The effect of cattle grazing on the abundance and distribution of vegetation, burrowing crabs (Uca rapax, Uca pugnax, and Sesarma cinereum), marsh periwinkles (Littoraria irrorata), horn snails (Cerithidea pliculosa), and salt marsh snails (Melampus bidentatus) was evaluated over four seasons (summer 2000, fall 2000, winter 2001, and spring 2001) in grazed and ungrazed treatments. A Galveston Island salt marsh adjacent to Snake Island Cove was sampled at five elevations, from the water's edge to the high tidal flats. Data were analyzed for statistical differences using a two-way ANOVA in SAS. Cattle grazing may affect the vegetation and macroinvertebrate communities in salt marshes through trampling and herbivory. Vegetation resources available to other herbivores are decreased by the direct consumption of plant material by cattle. Spartina alterniflora and Salicornia virginica heights were significantly greater in ungrazed treatments than grazed for every season in the edge, upper, and middle elevation zones. Total aerial vegetative cover was also reduced significantly in grazed treatments, with the greatest impact in the edge and upper marsh. In the ungrazed treatments, S. alterniflora stem density was significantly greater in edge elevations, while both S. virginica percent cover and stem density in the edge elevation was greater. Burrowing crab populations were greater in the upper marsh and edge habitat of ungrazed treatments, while significantly greater in most of the middle marsh habitats of the grazed treatment. Size of burrowing crabs was generally significantly greater in ungrazed treatments. Cerithidea pliculosa size decreased in grazed treatments, but population had an overall increase in grazed treatments. Littoraria irrorata had very few differences between treatments, although few specimens were found. Melampus bidentatus populations were too small to evaluate thoroughly. Macroinvertebrate populations could be used to assess the overall health of grazed salt marshes.

Maritime target tracking from an airborne radar faces many issues due to the features of theenvironment, the targets to be tracked and the movement of the radar platform. Therefore, aunique tracking algorithm is not always able to reach the best possible performance for everyencountered situation. It needs to self-adapt to the environment and to the targets which areobserved in order to always be as ecient as possible. Adaptability is thus a key issue of radartracking.Several implementations of the mathematical Bayesian estimation theory, commonly called lters,have been used in the literature in order to estimate as precisely as possible targets trajectory.Depending on the situations and the assumptions that are considered, some of themare expected to perform better. This thesis suggests to look deeper into the tracking techniquesthat can be found in the literature and compare them in order to dene more precisely the advantagesof each of them over the others. This should enable to wisely choose the method thatis most likely to provide the best performance for a given situation. In particular, the nonlinearconversion between the Cartesian coordinates with which the state vector is dened and thespherical coordinates used for the measurements is investigated. A measure of nonlinearity isintroduced, studied and used to compare the extended Kalman lter and the particle lter.The size of the detected maritime targets is a special feature that makes it possible to draw amaneuverability-based classication which enables to adapt the tracking technique to be used.Joint tracking and classication (JTC) has already been described in the literature with a specicmeasurement model. This thesis makes this model more realistic using a random distribution ofthe reection point on the target's shape. The tracking method is modied to take into accountthis new measurement model and some simulations are run.This modied JTC algorithm proves to be more ecient than the JTC structure presented inthe literature. Eventually, this thesis shows that nonlinearity is a paramount issue that needsto be considered to implement an ecient self-adapatable radar tracking algorithm, this beingespecially true for extended targets. / Maritim malfoljning fran en luftburen radar star infor manga problem pa grund av miljons karaktar, de mal som ska sparas och radarplattformens rorelse. Darfor kan en unik sparningsalgoritminte na basta mojliga prestanda for varje situation som uppstar. Den maste anpassa sig sjalvtill miljon och till de mal som overvakas for att bli sa eektiv som mojligt. Anpassningsformagaar alltsa en viktig fraga inom radarsparning.Flera implementeringar av den matematiska Bayesianska berakningsteorin, vanligtvis kalladelter, har anvants i litteraturen for att forutsaga malbanor sa exakt som mojligt. Beroendepa situationer och antaganden som beaktas forvantas vissa av dem bli battre. Denna avhandlingforeslar att noggrant undersoka sparningsteknikerna som kan hittas i litteraturen ochjamfora dem for att mer precist deniera fordelarna av var och en framfor de andra. Det skulleunderlatta ett klokt val av metoden som mest sannolikt ger basta prestanda for varje given situation.Sarskilt undersoks den icke-linjara omvandlingen mellan kartesiska koordinatsystemet,som denierar tillstandsvektorn, och sfariska koordinater som anvands for matningarna. Ettmatt pa icke-linjaritet presenteras, studeras och anvands for att jamfora ett utokat Kalmanltermed partikelltret.Storleken pa de detekterade maritima malen ar en speciell egenskap som gor det mojligt attgora en klassicering baserad pa manovrerbarhet som hjalper till att anpassa sparningsteknikensom ska anvandas. Simultan foljning och klassiering, "joint tracking and classication" (JTC)pa engelska, har redan beskrivits i litteraturen med en specik matmodell. Denna avhandlinggor modellen mer realistisk med hjalp av en slumpmassig fordelning av reektionspunkten pamalets form. Sparningsmetoden ar modierad for att beakta denna nya matmodell och nagrasimuleringar utfors.Denna modierade JTC-struktur visar sig mer eektiv an JTC-strukturen som presenteras ilitteraturen. Slutligen visar denna avhandling att icke-linjaritet ar en viktig fraga som mastebeaktas for att erhalla en eektiv radarsparningsalgoritm som kan anpassa sig sjalv. Dettagaller sarskilt for utstrackta mal.

Sustainability thinking and environmental questions are often in the center of news today. Our planet is changing and us humans need to change our lifestyle in order to avoid potentially devastating events. New laws and regulations, along with new sustainability goals, are constantly arriving around the world. Within the maritime industry, multiple emission goals have recently been implemented which puts a lot of pressure on shipping companies around the world. This thesis introduces a new sales-tool, The Ecolometer, which purpose is to support sales-processes within Volvo Penta. The tool uses a Product Environmental Footprint methodology to quantify different environmental impact categories based on the Nine Planetary Boundaries model. Based on the Planetary Boundaries model, some focus categories have been selected which has been set as requirements for the new tool. The tool have been validated and tested on some cases, where different propulsion systems where investigated. The results shows that the method and tool is useful and applicable to the intended purpose. The tool provides an efficient and easy way to quantify and optimize environmental impact throughout the lifecycle of a vessel, while in the meantime making sustainability thinking accessible, and popular within the industry. The thesis also shows how necessary it is for Volvo Penta the implement this tool, in order to ensure that their sustainability investments is going in the right direction. / Miljöfrågor ligger ofta i fokus i dagens debatt, och att tänka miljövänligt och hållbart blir allt mer ett socialt krav. Vår planet förändras, och vi människor måste göra stora förändringar i hur vi lever för att undvika att potentiella katastrofer uppstår. Nya lagar, regler och hållbarhetsmål är konstant uppsatta runt om i världen för hur vi ska leva. Inom den maritima industrin sattes nyligen stora mål upp i hur mycket utsläpp som tillåts för fartyg runt vilket sätter stor press på företag inom branschen runt om i världen. Denna uppsats introducerar ett nytt försäljningsverktyg, Ecolometern, vars syfte är att hjälpa och assistera Volvo Pentas säljprocesser. Verktyget använder sig av en Product Environmental Footprint metodologi för att kvantifiera miljöpåverkan utifrån olika kategorier i Nine Planetary Boundaries modellen. Baserat på modellen, har ett antal kategorier valts ut, som agerar kriterier för det nya verktyget. Verktyget har även blivit validerat och testa mot ett antal case, där olika drivlinor har blivit analyserade. Resultatet visar att metoden och verktyget är användbart för det uppsatta syftet. Verktyget ger ett effektivt men enkelt sätt att visa och optimera miljöpåverkan sett till hela livscykeln av ett fartyg, samtidigt som det gör hållbarhetstänk mer tillgängligt och populärt inom industrin. Uppsatsen visar också på nödvändigheten för Volvo Penta att implementera detta verktyg, för att försäkra sig om att deras hållbarhetssatsningar verkligen går åt rätt håll.

This research examines how, when and why the Romans assigned and defined the tasks of preparing and commanding fleets during the Republic. In doing so, it brings new evidence to bear on the wider debates about the nature of the prouincia and the institutional and administrative development of the Roman empire. The communis opinio is that a prouincia originally represented a functional “sphere of operation” that was allotted or assigned to a magistrate and that it only later developed a geographical meaning with territorial connotations through the process of “provincialisation.” This research challenges that view through an analysis of the evidence for the definition, assignment and practical use of the prouincia classis and other prouinciae connected with the command of fleets. Drawing upon and analysing the lists of administrative arrangements to be found in the “annalistic” sections of the surviving books of Livy’s History, it argues that prouinciae were defined in specific geographical and functional terms long before the development of permanent territorial empire. This offers a new perspective which points to and elucidates the flexible use of the prouincia as a means of separating magistrates and promagistrates in space or by function in space. It argues that the rationale for this was to limit conflicts between commanders over command and triumphal rights. By combining evidence from a wide range of sources after the loss of Livy’s History from 167, the research shows that the above rationale for demarcating prouinciae still applied in the first century B.C. However, it also demonstrates that there were significant changes with the assignment of vast Mediterranean-wide naval prouinciae in the first half of the first century B.C. It argues that the definition of these prouinciae was made possible by the development of a singular collective Mediterranean-wide ora maritima, which was brought about by the Romans’ increasing “acknowledgement of empire.” The negative political and institutional implications of these developments are also assessed. Finally, in discussing the above, this research also provides new insights into the role and auctoritas of the Senate, the function and freedom of magistrates, and the Romans’ conceptualisation of their empire.

This thesis presents a first archaeological introduction to the study of Byzantine ports, harbours and other coastal installations in the region of Thessaly. Thessaly not only constitutes an ideal region to gain equal information for the Early- to the Late Byzantine periods, but also to compare independent regional and imperial central building activities. However, in particular Thessaly’s maritime connectivity has never been studied in detail before. As such, a first step into a terra incognita, the thesis is divided into two main sections: In order to conceptualize the study of harbour sites, the thesis first sets up a framework for the definition, understanding and interpretation of the physical features of harbours and their function and purpose. Taking into account influencing environmental conditions, such as natural, economic, social and political components, this helps to determine an accurate hierarchical model and to illustrate the interrelationship between different types and forms of harbour sites. Subsequently, comprehensive archaeological investigations around the island of Skiathos and other harbour sites in Thessaly, executed in 2012 and 2013, are set against this theoretical groundwork. In contrast to the common approach of regional studies, where a first general overview is followed by individual detailed case-studies, the opposite methodology is undertaken in order to achieve a systematic study of the Thessalian harbours and the complexity of their network system. Consequently, the collection of data starts from the analysis of a distinct area of a region and continues with the broader regional picture of primary ports, secondary harbours and staple markets. Functioning as an important junction of the Aegean shipping lanes and being involved in regional as well as supra-regional trade and port networks, focus is therefore primarily dedicated to the island of Skiathos. A joint survey project in cooperation with the Greek Ephorate for Underwater Antiquities (EEA), the 13th Greek Ephorate for Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and the 7th Greek Ephorate for Byzantine Antiquities was initiated by the author in 2012. A number of sites, including harbour installations and other coastal infrastructures, have been detected, documented and subsequently verified by geophysical prospections, using a Sub-bottom profiler and Side-Scan Sonar, in 2013. These have allowed to draw a clear historical picture of architectural developments, port networks and changes in the socio-economic connectivity of the area. Followed by a close investigation of further harbour sites throughout the entire region of Thessaly during two field seasons between 2012 and 2013, the detailed picture gained from the Skiathos survey project is brought to a wider context. This comparison finally allows an overall picture of the history and architectural developments of harbour structures and associated coastal sites, as well as general conclusions concerning the hierarchy and port network in the region during the Early to Late Byzantine periods. This has allowed a comprehensive understanding of the growth, use and decline of various ports, harbours and staple markets within Thessaly and has important repercussions for our understanding of wider social and economic changes that were occurring during these periods, such as the rise of the church as a powerful economic institution or the increasing activities of private entrepreneurs. In this way the submerged maritime heritage of Thessaly has provided a rich new resource with which to understand the cultural dynamics of the region as it emerged from its peripheral location to comprising major ports within the Roman maritime network and to stand out of the heart of the commercial route ways to and from Constantinople, as well as being part of the emergent networks of the western maritime states at the end of the period, such as Venice.

This study investigated understorey management in Canterbury, New Zealand, apple orchards for the enhancement of populations of Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) (Braconidae) for leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) biological control. The first objective was to determine the influence of understorey plants on the abundance of D. tasmanica and leafroller parasitism, and to investigate the mechanisms behind this influence. The second was to determine the most suitable understorey plants in terms of their ability to enhance parasitoid abundance, leafroller parasitism, parasitoid longevity, parasitoid fecundity and its ability to not benefit leafroller. Results from three consecutive field trials showed that buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), alyssum (Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv), and, to a lesser extent, broad bean (Vicia faba L.), enhanced parasitoid abundance and leafroller parasitism. The mechanisms behind the effects of understorey plants had previously been unexplored. However, results here showed that it was the flowers or the buckwheat that 'attracted' the parasitoid to the plant and not the shelter, aphids or microclimate that the plant may also provide. Providing flowering plants in the orchard understorey also increased immigration of parasitoids and enhanced parasitoids and enhanced parasitoid longevity and fecundity in the laboratory. In contrast, the understorey plants had no influence on the female:male ratio of D. tasmanica. Although coriander enhanced leafroller parasitism three-fold in field experiments compared with controls, it failed to enhance the longevity of both sexes of D. tasmanica in the laboratory compared with water-only. Broad bean significantly enhanced parasitoid abundance three-fold and significantly increased parasitism from 0% to 75% compared with the controls on one leafroller release date. However, laboratory trials showed that of male D. tasmancia but it did not enhance female longevity. Also, female D. tasmanica foraging on broad bean produced a total of only three parasitoid cocoons, but this result was based on an overall 6.5% survival of larvae to pupae or to parasitoid cocoon. Furthermore, results suggested that extrafloral nectar secretion decreased as the plants matured. Phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.) did not significantly enhance parasitism rate in the field compared with controls, and numbers of D. tasmanica captured by suction sampling were significantly lower in phacelia treatments compared with alyssum, buckwheat and control plots. Also, laboratory experiments showed that survival of D. tasmanica on phacelia flowers was equivalent to that on water-only and significantly lower than on buckwheat. These results suggest that phacelia does not provide nectar to D. tasmanica, only pollen, and therefore is not a suitable understorey plant for D. tasmanica enhancement in orchards. Buckwheat and alyssum showed the most potential as understorey plants for the enhancement of natural enemies. Buckwheat not only increased numbers of D. tasmanica seven-fold, but also increased numbers of beneficial lacewings (Micromus tasmaniae (Walker)) and hover flies (Syrphidae) captured on yellow sticky traps compared with the controls. It significantly increased leafroller parasitism by D. tasmanica from 0% to 86% compared with the controls (on one date only), and in the laboratory enhanced D. tasmanica longevity and increased fecundity compared with water-only. Similarly, alyssum significantly increased parasitism rate compared with controls, and two-fold more D. tasmanica were suction sampled in these plots compared with controls. It also enhanced longevity of both sexes of D. tasmanica compared with water, and showed the most favourable characteristics in terms of being of no benefit to leafrollers. This is because it was not preferred over apple by leafroller larvae and when they were forced to feed on it, it caused high mortality (94.3%) and low pupal weight (15 mg). Furthermore, alyssum did not enhance the number of fertile eggs produced by adult leafrollers compared with water only. However, further research is required to address the overall effect of buckwheat and alyssum on crop production and orchard management, including effects on fruit yield and quality, frost risk, disease incidence, soil quality, weeds and other pests. Also, research into the ability of these plants to survive in the orchard with little maintenance, and into the optimal sowing rates, would be useful. Sampling natural populations of leafroller within each treatment showed that damage from leafrollers and the number of leafroller larvae were respectively 20.3% and 29.3% lower in the flowering treatments compared with the controls. Furthermore, field trials showed up to a six-fold increase in leafroller pupae in controls compared with buckwheat and alyssum. This suggests that increasing leafroller parasitism rate from understorey management in orchards will translate into lower pest populations, although neither larval numbers/damage nor pupal numbers differed significantly between treatments. Trapping D. tasmanica at a gradient of distances showed that this parasitoid travels into rows adjacent to buckwheat plots, indicating that growers may be able to sow flowering plants in every second or third row of the orchard, and still enhance leafroller biocontrol while minimising the adverse effects of a cover crop. Sowing buckwheat and alyssum in orchard understoreys may enhance biological control of apple pests in organic apple production and reduce the number of insect growth regulators applied in IFP programmes. However, the challenge still remains to investigate whether conservation biological control can reduce leafroller populations below economic thresholds.

This study investigated understorey management in Canterbury, New Zealand, apple orchards for the enhancement of populations of Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) (Braconidae) for leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) biological control. The first objective was to determine the influence of understorey plants on the abundance of D. tasmanica and leafroller parasitism, and to investigate the mechanisms behind this influence. The second was to determine the most suitable understorey plants in terms of their ability to enhance parasitoid abundance, leafroller parasitism, parasitoid longevity, parasitoid fecundity and its ability to not benefit leafroller. Results from three consecutive field trials showed that buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), alyssum (Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv), and, to a lesser extent, broad bean (Vicia faba L.), enhanced parasitoid abundance and leafroller parasitism. The mechanisms behind the effects of understorey plants had previously been unexplored. However, results here showed that it was the flowers or the buckwheat that 'attracted' the parasitoid to the plant and not the shelter, aphids or microclimate that the plant may also provide. Providing flowering plants in the orchard understorey also increased immigration of parasitoids and enhanced parasitoids and enhanced parasitoid longevity and fecundity in the laboratory. In contrast, the understorey plants had no influence on the female:male ratio of D. tasmanica. Although coriander enhanced leafroller parasitism three-fold in field experiments compared with controls, it failed to enhance the longevity of both sexes of D. tasmanica in the laboratory compared with water-only. Broad bean significantly enhanced parasitoid abundance three-fold and significantly increased parasitism from 0% to 75% compared with the controls on one leafroller release date. However, laboratory trials showed that of male D. tasmancia but it did not enhance female longevity. Also, female D. tasmanica foraging on broad bean produced a total of only three parasitoid cocoons, but this result was based on an overall 6.5% survival of larvae to pupae or to parasitoid cocoon. Furthermore, results suggested that extrafloral nectar secretion decreased as the plants matured. Phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.) did not significantly enhance parasitism rate in the field compared with controls, and numbers of D. tasmanica captured by suction sampling were significantly lower in phacelia treatments compared with alyssum, buckwheat and control plots. Also, laboratory experiments showed that survival of D. tasmanica on phacelia flowers was equivalent to that on water-only and significantly lower than on buckwheat. These results suggest that phacelia does not provide nectar to D. tasmanica, only pollen, and therefore is not a suitable understorey plant for D. tasmanica enhancement in orchards. Buckwheat and alyssum showed the most potential as understorey plants for the enhancement of natural enemies. Buckwheat not only increased numbers of D. tasmanica seven-fold, but also increased numbers of beneficial lacewings (Micromus tasmaniae (Walker)) and hover flies (Syrphidae) captured on yellow sticky traps compared with the controls. It significantly increased leafroller parasitism by D. tasmanica from 0% to 86% compared with the controls (on one date only), and in the laboratory enhanced D. tasmanica longevity and increased fecundity compared with water-only. Similarly, alyssum significantly increased parasitism rate compared with controls, and two-fold more D. tasmanica were suction sampled in these plots compared with controls. It also enhanced longevity of both sexes of D. tasmanica compared with water, and showed the most favourable characteristics in terms of being of no benefit to leafrollers. This is because it was not preferred over apple by leafroller larvae and when they were forced to feed on it, it caused high mortality (94.3%) and low pupal weight (15 mg). Furthermore, alyssum did not enhance the number of fertile eggs produced by adult leafrollers compared with water only. However, further research is required to address the overall effect of buckwheat and alyssum on crop production and orchard management, including effects on fruit yield and quality, frost risk, disease incidence, soil quality, weeds and other pests. Also, research into the ability of these plants to survive in the orchard with little maintenance, and into the optimal sowing rates, would be useful. Sampling natural populations of leafroller within each treatment showed that damage from leafrollers and the number of leafroller larvae were respectively 20.3% and 29.3% lower in the flowering treatments compared with the controls. Furthermore, field trials showed up to a six-fold increase in leafroller pupae in controls compared with buckwheat and alyssum. This suggests that increasing leafroller parasitism rate from understorey management in orchards will translate into lower pest populations, although neither larval numbers/damage nor pupal numbers differed significantly between treatments. Trapping D. tasmanica at a gradient of distances showed that this parasitoid travels into rows adjacent to buckwheat plots, indicating that growers may be able to sow flowering plants in every second or third row of the orchard, and still enhance leafroller biocontrol while minimising the adverse effects of a cover crop. Sowing buckwheat and alyssum in orchard understoreys may enhance biological control of apple pests in organic apple production and reduce the number of insect growth regulators applied in IFP programmes. However, the challenge still remains to investigate whether conservation biological control can reduce leafroller populations below economic thresholds.

La Corse est riche en Plantes à Parfum, Aromatiques et Médicinales (PPAM) dont les huiles essentielles sont susceptibles d'être utilisées dans différents domaines. La composition de ces dernières permet de les caractériser, d'en évaluer la qualité, de mettre en évidence une éventuelle spécificité locale et, ce faisant, de les valoriser. Deux objectifs majeurs ont été fixés à ce travail de thèse portant sur les huiles essentielles et les fractions volatiles de trois plantes des littoraux de Corse et de Sardaigne : Chamaemelum mixtum, Anthemis maritima et Eryngium maritimum : (i) Un objectif fondamental : accroître notre connaissance des constitutions chimiques des huiles essentielles et fractions volatiles des trois espèces, en adaptant en tant que de besoin, la méthodologie d'analyse adoptée au laboratoire ; méthodologie basée sur la complémentarité de diverses techniques (CC, CPG/DIF, CPG/SM-IE, CPG/SM-IC et RMN 1D et 2D). (ii) Un objectif plus appliqué : évaluer le potentiel de valorisation à travers l'étude des variabilités des huiles essentielles, mais également, à travers la recherche d'activités antibactériennes et antifongiques. Dans l'huile essentielle de Chamaemelum mixtum qui présente une composition chimique différente des huiles essentielles du Maroc décrites dans la littérature, nous avons isolé et identifié une nouvelle cétone linéaire la (Z)-heptadéc-9,16-adièn-7-one. La composition chimique de l'huile essentielle d'Anthemis maritima riche en esters de chrysanthényle est ici rapportée pour la première fois. Après avoir élaboré une stratégie d'analyse originale, nous avons décrit une série de 14 esters des cis- et trans-chrysanthénol. Un grand nombre d'entre eux n'avaient encore jamais été décrits en RMN. L'huile essentielle d'Eryngium maritimum est, également, décrite pour la première fois de façon aussi exhaustive. Nous avons identifié : le 4-muurol-9-èn-15-ol, le 4-cadin-9-èn-15-ol et le 4-cadin-9-èn-15-al, composés naturels jamais décrits jusque là, ainsi que le 4-muurol-9-èn-15-al dont les données RMN sont rapportées ici pour la première fois. Les trois huiles essentielles et plus particulièrement celle de Chamaemaelum mixtum se sont avérées actives contre un panel de micro-organismes impliqués dans les infections nosocomiales et alimentaires. L'étude de variabilité liée à la géographie, montre la présence de plusieurs groupes statistiques pour chacune des trois plantes et plus spécifiquement pour Anthemis maritima qui admet deux types de compositions chimiques tranchés. Les compositions chimiques des huiles essentielles et fractions volatiles captées par MEPS des divers organes de chaque plante ont également été décrites. Nos résultats confortent la MEPS comme outil analytique rapide et fiable d'acquisition du profil chimique d'une fraction volatile.