Th.--Histoire--Université Paris 8, 1993. / Bibliogr. p. 535-561.

Thèse--Sorbonne. / Bibliography: p. [259]-270.

Le moulin à laine d'Ulverton, dans les Cantons-de-l'Est, fut construit au milieu du XIXe siècle, aux abords de la rivière du même nom, à proximité de la ville ferroviaire de Richmond. Nous examinons les activités économiques liées à cette entreprise rurale et, plus particulièrement, les rapports commerciaux établis par le propriétaire avec les cultivateurs des environs. Plusieurs catégories de sources sont mises à contribution : cartes et recensements. Par contre, ce sont surtout les traces de la comptabilité qui permettent de comprendre au mieux les multiples ramifications économiques de ce moulin au sein de la société locale. La production scientifique au Québec a fait peu de cas, jusqu'à maintenant, de l'industrie lainière et de la dynamique unissant les entreprises du milieu rural aux populations avoisinantes. Or, cette étude de cas indique des rapports quotidiens de nature commerciale avec les locaux et montre toute la diversité des biens manufacturés au moulin, de la production et de l'artisanat locale, et du marché.

This work examined the design and characterization of multilayer coplanar waveguide baluns and inductors. This work derives a design procedure that helps RF engineers design cost effective multilayer coplanar waveguide (CPW) spiral balun that works in the frequency range 1-8 GHz. The accuracy of the developed procedure has been proven by designing two balun circuits of different dimensions and simulating them using available commercial software, Momentum (MoM) and Empire (FDTD). The simulation results have shown good balun performance over the desired frequency range. Furthermore some of the designed balun circuits have been fabricated and measured and the results agree with the simulations. The smaller balun (2.4 mm x 1.4 mm) with a minimum spacing of 25mm works very good in the frequency range 4-8 GHz with a 4 GHz operational bandwidth (OBW) and 5o phase difference and 0.5 dB amplitude imbalance. The larger balun (5.6mm x 3.0 mm) with minimum spacing of 100mm works well in the frequency range 2-4 GHz with a 2 GHz operational bandwidth (OBW) and 10o phase difference and 0.5 dB amplitude imbalance. Such a large-size balun is suitable for a new fabrication technique called Direct-Write. This thesis focuses on techniques that can be used to enhance balun performance, it has been shown through this work that adding some capacitance at certain points in the balun circuit will decrease both the phase difference and the amplitude imbalance of the balun. Some of these techniques were discovered through the thesis work and the other techniques were used before, but for different balun structures. An additional study to the effect of the ground plane on the spiral inductor model is included herein. Formulas for the inductance nominal value in the existing CPW ground plane for some spiral inductors are derived here, in addition to the derivation of an RF spiral inductor model that is independent of the ground plane. The importance of this model lies in its necessity in designing an antenna dipole loaded with lumped elements (in the absence of ground plane) to control the antenna electrical length without changing its physical length.

En 1717, le roi accorde aux marchands de la Nouvelle-France le droit de s'assembler et d'élire un syndic pour les représenter auprès des autorités. L'arrivée du syndic des négociants s'inscrit dans un changement idéologique voulant favoriser les échanges à l'interieur de l'empire français. De 1717 à 1760, dans les villes de Québec et de Montréal, les assemblées de marchands et de négociants mènent à des prises de parole sur divers sujets concernant le commerce. L'analyse du lieu de naissance, des stratégies matrimoniales, des activités professionnelles et de la construction de réseau nous confmne que les syndics font partie de l'elite commerciale de leurs villes respectives. Nous constatons que certains individus se servent de la charge de syndic pour des gains personnels, tels que l'acquisition de contrats ou pour l'ascension professionnelle. Les marchands et les négociants usent de leur droit d'assemblée pour rédiger des dizaines de requêtes concernant principalement la traite des fourrures, la concurrence commerciale et le manque de numéraire. Même si la majorité des demandes envoyées est rejetée par les autorités coloniales, on réussi tout de même à influencer l'adoption de réglementations concernant le commerce local.

Thesis--Amsterdam. / "Stellingen": [2] p. inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. [134]-158) and index.

nÃo hà / Este trabalho relata o estudo fitoquÃmico de trÃs espÃcies de plantas da famÃlia Burseraceae: Protium hebetatum Daly (PHB), Protium heptaphyllum (Aublet) Marchand subsp. ulei (Swat) Daly (PHU) e o Protium heptaphyllum (Aublet) Marchand subsp. heptaphyllum (PHH), conhecidas, aleatoriamente, como breu, breu-branco ou almÃcega. As espÃcies foram coletadas no municÃpio de Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brasil. Da resina do PHB, foram obtidos trÃs misturas binÃrias de triterpenos pentacÃclicos das sÃries oleanano/ursano: 3-oxoolean-12-eno e 3-oxours-12-eno; 3Ã-hidroxiolean-12-eno e 3Ã-hidroxiurs-12-eno; 3Ã,16Ã-dihidroxiolean-12-eno e 3Ã,16Ã-di-hidroxiurs-12-eno; e quatro triterpenos tetracÃclicos da sÃrie tirucalano: Ãcido 3-oxotirucala-8,24-dien-21-Ãico, Ãcido 3a-hidroxitirucala-8,24-dien-21-Ãico, Ãcido 3a-acetoxitirucala-8,24-dien-21-Ãico e o Ãcido 3a-hidroxitirucala-7,24-dien-21-Ãico. Da cera epicuticular das folhas do PHB foram obtidos misturas de trÃs hidrocarbonetos lineares, heptacosano, hentriacontano e tritriacontano, e mistura de Ãsteres etÃlicos, tendo como constituinte principal o hexadecanoato de etila. Da resina do PHU foram obtidas duas misturas binÃrias de triterpenos pentacÃclicos das sÃries oleanano/ursano: 3-oxoolean-12-eno e 3-oxours-12-eno; 3Ã-hidroxiolean-12-eno e 3a-hidroxiurs-12-eno; trÃs triterpenos tetracÃclicos da sÃrie tirucalano: Ãcido 3-oxotirucala-8,24-dien-21-Ãico, Ãcido 3ahidroxitirucala-8,24-dien-21-Ãico e Ãcido 3a-hidroxitirucala-7,24-dien-21-Ãico, e um triterpeno pentacÃclco da sÃrie friedelano, D:A-friedoolean-3-ona. Do Ãleo essencial do PHU foram isolados dois monoterpenos: o terpinoleno e o p-cimen-8-ol. O Ãleo essencial das resinas do PHB, PHU e PHH, apresentaram como constituintes principais, a-pineno (21,28%), terpinoleno (42,31%) e p-cimeno (31,50%), respectivamente. Esses Ãleos mostraram atividade biolÃgica frente aos microorganismos Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniar, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Nycobacterium phlei. Especificamente, o Ãleo essencial do PHB apresentou atividade contra larvas do mosquito Aedes aegypti, apresentado CL50 = 270,32 ppm, considerado insuficiente. Algumas reaÃÃes de derivatizaÃÃo foram realizadas com o intuito de comprovaÃÃo estrutural, como tambÃm, para destacar, em parte, a quÃmica propriamente dita. Finalmente, foi verificada a possibilidade de utilizaÃÃo das enzimas imobilizadas da resina do PHB como biocatalisador, em reaÃÃo de acetilaÃÃo. / This work presents study phytochemistry of three species of plants of the family Burseraceae: Protium hebetatum Daly (PHB), Protium heptaphyllum (Aublet) Marchand subsp. ulei (Swat) Daly (PHU) and the Protium heptaphyllum (Aublet) Marchand subsp. heptaphyllum (PHH), known, at random, as pitch, pitch-white and almÃcego. The species were collected in the municipal district of Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil. Of the resin of PHB, were obtained three binary mixtures of triterpenes pentacyclics of the series oleanane/ursane: 3-oxoolean-12-ene and 3-oxours-12-ene; 3Ã-hydroxyolean-12-ene and 3Ã-hydroxyurs-12-ene; 3Ã,16Ãdihydroxyolean- 12-ene and 3Ã,16Ã-dihydroxyurs-12-ene; and four triterpenes tetracyclic of the series tirucallane: 3-oxotirucalla-8,24-dien-21-oic acid, 3a-hydroxytirucalla-8,24-dien-21-oic acid, 3a-acetoxytirucalla-8,24-dien-21-oic acid and the 3a-hydroxytirucalla-7,24-dien-21-oic acid. Of the epicuticular wax of the leaves of PHB were extracted mixtures of three hydrocarbons: heptacosane, hentriacontane and tritriacontane, and mixture of ethyl ester, as main constituent, the ethyl hexadecanoate. Of the resin of PHU were obtained two binary mixtures of triterpenes pentacyclics of the series oleanane/ursane: 3-oxoolean-12-ene and 3-oxours-12-ene; 3Ã-hydroxyolean-12-ene and 3a-hydroxyurs-12-ene; three triterpenes tetracyclics of the series tirucallane: 3-oxotirucalla-8,24-dien-21-oic acid, 3ahydroxytirucalla- 8,24-dien-21-oic acid and the 3a-hydroxytirucalla-7,24-dien-21-oic acid and one triterpene pentacyclic of the series friedelane: D:A-friedoolean-3-one. From the essential oil of PHU, were isolated two monoterpenes: the terpinolene and the p-cymen-8-ol. The essential oil of the resins of PHB, PHU and PHH, presented as main constituent a-pinene (21.28%), terpinolene (42.31%) e p-cymene (31.50%), respectively. Those oils showed biological activity to the microorganism: Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniar, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Nycobacterium phlei. Specifically, the essential oil of PHB was analyzed his activity against larva of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, presenting CL50 = 270.32 ppm, considered donât activate. Some reactions were performed with the intention of structural proof, as well as, to detach, in part, the chemistry. Finally, was verified the possibility of using the immobilized enzymes of the resin of PHB as biocatalyst, in acetylation reaction.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 178 pages. / Thesis (M.S.E.E.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: This work examined the design and characterization of multilayer coplanar waveguide baluns and inductors. This work derives a design procedure that helps RF engineers design cost effective multilayer coplanar waveguide (CPW) spiral balun that works in the frequency range 1-8 GHz. The accuracy of the developed procedure has been proven by designing two balun circuits of different dimensions and simulating them using available commercial software, Momentum (MoM) and Empire (FDTD). The simulation results have shown good balun performance over the desired frequency range. Furthermore some of the designed balun circuits have been fabricated and measured and the results agree with the simulations. The smaller balun (2.4 mm x 1.4 mm) with a minimum spacing of 25mm works very good in the frequency range 4-8 GHz with a 4 GHz operational bandwidth (OBW) and 5o phase difference and 0.5 dB amplitude imbalance. / ABSTRACT: The larger balun (5.6mm x 3.0 mm) with minimum spacing of 100mm works well in the frequency range 2-4 GHz with a 2 GHz operational bandwidth (OBW) and 10o phase difference and 0.5 dB amplitude imbalance. Such a large-size balun is suitable for a new fabrication technique called Direct-Write. This thesis focuses on techniques that can be used to enhance balun performance, it has been shown through this work that adding some capacitance at certain points in the balun circuit will decrease both the phase difference and the amplitude imbalance of the balun. Some of these techniques were discovered through the thesis work and the other techniques were used before, but for different balun structures. An additional study to the effect of the ground plane on the spiral inductor model is included herein. / ABSTRACT: Formulas for the inductance nominal value in the existing CPW ground plane for some spiral inductors are derived here, in addition to the derivation of an RF spiral inductor model that is independent of the ground plane. The importance of this model lies in its necessity in designing an antenna dipole loaded with lumped elements (in the absence of ground plane) to control the antenna electrical length without changing its physical length. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

La tabatière était sous les règnes de Louis XV et Louis XVI un accessoire indispensable des hommes et des femmes du 18ème siècle. Les orfèvres parisiens Ducrollay, Drais et Ouizille étaient spécialisés dans la fabrication de bijoux en or, de tabatières et d’objets d’art exceptionnels. À partir de l’exemple de ces trois ateliers d’orfèvrerie, après avoir étudié la biographie de chacun, nous définissons le rôle des orfèvres-joailliers, étudions les différents procédés de fabrication. Une telle production oblige à recourir à de nombreux sous-traitants spécialisés : dessinateurs, ornemanistes, ciseleurs, émailleurs, lapidaires, miniaturistes. Pour comprendre la diffusion commerciale de ces précieuses boîtes nous détaillons les différents acheteurs : l’administration royale des Menus-Plaisirs, le ministère des Affaires étrangères, les rois et les princes français et étrangers, mais aussi les commandes des grands collectionneurs du siècle des Lumières. Pour comprendre l’évolution technique et stylistique de ces objets, nous avons catalogué l’ensemble des pièces actuellement connues et plusieurs dessins inédits. La rédaction de ce mémoire s’appuie sur une bibliographie et une documentation très abondante de sources manuscrites, d’actes notariés et de mémoires retrouvés dans de nombreux fonds d’archives. / The snuffbox was during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI an essential accessory for men and women of the 18th century. The Parisian goldsmiths Ducrollay, Drais and Ouizille were specialized in the manufacture of gold jewelry, gold boxes and exceptional works of art. From the example of these three goldsmiths’ workshops, after studying the biography of each, we define the role of goldsmiths, jewelers, studying the different manufacturing processes. One this production requires use of many specialized subcontractors: designers, ornamentists, engravers, enamelers, lapidaries, miniaturists. To understand the commercial distribution of these precious gold snuffboxes we discuss the different buyers: the royal administrative body called The Menus-Plaisirs, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, kings and princes French and foreign, but also demand of the great collectors of the Enlightenment period. So as to understand the technical and stylistic evolution of these objects, we have cataloged all the pieces currently known as well as many drawings, some of them previously unpublished. The writing of this thesis is based on a bibliography of published material as well as on a substantial quantity of manuscript documentation, including official documents and goldsmiths' invoices from a number of different private and public sources.

Sujet d’actualité, le phénomène de l’ethnicisation est devenu un fait urbain contemporain dans les métropoles du monde. Dans le contexte actuel du Tchad, les conflits ethniques et sociaux semblent investir les champs économiques par une ethnicisation du commerce, la spécialisation de certaines branches. La ville de N’Djamena, avec son espace marchand varié et coloré, fournit un exemple d’étude singulier. L’étude du commerce ethnique - dans l’espace marchand tchadien à travers la ville de N’Djamena - traite d’une part les branches des commerces spécialisées par les groupes ethniques, en majorité nordistes et musulmans, d’autre part les divers circuits et réseaux marchands sur lesquels s’appuient ces groupes. La géographie humaine, comme discipline et méthode, pointe à travers cette étude une double approche théorique : celle qui interroge les modalités de formation, du maintien et de l’extension des réseaux sociaux et marchands par la pratique du commerce ethnique, et celle qui analyse ces modalités comme moyen de reproduction sociale et identitaire des commerçants. A l’instar des autres villes tchadiennes, N’Djamena est devenu, au fil de temps, le théâtre de ces conflits d’intérêts ethno-régionalistes, instrumentalisés par le contexte de la "géopolitique tchadienne"[recherche d’équilibre entre le nord musulman et le sud chrétien]. Ainsi, au prisme d’analyses nécessairement pluridisciplinaires autour d’une approche géographique qui privilégie l’organisation spatiale, l’ethnicisation du commerce apparait comme un processus de mutation socio-économique par lequel se consolide l'économie ethnique et la spécialisation des quartiers [des régions] de la ville. / As a contemporary topic, the phenomenon of racialization has become a contemporary urban phenomenon in the world's metropolises. In the current context of Chad, ethnic and social conflicts seem to invest economic fields along ethnic trade, specialization in certain industries. The city of N'Djamena, with its varied and colorful merchant space, provides an example of singular study. The study of ethnic business - in the merchant Chad area around the city of N'Djamena - addresses a hand branches of specialized shops by ethnic groups, mostly northerners and Muslims, on the other hand the various merchants trails and networks that support these groups. Human geography as a discipline and method, leading through this study a double theoretical approach which questions the methods of training, maintenance and expansion of social and merchants through the practice of ethnic business networks, and the analysis that these terms as a means of social reproduction and identity of the traders. Like other cities of Chad, N'Djamena has become, over time, the theater of ethno-regionalist conflicts or interest, manipulated by the context of the "geopolitical Chad" [search for balance between the north Muslims and south Christians]. Thus, through the prism of necessarily multidisciplinary analyzes around a geographic approach that emphasizes the spatial organization, the ethnicization of trade appears as a process of socio-economic transformation through which consolidates the ethnic economy and specialization areas [regions] of the city.