<p>Abstract</p><p>Purpose / Aim: The purpose of this study is to find out why people look at K-1. I wanted to investigate what it was about looking at televised martial arts, specifically K-1, that attracts peoples attention and interest, and what it needs it satisfies within the viewer.</p><p>Material / Method: This study consists of three separate parts, where I investigate and analyse the producer side of K-1, the receiver side, and the program in itself as a media text. For the producer part I performed interviews with the chairman of K-1 Sweden, the production manager at Eurosport Sweden and the Eurosport K-1 commentator. As for the receivers I interviewed six people who watch K-1 more or less regularly, in order to find out why the watch the show and what it gives them. The program text analysis I performed on two K-1 programs from Eurosport, and I based it on previous studies done of similar and other kinds of programs. After the separate analysises I discussed the different results in an overarching analysis.</p><p>Main Results: There are several main reasons for watching K-1 on TV. The reasons for watching vary between different persons, but it also vary inside one person depending on different outer and inner circumstances. The most important reasons for watching is to get excitement and as an outlet of inner needs, like cleansing of suppressed feelings of aggression and hostility. In different circumstances people watch K-1 to get pleasure and relaxation. One thing that makes it more interesting to watch is that you often identify either with individual fighters or with a “martial arts identity”. This can also hold a social function, for example in terms of watching the show together.</p>

Jackie Chan has had a long and consistently successful career in the entertainment industry, becoming the most universally recognized Chinese performer, second only perhaps, to Bruce Lee. His rags-to-riches path to stardom has been well documented and oft quoted. At a time when all the up-and-coming martial arts actors felt the pressure to be carbon copies of Bruce Lee, Chan made his mark on the screen by making his persona everything that Lee?s wasn?t. With 1978?s Snake in the Eagle?s Shadow and Drunken Master, Chan?s revolutionary comic and realistic persona was firmly established with audiences. Throughout the 80s and 90s, Chan remained undeniably the biggest star in the East, demonstrating wild popularity in not only Asia, but throughout Europe and Africa as well. After several failed attempts at breaking into the American market, Chan finally achieved success with 1998?s Rush Hour. Unfortunately, success in the West has come with strict limitations placed on the characters he has been allowed to play. These limitations most often manifest themselves in the sexuality and morality of the characters, as well as the dramatic opportunities available to Chan within the films. In order to keep Chan?s vast filmography ? which has recently seen him sign on to his 100th leading role ? I have separated it into three distinct stages. The first stage of his career begins with his groundbreaking turn in Snake in the Eagle?s Shadow and ends with his last Asian film before successfully breaking into Hollywood, 1998?s Who am I?. From this point on, his career takes two distinct paths: the path in Hollywood, beginning with Rush Hour, and the path in Asia, which begins with 1999?s Gorgeous. Each stage features distinct characteristics and trends with rare digression. I will provide examples from a selection of films within each stage of his career in order to clarify the traits and characteristics of the roles he has taken in each one. The purpose of this thesis is twofold. First and foremost, it will reveal the extent to which Chan faces negative stereotyping in the United States by clearly offering the contrasting positive representations he is able to achieve overseas. The second aim, which has naturally arisen from the workings of the first, is a critical look at a career that has found its actor bored with the kinds of films that have brought him worldwide fame.

Beginning in March of 1920, the Galveston coastwise longshoremen’s strike against the Morgan-Southern Pacific and Mallory steamship lines was a pivotal moment in the history of organized labor in Texas. Local and statewide business interests proved their willingness to use the state apparatus by calling on Governor William P. Hobby and the Texas National Guard to open the Port of Galveston. Despite this, the striking dockworkers maintained the moral support of many local citizens from a variety of social classes, including small merchants and officials of the Galveston municipal government. By February of 1921, however, the segregated locals representing the striking longshoremen had fallen victim to the divisive racial tactics of the shipping companies, who implemented the open-shop policy of non-discrimination in hiring on their docks. Further demonstrating the capital-state alliance, the Texas legislature passed Governor Hobby’s notorious Open Port Law in October 1920, making it virtually illegal for dockworkers and others to engage in strikes deemed harmful to commerce. This legislation and the nearly yearlong strike not only destroyed the coastwise longshore unions in Galveston, but ushered in a decade of repression from which Texas’s organized labor movement did not recover for many years.

<p>Detta är en studie över Sverige, Norge och Danmarks legala möjligheter att inrikes nyttja sin försvarsmakt för att bekämpa terrorism. De lagliga förutsättningarna skiljer sig idag mellan länderna vilket, i sin tur, innebär att ländernas möjligheter att snabbt sätta in tillräckliga resurser för att möta ett angrepp, varierar. Även angreppets karaktär är avgörande huruvida försvaret får nyttjas. Kriminalitet och ytterligheten terrorism är polisens uppgift men försvaret har möjligheter, men med varierande grad, i samtliga tre länder att stödja polisen. Preliminär lagstiftning och undantagstillstånd är inte genomförbart i alla tre länderna. Möjligheten och organisationen för att använda försvarets resurser beror dock på hur staten i fråga reglerat detta. Vad skillnaderna beror på kan dels vara historiskt beskaffat, dels bero på medvetna val. Danmark med sitt NATO-medlemskap är ett land med starkt utåtriktad säkerhetspolitik och försvaret kan nyttjas relativt obehindrat. Den andra NATO-medlemmen, Norge, har sina oljeplattformar vilka kan ses som skyddsvärda och med andra möjligheter för försvarets nyttjande. För alliansfria Sveriges del är försvarets möjlighet till nyttjande hårt reglerat i till och med grundlagen.</p> / <p>This study explores the legal possibilities for Sweden, Norway and Denmark to use their own armed forces to combat terrorism. At present, the legal requirements differ from country to country so therefore each country’s ability to rapidly deploy sufficient resources when faced with an attack will vary. The nature of the attack will decide whether defence may be deployed. Crime and extreme terrorism are tasked by the Police but the Ministry of Defence is encouraged to lend support to the Police in all these 3 countries. Provisional law and martial laws are not feasible in all three countries. The state’s regulations will dictate opportunity and organisation to deploy defense resources. The differences between each country can be part historical, part-conscious choice. Denmark with its NATO membership is a country with strong, lateral-thinking views on security and the Ministry of Defence can be deployed with relative ease. The other NATO member, Norway, has its oil platforms which can be seen as worthy of protection and as an opportunity for use by the Ministry of Defence. The ability to deploy is strictly regulated for Sweden.</p>

Detta är en studie över Sverige, Norge och Danmarks legala möjligheter att inrikes nyttja sin försvarsmakt för att bekämpa terrorism. De lagliga förutsättningarna skiljer sig idag mellan länderna vilket, i sin tur, innebär att ländernas möjligheter att snabbt sätta in tillräckliga resurser för att möta ett angrepp, varierar. Även angreppets karaktär är avgörande huruvida försvaret får nyttjas. Kriminalitet och ytterligheten terrorism är polisens uppgift men försvaret har möjligheter, men med varierande grad, i samtliga tre länder att stödja polisen. Preliminär lagstiftning och undantagstillstånd är inte genomförbart i alla tre länderna. Möjligheten och organisationen för att använda försvarets resurser beror dock på hur staten i fråga reglerat detta. Vad skillnaderna beror på kan dels vara historiskt beskaffat, dels bero på medvetna val. Danmark med sitt NATO-medlemskap är ett land med starkt utåtriktad säkerhetspolitik och försvaret kan nyttjas relativt obehindrat. Den andra NATO-medlemmen, Norge, har sina oljeplattformar vilka kan ses som skyddsvärda och med andra möjligheter för försvarets nyttjande. För alliansfria Sveriges del är försvarets möjlighet till nyttjande hårt reglerat i till och med grundlagen. / This study explores the legal possibilities for Sweden, Norway and Denmark to use their own armed forces to combat terrorism. At present, the legal requirements differ from country to country so therefore each country’s ability to rapidly deploy sufficient resources when faced with an attack will vary. The nature of the attack will decide whether defence may be deployed. Crime and extreme terrorism are tasked by the Police but the Ministry of Defence is encouraged to lend support to the Police in all these 3 countries. Provisional law and martial laws are not feasible in all three countries. The state’s regulations will dictate opportunity and organisation to deploy defense resources. The differences between each country can be part historical, part-conscious choice. Denmark with its NATO membership is a country with strong, lateral-thinking views on security and the Ministry of Defence can be deployed with relative ease. The other NATO member, Norway, has its oil platforms which can be seen as worthy of protection and as an opportunity for use by the Ministry of Defence. The ability to deploy is strictly regulated for Sweden.

Abstract Purpose / Aim: The purpose of this study is to find out why people look at K-1. I wanted to investigate what it was about looking at televised martial arts, specifically K-1, that attracts peoples attention and interest, and what it needs it satisfies within the viewer. Material / Method: This study consists of three separate parts, where I investigate and analyse the producer side of K-1, the receiver side, and the program in itself as a media text. For the producer part I performed interviews with the chairman of K-1 Sweden, the production manager at Eurosport Sweden and the Eurosport K-1 commentator. As for the receivers I interviewed six people who watch K-1 more or less regularly, in order to find out why the watch the show and what it gives them. The program text analysis I performed on two K-1 programs from Eurosport, and I based it on previous studies done of similar and other kinds of programs. After the separate analysises I discussed the different results in an overarching analysis. Main Results: There are several main reasons for watching K-1 on TV. The reasons for watching vary between different persons, but it also vary inside one person depending on different outer and inner circumstances. The most important reasons for watching is to get excitement and as an outlet of inner needs, like cleansing of suppressed feelings of aggression and hostility. In different circumstances people watch K-1 to get pleasure and relaxation. One thing that makes it more interesting to watch is that you often identify either with individual fighters or with a “martial arts identity”. This can also hold a social function, for example in terms of watching the show together.

Background: In the martial art of Muay Thai, techniques are used with hands, elbows, knees and kicks. The contestants are divided into different weight classes and experience levels. The Swedish martial arts association has decided that techniques with elbow are not allowed in B-class. Why is it so? Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the martial arts delegation decision to restrict techniques with elbows to the head in the B-class is justified. To do this, comparison of peak force and impulse between elbow techniques and already authorized techniques with hand and kick was compared. Method: Ten Muay Thai practitioners of high class (Class A and Class B) hit a punching bag fitted with a triaxial accelerometer. The force was calculated by multiplying the mass of the bag with acceleration resultant. The peak force was taken out and compared between the techniques. A high-speed camera was used to record the techniques. The contact time was calculated through video analysis and through analyzing the power data of the techniques. The contact time was used to calculate the impulse. Results: Peak force for technique with the hand was 135 (SD 757) N greater than for technique with elbow. Peak force for technique with kick was 348 (SD 835) N less than the technique with elbow. The differences were not statistically significant. For impulse calculated by video analysis, technique with hand was 18 (SD 13) Ns greater than for technique with elbow and technique with kick was 13 (SD 27) Ns greater than for technique with elbow. Analysis of the force data showed the same trend. Technique with hand was 14 (SD 9) Ns greater than technique with elbow and technique with kick was 4 (SD 19) Ns greater than for technique with elbow. Impulse difference between hand techniques and elbow techniques was statistically significant. Conclusion: Techniques with elbow does not generate statistically significantly greater peak force or impulse than already permitted techniques. The martial arts delegation decision should be reviewed. / Bakgrund: Inom kampsporten Muay Thai används tekniker med händer, armbågar, knän och sparkar. De tävlande delas in i olika viktklasser och erfarenhetsklasser. Svenska kampsportsdelegationen har beslutat att armbågstekniker inte får användas inom B-klass. Varför är det så? Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka ifall kampsportsdelegationens beslut om att begränsa tekniker med armbågar mot huvudet i B-klass är berättigad. För att göra detta jämfördes maxkraft och impuls mellan armbågstekniken och redan tillåtna tekniker med hand och spark. Metod: Tio Muay Thai utövare av hög klass (klass A och klass B) slog mot en boxningssäck utrustad med en treaxladaccelerometer. Kraften räknades ut genom att multiplicera säckens massa med accelerationsresultanten. Maxkraften togs ut och jämfördes mellan teknikerna. Det användes en höghastighetskamera för att spela in slagen. Kontakttiden räknades ut genom videoanalys och genom analys av kraftdata. Kontakttiden användes för att räkna ut impulsen. Resultat: Maxkraften för teknik med hand var 135 (SD 757) N större än för teknik med armbåge och för teknik med spark var 348 (SD 835) N mindre än för teknik med armbåge. Skillnaderna var inte statistiskt signifikanta. För impuls beräknad genom videoanalys var teknik med hand 18 (SD 13) Ns större än för teknik med armbåge och teknik med spark var 13 (SD 27) Ns större än för teknik med armbåge. Analys av kraftdata visade samma trend. Teknik med hand var 14 (SD 9) Ns större än teknik med armbåge och teknik med spark var 4 (SD 19) Ns större än för teknik med armbåge. Impulsskillnaden mellan hand och armbåge var statistisk signifikant. Slutsats: Teknik för armbåge genererar inte statistiskt signifikant större maxkraft eller impuls än för redan tillåtna tekniker. Kampsportsdelegationens beslut bör ses över.

Mitt arbete syftar till att åskådliggöra de genusföreställningar som skapas av vårt samhälle kring sättet vi lever och verkar på. Mitt fokus ligger på tjejer som tränar eller verkar inom kampsport, deras uppfattning av sig själva som kvinnliga utövare samt deras tolkning av samhällets syn på dem. Studien är kvalitativ och baseras på teoretisk forskning kring genus, kön, idrott och idrottshistoria. Till detta har jag valt att addera tolv intervjuer med personer som faller inom ramen av mitt urval, det vill säga personer som under en längre tid varit med och verkat för kampsporten. Då jag har riktat in mig på fyra olika kampsporter och för att få en bra bredd, har jag valt att intervjua en kille och två tjejer från varje sport.                       Resultatet redovisas i löpande text och är baserad på frågeställningen i den ordning de kommer. Vidare har jag också valt att diskutera kring respondenternas svar i förhållande till tidigare forskning för att undersöka om det finns olika föreställningar beroende på om du befinner dig inom kampsporten eller om du ser den utifrån. Målet är att få igång en diskussion och att väcka en tanke kring inverkan av genusuppfattningar och gränsbrytare. Slutsatsen syftar till att våga öppna dörrar och bortse från förlegade normer och regler, att det kanske är hög tid att förändra de regler som samhället skapat, för att kunna utvecklas åt det håll vi strävar efter. / This research is aiming to illustrate the views of gender, created by our society, around the way we live and act. My focus is girls who are training or acting within Martial Arts, their self-perception as a female practitioner together with their interpretation of the way the society see them.  The study is qualitative and based on theoretical research about gender, sex, sports and sports history. To this, I have chosen to add twelve interviews with people who fall within the frame of my selection, that is people who during a longer period of time has been within and acting for the Martial Art. Since I focus on four different types of Martial Arts, to create a good distribution, I have chosen to interview one boy and two girls from each sport within Martial Arts. The result will be reported in text and based on the questions in the aim of this research, in the same order as they are written. Furthermore I have also chosen to discuss the answers of the respondents, in relation to previous research, to investigate if there are different conceptions depending on if you are acting within the Martial Art or if you observe it from the outside. My aim with this is to start a discussion and to create a thought or an idea about gender conception and people who break the boundary. The intention of the conclusion is to dare to open new doors and to look beyond antiquated values and codes, maybe it is time to change the rules created by society, to be able to develop in the direction we are striving for.

Purpose/aim: This study was performed in order to describe how Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is reported in Swedish daily newspapers during a five-year period. MMA is a relative new sport in Sweden and it is important that the description by the Swedish daily newspapers is accurate and balanced. Then this sport will have the same opportunities to grow as already well-established sports in Sweden.  Material/Method: The material consists of 159 articles from six different daily newspapers gathered from 2006-12-07 to 2011-12-07. Quantitative content analysis is used to investigate how the newspapers describe MMA. The result from this quantitative analysis are then compiled, analysed and discussed by applying theories of agenda setting, framing and moral panic.  Main results: The result shows that the Swedish daily newspapers give a relative neutral and balanced picture in their coverage of MMA but they are affected to a certain degree of moral panic. A neutral framing of MMA was common in the majority of the newspapers. Swedish newspapers have fulfilled the requirements that you should have on balanced journalism. A majority of the articles described MMA with more or less deviancy and therefore made MMA “Folk Devils”. Further there was a consensus among politicians and other right-thinking people that MMA is a threat to and is dangerous to society. The negative reporting of MMA in the daily newspapers is volatile with one-year cycles with start in late 2009. With one quarter of the articles describing MMA as a problem, there is preconception that MMA is likely to have a negative impact on society. There is a disproportion in the reporting of MMA as a threat as “Swedish Sports” have approved MMA as a sport, but still report it as a problem. Therefore there is some kind of moral panic about MMA in Swedish daily newspaper.

We aim to develop knowledge of how new technology, in this case social media, can contribute to how sports fans interact with their idols. Therefore our framing of a question is to present how fans experience their contact with mixed martial arts (MMA) &amp; ultimate fighting championship (UFC) through social media platforms. To specify our study, we also have a supplement question with in which way sports fans uses social media.We have chosen to conduct a qualitative study consisting of interviews and data observations of websites, related to the organization UFC, to approach our main question. We have interviewed nine randomly selected people with one common interest - MMA/UFC. With an implant of theories, consisting of social media, fandom and lurking, on the result of the interview and website data, we try to come closer to a conclusion for our intention with this thesis.Our conclusion is that the interviewed fans express that through the usage of social media, they feel like they have come closer to UFC. They have developed a deeper knowledge about the sport, the members and other fans that shares the same interest. Most of our respondents have a lurking attitude towards the social media usage, which means that they are more like observers and soak in the information and media material. They are active in the searching of material related to UFC, but they are not active in the way of contributing with comments, discussions or material.