs, one targeting adolescents and one for the wider community in a rural area and secondly, to assess the programs’ impact on adolescent asthma knowledge and requests for information at the community pharmacy. Excerpt Chapter 3 - Patient education is one of the six critical elements to successful long-term asthma management included in international and national asthma management guidelines, which have emphasised education as a process underpinning the understanding associated with appropriate medication use, the need for regular review, and self-management on the part of the person with asthma (Boulet et al 1999, National Asthma Council 2002, National Asthma Education and Prevention Program 2002, British Thoracic Society 2003, NHLBI/WHO 2005). The ongoing process of asthma education is considered necessary for helping people with asthma gain the knowledge, skills, confidence and motivation to control their own asthma. Since most health care professionals are key providers of asthma education, their knowledge of asthma and asthma management practices often needs to be updated through continuing education. This is to ensure that the education provided to the patient conforms to best practice guidelines. Moreover, health care professionals need to tailor this education to the patients’ needs and determine if the education provided results in an improvement in asthma knowledge. A review of the literature has revealed that a number of questionnaires have been developed that assess the asthma knowledge of parents of children with asthma (Parcel et al 1980, Fitzclarence and Henry 1990, Brook et al 1993, Moosa and Henley 1997, Ho et al 2003), adults with asthma (Wigal et al 1993, Allen and Jones 1998, Allen et al 2000, Bertolotti et al 2001), children with asthma (Parcel et al 1980, Wade et al 1997), or the general public (Grant et al 1999). However, the existing asthma knowledge questionnaires have several limitations. The only validated asthma knowledge questionnaire was developed in 1990 and hence, out of date with current asthma management guidelines (Fitzclarence and Henry 1990). The shortcomings of the other knowledge questionnaires relate to the lack of evidence of the validity (Wade et al 1997, Grant et al 1999, Bertolotti et al 2001), being outdated 81 with current concepts of asthma (Parcel et al 1980) or having been tested on small or inadequately characterised subject samples e.g. subject samples consisting of mainly middle class and well educated parents (Brook et al 1993, Wigal et al 1993, Moosa and Henley 1997, Allen and Jones 1998, Allen et al 2000, Ho et al 2003). Furthermore, most of the published asthma knowledge questionnaires have been designed to assess the asthma knowledge of the consumer (i.e. a lay person with asthma or a parent/carer of a person with asthma). There is no questionnaire specifically developed to assess the asthma knowledge of health care professionals, who are key providers of asthma education. It is hence important to have a reliable and validated instrument to be able to assess education needs and to measure the impact of training programs on asthma knowledge of health care professionals as well. An asthma knowledge questionnaire for health care professionals might also be used to gauge how successful dissemination and implementation of guidelines have been. Excerpt Chapter 4 - Asthma self-management education for adults that includes information about asthma and self-management, self-monitoring, a written action plan and regular medical review has been shown to be effective in improving asthma outcomes (Gibson et al 1999). These interventions have been delivered mostly in a hospital setting and have utilised individual and/or group formats. Fewer interventions have been delivered in a primary care setting, usually by qualified practice nurses and/or general practitioners or asthma educators and, to date, their success has not been established (Fay et al 2002, Gibson et al 2003). Community pharmacy provides a strategic venue for the provision of patient education about asthma. Traditionally, patient education provided by community pharmacists has been individualised. However, group education has been shown to be as effective as individualised education with the added benefits of being simpler, more cost effective and better received by patients and educators (Wilson et al 1993, Wilson 1997). While small group education has been shown to improve asthma outcomes (Snyder et al 1987, Bailey et al 1990, Wilson et al 1993, Yoon et al 1993, Allen et al 1995, Kotses et al 1995, Berg et al 1997, de Oliveira et al 1999, Marabini et al 2002), to date, no small-group asthma education provided by pharmacists in the community pharmacy setting has been implemented and evaluated.

O conhecimento das melhores alternativas para segregar os Resíduos de Serviço de Saúde e o reconhecimento da importância do correto gerenciamento, são fundamentais para melhorar as medidas de segurança e higiene nos serviços de saúde, reduzir o volume de resíduos contaminados e estimular a reciclagem dos resíduos comuns. O presente estudo teve como objetivo sensibilizar os Profissionais que trabalham em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBSs), localizadas na cidade de Foz do Iguaçu/PR, quanto ao gerenciamento adequado dos Resíduos Sólidos de Serviços de Saúde (RSSS). Na primeira etapa foi concebido e aplicado um levantamento (survey) para diagnosticar a percepção dos profissionais que atuam em dez UBSs. Em seguida, foi realizado um Evento Municipal para os Profissionais das UBS, utilizando palestras e várias atividades lúdicas, visando ensinar sobre a segregação correta e ecoeficiente de resíduos. Na continuidade da pesquisa, foi realizada uma avaliação in loco da situação do gerenciamento de RSSS em três UBSs, sendo constatadas algumas irregularidades. Foram realizados, para os profissionais das três Unidades, atividades de sensibilização visando o correto gerenciamento e a redução dos RSSS. Na pesquisa de percepção, o sentimento predominante dos respondentes, quanto à separação dos RSSS, foi o de insegurança, justificando a necessidade de maior conhecimento. A forma lúdica, utilizada nos eventos de sensibilização, foi aprovada pelos participantes para transmissão de conhecimentos. Isso pode ser confirmado pelas manifestações de risos e alegria, que puderam ser observadas, durante todas as atividades. As sensibilizações realizadas nas três Unidades foram avaliadas positivamente pelos participantes (55% dos Profissionais das Unidades), sendo que, a palestra e o teatro, foram as atividades consideradas mais interessantes pelos participantes. Os resultados desta pesquisa ratificam a importância e a evidência, que ainda, há muito por fazer no campo de informação, sensibilização e Educação Ambiental com relação a temática de RSSS. É importante que novos momentos de orientação e Educação Continuada sejam proporcionados aos trabalhadores na tentativa de torná-los sensíveis a importância que práticas corretas podem vir a trazer para a saúde, população e Meio Ambiente. / Knowledge of the best alternatives to separate Health Service Waste and the recognition of the importance of proper management are the key to improving security and hygiene measures in health services. It is also important to reduce the volume of contaminated waste and encourage recycling common waste. The present study aimed at raising awareness among professionals working in Basic Units of Health (BHU), located in the city of Foz do Iguaçu, state of Paraná, regarding the proper management of Solid Waste in Health Services (SWHS). The first stage of the study involved the design and implementation of a survey to diagnose the perception of professionals working at ten BHU. Then, vas held a Municipal Event for the professionals of BHU. This event comprising lectures and various recreational activities aiming at teaching about the proper and eco-efficient waste segregation. In continuing research, a spot evaluation of the SWHS management at three BHU where some irregularities were noted. In three BHU, were performed activities to raise awareness for proper management and reduction this geration of SWHS. The prevailing sentiment of the survey respondents in relation to the separation of SWHS was insecurity what justifies the need for greater knowledge on the subject. Participants to transmit knowledge adopted a playful way, used in awareness-raising events. This is can be confirmed by the manifestations of laughter and joy that could be observed during all activities. The sensitization raising at the three Basic Units of Health were positively evaluated by participants (55% of the professionals of the units), and the lecture and the theatrical activities were the actions considered more interesting by the participants. These results confirm that yet, there is much to be done in the field of information, awareness and environmental education regarding the topic of medical wastes. It is important that new moments of Continuing Education and guidance are provided to workers in an attempt to make them sensitive to the importance of correct practices are likely to bring health, population and environment.

A perda histórica das terras e dos recursos naturais e os constantes contatos interétnicos têm transformando pelo menos uma parte das economias indígenas dependentes da lógica econômica de mercado capitalista e alterado o padrão de consumo nas aldeias. Há certa dependência em relação aos alimentos consumidos, em sua grande maioria comprados, o que aumenta o número de embalagens e rejeitos para se desprezar. No entanto, a coleta de lixo nas aldeias é precário o que emana problemas no seu descarte. Em visita a Terra Indígena Mangueirinha observou-se a presença de lixo ao redor das casas contendo embalagens de produtos industrializados, tais como garrafas de plástico, latas de refrigerante, pacotes de salgadinho e fraldas descartáveis. Neste contexto, a pesquisa teve como objetivo principal analisar a percepção da população da Terra Indígena Mangueirinha em relação ao descarte do lixo e seu impacto na saúde e no ambiente da aldeia. Os objetivos específicos da investigação foram: traçar o perfil da cultura alimentar e sócio econômico dos entrevistados; identificar o método de descarte do lixo utilizado pela população investigada e identificar a percepção dos indígenas sobre meio ambiente e seus impactos na saúde. Para a investigação deste estudo de caso realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa com treze indígenas. Foi utilizado um roteiro pré-elaborado para nortear as questões referentes ao perfil do entrevistado, quais os métodos utilizados para o descarte do lixo e como percebem a relação do ambiente com a saúde. As entrevistas foram realizadas na escola Kokoj Ty Han já e em visitas domiciliares. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que os indígenas realizam atividades culturais com o objetivo de manter vivos os costumes e aspectos tradicionais da aldeia, porém no cotidiano, diversos segmentos são afetados pela influência não indígena, tais como educação, saúde e hábitos alimentares. No que se refere à percepção sobre os problemas ambientais na área indígena ou no entorno dela, formaram-se 3 grupos diferentes, dos moradores que identificam o desmatamento como o principal problema ambiental, o segundo grupo que identifica como a poluição e o terceiro grupo que acredita não existir problema ambiental nas Terras Indígenas. Os contatos interétnicos modificaram a percepção do que consideram itens necessários ao seu bem estar. Na procura por ter acesso aos bens de consumo diversificam seus meios de vida, conciliando o trabalho assalariado a outras fontes de renda. O que tem implicado na liberação de resíduos não orgânicos no meio ambiente e sido fonte de agravos à saúde. Os moradores elencaram soluções para os problemas enfrentados, como aumentar a frequência de coleta e os pontos em que passa o caminhão de lixo, construir depósitos para o armazenamento correto e a realização de orientações à comunidade para o reaproveitamento do lixo orgânico, separação do lixo e descarte correto. Portanto, percebem a importância de preservar o meio ambiente para sua qualidade de vida, porém no cotidiano lhes faltam estrutura e disponibilidade de serviços públicos de coleta de lixo e ações educativas sobre o manejo dos resíduos sólidos. / The historical loss of earth and natural resources and the constant inter-ethnic contacts had changed at least some part of the Indian economies dependents on the capitalist market logic and transformed the consumption pattern of the villages. There‟s some dependence related to their consumed food, in general bought, that raises the number of packaging and tailings to dispose. However, the garbage collect on the villages is still precarious, that originates problems on this discard. In visit to the Indian earth Mangueirinha, it was observed the presence of trash around the houses with industrialized products packaging, like plastic bottles, cans of soda, packets of chips and some disposable diapers. In this contest, the research had as central objective analyze the perception of the local people about the garbage discarding and It‟s impact on village‟s healthy and environment. The specific objectives of the research were: to do the cultural food and social-economic profiles and to identify the Indian methods of garbage discarding utilized by the investigated community and to identiy perception about environment and It‟s impact on healthy. For the investigation of that case we carried out a qualitative study with thirteen indigenous. A pre-prepared script was used to guide the questions regarding the respondent profile, what methods are used to dispose of trash and how they perceive the relationship between environment and health. The interviews were conductedat Kokoj Ty Han Já School and home visits. The research results show that the Indians perform cultural activities aiming to keep alive the customs and traditional aspects of the village, but in daily life, several segments are affected by non-indigenous influence, such as education, health and eating habits. With regard to the perception of environmental problems in the indigenous area or around it, formed three different groups of residents that identify the main environmental problem as deforestation, the second group that identifies as pollution and the third group that believes that no environmental problem exists on indigenous lands. Interethnic contacts changed the perception of what they consider items necessary for their well-being. In seeking to gain access to consumer goods they diversify their livelihoods, combining wage labor to other sources of income. What is involved in the release of non-organic waste on the environment and been a source of health problems. Residents listed solutions to the problems faced, such as increasing the frequency of collection and the points in passing garbage truck, build warehouses for the correct storage and conducting community guidelines for the reuse of organic waste, waste separation and correct disposal. Therefore, they realize the importance of preserving the environment for their quality of life, but in everyday life they lack structure and availability of public services of garbage collection and educational activities concerning the management of solid waste.

Resíduo de Equipamento Eletroeletrônico (REEE) é um termo utilizado para abranger diversas formas de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos que não possuem mais valor para seus proprietários. Este trabalho propôs avaliar a geração de REEEs em uma instituição de ensino superior comunitária localizada no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para este trabalho foram utilizados dados de EEEs disponíveis no sistema de informações da universidade, o qual totalizava 51.066 itens, englobando dados de aproximadamente 17 anos. Foi realizada uma análise detalhada acerca das características dos REEEs gerados, determinando características gerais, assim como específicas de diferentes áreas de ensino. Como resultado, foram gerados diversos indicadores importantes no gerenciamento de REEEs neste tipo de instituição. Verificou-se que o principal REEE gerado pela instituição são Equipamentos de informática e telecomunicações (48,2 %), seguido pelos Grandes eletrodomésticos (14,4 %), Instrumentos de Monitoramento (13,3 %), Ferramentas elétricas e eletrônicas (10,9 %) e Equipamentos de Consumo (9,8 %). Foram contabilizados 414 diferentes tipos de EEEs na instituição porém, observa-se que com exceção dos Instrumentos de Monitoramento, os dois principais EEEs de cada categoria contabilizam sozinhos mais de 50 % de suas respectivas categorias. Identificouse que a maior parte dos REEEs (29,3 %) da instituição são gerados no bloco administrativo da universidade, seguido pelas salas de informática (17,3 %). Estes dois setores se caracterizam por utilizarem EEEs de rápida obsolescência, enquanto áreas como as Ciências Biológicas e parcialmente as Ciências Exatas, devido ao elevado número de equipamentos analíticos utilizados, possuem um ciclo de vida maior nos EEEs, reduzindo assim a geração de REEEs. Isto se refletiu na geração per capita das áreas de ensino, onde as ciências biológicas apresentaram os maiores resultados (14,58 kg/aluno.ano), tendo sido a média dos curso 1,02 kg/aluno.ano. O diagnóstico da instituição demonstrou uma série de problemas em relação à gestão de REEEs, especialmente devido à falta de planejamento da geração destes, não havendo assim um local adequado para seu armazenamento. Também se identificou que muitos pesquisadores, por falta de verbas para manutenção de equipamentos, optam por armazenar máquinas obsoletas em seus laboratórios. Todas essas características resultam em uma grande complexidade na gestão de REEEs em unidades de ensino superior, em especial, devido à grande variedade encontrada, sendo muitos deles de difícil reciclagem. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-05-11T17:01:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Tiago Panizzon.pdf: 4775557 bytes, checksum: 853455f75032d67eb2c25b7fa399023b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-11T17:01:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Tiago Panizzon.pdf: 4775557 bytes, checksum: 853455f75032d67eb2c25b7fa399023b (MD5) / Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is a word used to refer to many electric and electronic equipment that are no longer valuable for its owners. This study evaluated the WEEE generation in a private higher education institution, located in Rio Grande do Sul state. In this study were used data from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) available in the university information system, which amounted 51.066 items during 17 years. A detailed analysis was performed about the generated WEEE characteristics and the specific characteristics of different knowledge areas. As result, many important indicators where developed for WEEE management in this kind of institution. The main WEEE generated by the institution was IT and telecommunications equipment (48.2 %), followed by Large household appliances (14.4 %), Monitoring and control instruments (13.3 %), Electrical and electronic tools (10.9 %) and Consumer equipment (9.8 %). Over 400 EEEs classes were identified in the institution although, except for Monitoring and control instruments, the two main EEEs in each class correspond by at least 50 % of its categories. In addition, it was noted that the majority of WEEE was generated by the university administration (29.3 %), followed by the computer classrooms (17.3 %). Those two areas feature low life EEEs, while other areas like Biology and Exact Sciences, due to the high number of analytics equipment used, have a longer life cycle EEEs, resulting in smaller WEEE generation. This was noted in the knowledge areas per capita WEEE generation, with biological sciences showing the bigger results (14.58 kg/student.yr), while the average was 1.02 kg/student.yr. The institution diagnostic demonstrate many problems in WEEE management, especially due to lack of planning regarding their generation, resulting in an absence of a proper place for their storage. In addition, it was noted that many researchers, due to lack of maintenance resources, preferred to store obsolete machines in their labs. All these characteristic result in a great complexity in WEEE management in higher education institutions, mostly due the big diversity, increasing the recycling complexity.

Este trabalho apresenta uma contribuição ao processo de acreditação e credenciamento aos laboratórios de ensaio no escopo da Anemia Infecciosa Equina (AIE). Consiste em uma proposta de priorização de requisitos para a acreditação, credenciamento e biossegurança de laboratórios de ensaio, desenvolvida por sete etapas metodológicas: 1) descrição dos elementos que caracterizam um laboratório de AIE e utilização da experiência do laboratório de estudo como facilitador do processo de acreditação; 2) levantamento da situação atual dos laboratórios de AIE existentes no Brasil frente às exigências atuais para acreditação; 3) identificação, reunião e sistematização de conhecimentos relacionados ao sistema de qualidade laboratorial, segundo a norma NBR ISO/IEC 17025 (ABNT, 2005) de acreditação pelo INMETRO; 4) descrição do processo de construção de um manual da qualidade visando à implementação da norma NBR ISO/IEC17025 (ABNT, 2005); 5) identificação, reunião e sistematização de conhecimentos relacionados ao credenciamento pelo Ministério da Agricultura (MAPA), Pecuária e Abastecimento; 6) elaboração de um checklistorientativo para conferência dos requisitos da Norma ISO 17025; 7) caracterização dos requisitos relacionados à biossegurança, de forma a estabelecer padrões de funcionamento de laboratórios de AIE, incluindo o manejo dos resíduos de serviços de saúde (RSS).Trata-se, portanto, de uma pesquisa documental e de um estudo de caso. Os resultados mostram que: 1) o processo de credenciamento e acreditação é complexo e justifica a situação atual dos laboratórios brasileiros, ou seja, dos 297 laboratórios credenciados, no ano de 2014, apenas 6 estavam credenciados e acreditados; 2) o manual de Qualidade é indispensável ao processo; 3) há uma diversidade de documentos necessários a conclusão do processo de credenciamento e acreditação, o que pode ser um fator explicativo da dificuldade dos laboratórios obterem credenciamento; 4) são geradas uma diversidade de tipologia de resíduos (Grupo A, B, D e E, especialmente A), o que exige a implementação de formas de manejo por meio do Plano de Gerenciamento de resíduos e a implementação de normas de biossegurança e de boas práticas laboratoriais. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-10-01T18:14:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ricardo Bordin.pdf: 2533264 bytes, checksum: 155bdd3a4c0ab90475cc83c8e926a16b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-01T18:14:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ricardo Bordin.pdf: 2533264 bytes, checksum: 155bdd3a4c0ab90475cc83c8e926a16b (MD5) / This work presents contribution to the accreditation and credentialing process to the testing laboratories on the Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). Consists of a proposal of priority requirements to the accreditation, credentialing and biosecurity of testing laboratories developed in seven methodologicalsteps: 1) description of the elements that characterize a laboratory of EIA and employ the laboratory experience in study as a facilitator of the accreditation process; 2)bring up the actual situation of the existing EIA laboratories in Brazil given the current requirements for accreditation; 3) identify, reunite and systematize the knowledge related to the laboratorial quality system, according to the NBR ISO/IEC 17025 standard, accreditation by INMETRO; 4) describe the process of a quality manual build up, aiming the implementation of the standard NBR ISO/IEC 17025; 5) identify, reunite and systematize the knowledge related to the credentialing by the Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA); 6) elaborate a guiding checklist for the requirements conference of the standard NBR ISO/IEC 17025; 7) to characterize the requirements related to the biosecurity, as means to establish operating standards in EIA laboratories, including the management of residuesof health services (RHS). It is, therefore, a documental research and one case study. The results show: 1) that the process of credentialing and accreditation is complex and justify the actual situation of the Brazilian laboratories; in other words, of the 297 accredited laboratories, in the year 2014, only 6 were accredited; 2) the importance of the Quality Manual and the diversity of necessary documents to the conclusion of the process of accreditation; 3) to be generated one diversity of typology of waste (Group A, B, D e E, specially A), which demands the implementation of management form by means of waste management plan and the implementation of biohazard standard and good laboratory practice.