The thesis is about the impact of a content of the calcium on a quality of the meat. The target of the observation was whether a feeding with a higher level of the calcium has the impact on the sensorical properties of a breast and thigh muscles. Feeding mixture BR2 contained different level of the calcium during the feeding experiments with the broilers with a hybrid combination ROSS 308. First two groups of those broilers were controlled and fed by mixture BR2 with content 2 grams Ca per 1 kg. The third and the fourth group got the feed with the content 15 grams per 1 kg. At the end of this experiment tested broilers were killed and the samples for the degustation have been frozen for 30 days at -40 degrees of Celsius. Extremely different groups (2 to 15 g/kg Ca) were chosen for sensory analysis. From the sensorical analysis which was participated by 12 evaluators follow that feeding mixture with higher content of the calcium had no influence on the organoleptic properties of the meat. Statistically significant difference (p<0,05) was determined only for taste in breast muscles based on the different level of calcium after removing the impact of the evaluators and the absence of the foreign smell of the thigh muscles. Upon receipt of a higher level of Ca in feed (1.08 +- 0.04), the absence of foreign odor was evaluated more favorably than fetal control (0.94 +- 0.04).

Introducción: La población universitaria de pregrado oscila en un rango de edades típicos de la adolescencia y juventud, en los que se suelen presentar modificaciones de los hábitos alimentarios, es decir, el lugar, la cantidad, las preferencias y las circunstancias en que se consumen los alimentos, que según la naturaleza de las áreas de estudio podrían relacionarse con el peso corporal. Objetivos: Relacionar los hábitos alimentarios e índice de masa corporal en estudiantes de una universidad pública según área de estudio. Diseño: Descriptivo de asociación cruzada. Lugar: Facultades de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Lima. Participantes: 320 estudiantes varones y mujeres de pregrado de las 6 áreas de estudio de la UNMSM: Área A “Ciencias de la Salud”, área B “Humanidades”, área C “Ciencias Sociales”, área D “Ciencias Básicas”, área E “Ingenierías”, área F “Económico - Empresariales”, elegidos de manera no probabilística. Intervenciones: Aplicación de cuestionario de hábitos alimentarios y medición antropométrica. Principales medidas de resultados: Porcentaje de hábitos alimentarios adecuados e inadecuados y porcentaje de índice de masa corporal (IMC). Resultados: El 78.1 % (n=250) de los estudiantes presentaron hábitos alimentarios adecuados. El 62 % tuvieron IMC normal, el 31 % sobrepeso, 4 % obesidad y el 3 % delgadez. Los hábitos alimentarios adecuados sobresalientes en los estudiantes fueron el consumo de comidas de 3 a 5 veces por día, el consumo diario del desayuno, almuerzo y cena, el horario de desayuno y almuerzo, el lugar de consumo de comidas principales, consumo del almuerzo y cena en compañía, frecuencia de consumo de comida criolla, pescado, pollo, huevo, menestras y bebidas durante el día; mientras que los hábitos alimentarios inadecuados sobresalientes fueron el consumo del desayuno a solas, frecuencia de consumo de snack en el refrigerio, horario de la cena, frecuencia de consumo de leche, queso, verduras y sal. La relación entre hábitos alimentarios e IMC fue no significativa (p= 0.185). Conclusiones: No se halló relación entre hábitos alimentarios e IMC en el total de estudiantes participantes de la UNMSM, relación que si se halló dentro de las áreas de Humanidades y Económico - Empresariales, y entre estudiantes mujeres. Palabras clave: Hábitos alimentarios, índice de masa corporal, área de estudio, estudiantes universitarios. / Introduction: The undergraduate student population ranges in age range typical of adolescence and youth, which often have changes in eating habits, ie, the amount, preferences and circumstances in which food is consumed , which by the nature of the study areas might relate to body weight. Objectives: Relate eating habits and body mass index in a public university students by area of study. Design: Descriptive crossassociation. Location: Faculties of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Lima. Participants: 320 students of undergraduate men and women of the 6 areas of study UNMSM: Area A "Health Sciences", area B "Humanities", area C "Social Sciences", area D "Basic Sciences", Area E "Engineering", Area F "Economic - Business", elected on a non-probabilistic. Interventions: Application of dietary questionnaire and anthropometric measurement. Main outcome measures: Percentage of appropriate and inappropriate dietary habits and percentage of body mass index (BMI). Results: 78.1% (n = 250) of the students present proper eating habits. 62% had normal BMI, 31% overweight, 4% obesity and 3% thinness. Proper eating habits outstanding students were eating meals 3 to 5 times per day, daily breakfast, lunch and dinner, breakfast and lunch hours, the place of consumption of meals, consumption of lunch and dinner in the company, frequency of consumption of local food, fish, chicken, eggs, beans and drinks during the day; while poor dietary habits were outstanding breakfast consumption alone, frequency of consumption of snacks at the snack, dinner time, frequency of consumption of milk, cheese, vegetables and salt. The relationship between eating habits and BMI was not significant ( p= 0.185). Conclusions: There was no relationship between eating habits and BMI in the total number of students participants UNMSM, relationship if found within the areas of Humanities and Economic - Business, and among female students. Keywords: food habits, body mass index, study area, college students. / Tesis

Introducción: La inactividad física constituye el cuarto factor de riesgo más importante de mortalidad en todo el mundo, mientras que el sobrepeso y la obesidad son el quinto factor principal de riesgo de defunciones en el mundo. Durante el 2008 en el Perú, el 7.8% del total de menores entre 5 y 9 años presentaban sobrepeso. Tener un exceso de peso en la infancia genera un riesgo de padecer cardiopatías, síndrome metabólico, accidentes cerebrovasculares, algunos tipos de cáncer, trastornos alimentarios y diabetes en la edad adulta. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la actividad física, el índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje de grasa corporal en niños de 8 a 11 años de edad de una Institución Educativa del distrito de Comas. Diseño: Enfoque cuantitativo de tipo observacional, descriptivo, de asociación cruzada y transversal. Lugar: Institución Educativa N° 2016 “Francisco Bolognesi” del distrito de Comas. Participantes: 128 niños entre 8 y 11 años de edad. Intervenciones: Se evaluó el peso, talla e Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) mediante el programa Who Anthro Plus, mientras que el porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC) se evaluó mediante la medición del espesor de 4 pliegues subcutáneos con un plicómetro y utilizando la fórmula de Westrate y Deurenberg. La actividad física (AF) se evaluó con el cuestionario del Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos-Chile. Principales medidas de resultados: Asociación mediante la prueba de Chi-cuadrado de la actividad física con las variables índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje de grasa corporal. Resultados: Los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad, según su IMC, fueron 25.8 y 27.3%, respectivamente. En tanto, los niños con sobrepeso y la obesidad, según su PGC, fueron 29.7 y 25%, respectivamente. El 58.6% de los escolares encuestados fueron considerados sedentarios, sin diferencia significativa en cuanto al sexo. La prueba de Chi2 mostró relación entre la AF y el IMC (Chi2=29.7 y OR=8.4 (3.7- 18.9)), entre la AF y el PGC (Chi2=37.4 y OR=11.6 (5.0-27.0)), y entre el IMC y el PGC (Chi2=84.3 y OR=95.4 (28.6-318.1)). Conclusiones: El 53.1% de los escolares presentaron algún grado de exceso de peso, según el Índice de Masa Corporal, mientras que un 54.7% de los niños y niñas presentaron un exceso de grasa corporal. Además, un 58.6% de los escolares fueron considerados sedentarios. Palabras claves: Índice de Masa Corporal, Porcentaje de Grasa Corporal, Actividad Física. / --- Introduction: Physical inactivity is the fourth most important risk factor of mortality worldwide, while overweight and obesity are the fifth leading risk factor for deaths globally. In 2008 in Peru, 7.8% of all children between 5 and 9 years old were overweight. Having an overweight in childhood creates a risk of heart disease, metabolic syndrome, stroke, some kind of cancers, diabetes and eating disorders in adulthood. Objectives: To determine the relationship between physical activity, body mass index and body fat percentage in children 8-11 years old of a school in Comas’s district. Design: Quantitative Approach observational, descriptive, cross and cross-association type. Location: School N° 2016 "Francisco Bolognesi" of the district of Comas. Participants: 128 children between 8 and 11 years old. Interventions: Weight, height and Body Mass Index (BMI) was evaluated by Anthro Plus Who, while the Percentage of Body Fat (PBF) was evaluated by measuring the thickness of four subcutaneous folds with a caliper and using the Westrate and Deurenberg formula. Physical activity (PA) was assessed with a questionnaire from the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Chile. Main outcome measures: Association by Chi test of physical activity with the variables body mass index and percentage of body fat. Results: Children with overweight and obesity, according to BMI, were 25.8 and 27.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, overweight children and obesity, according to PBF, were 29.7 and 25%, respectively. 58.6% of the students surveyed were considered sedentary, with no significant difference in sex. Chi2 test showed the relationship between PA and BMI (Chi 2 = 29.7 and OR = 8.4 (3.7-18.9)) between the PA and the PBF (Chi 2 = 37.4 and OR = 11.6 (5.0-27.0)) between the BMI and PBF (Chi 2 = 84.3 and OR = 95.4 (28.6-318.1)). Conclusions: 53.1% of the students showed some degree of overweight according to the Body Mass Index, while 54.7% of children had body fat excess. In addition, 58.6% of students were considered sedentary. Keywords: Body Mass Index, Body Fat Percentage, Physical Activity. / Tesis

No description available.

This work deals with the health and meat hygiene of venison and especially its appropriate storage. The aim is to find relationships between cooling and freezing game to bring a deeper insight into the work of meat from wildlife animals to achieve superior quality and taste characteristics unchanged pheasant meat. The basis of the whole work is a laboratory analysis of forty meat samples, which were obtained from local organizations involved in the management of game. In this analysis we are monitored four basic parameters: the content of water, fat, protein, and the connective tissue protein, which are major predictive value for a particular game palatability. It was found that exist statistically significant dependence between proteins and connective tissue protein, protein and water, fat and water. It was not possible to reject the null hypothesis about the differences between refrigerated and frozen samples of water, fat, protein and collagen. Conclusions measurements were compared with the available international and professional Czech literature.

Comparison of pig?s stunning (by electricity or CO2) at slaughterhouse and monitoring the occurrence of quality variance PSE during 48 hours post mortem was main goal of this work. Basic indicators such as pH1, drip loss of water and meat colour (lightness) were determined to assess PSE. In addition to these indicators have been also evaluated values of pH24 and pH48. The result of those indicators is that during stunning by CO2 gas value of pH1 was higher by 0,3 degree (P < 0,001), value of pH24 was higher by 0,243 (P < 0,001) and average drip loss of water was lower by 2,16 % (P < 0,001). Changes in other evaluated indicators were statistically non-significant. Occurrence of quality variance which tends to PSE (PSEi) and PSE was evaluated at slaughterhouse which is using electricity for stunning as higher by 7,843 % at PSEi and 1,961 % at PSE based on value of pH1. As higher was evaluated also drip loss of water by 23,810 % at PSEi respectively 4,762% at PSE. Difference between occurring of PSEi and PSE based on meat colour was not observed. The highest correlation dependence was found between pH1 and drip loss of water (r = 0,586, R2 = 34,315 %).

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude des relations, telles qu’elles sont conçues par les Masa, entre la reproduction des sorghos et celle des humains. Pendant vingt-deux mois des enquêtes ethnographiques ont été menées dans l’Extrême-Nord du Cameroun afin de décrire les processus techniques, cognitifs, sociaux et rituels nécessaires au maintien et à la reproduction des variétés de sorgho d’une année à l’autre et à leur transmission entre générations de cultivateurs. Le sorgho est essentiel à la vie matérielle et sociale des Masa. Plante phare de l’agrosystème, aliment de base, ingrédient rituel, il est aussi un marqueur de l’identité des individus qui font de sa transmission, de père en fils, un symbole de la continuité du patrilignage. Pourtant, lors du décès d’un individu, ses semences deviennent stériles ; elles ne recouvrent leur fertilité que par le biais d’un circuit rituel mobilisant les relations de parenté et d’alliance qui, jadis, avaient permis au défunt de se reproduire. L’analyse de ce rituel, ainsi que des règles d’héritage et des funérailles, met en évidence que la capacité des sorghos à se reproduire procède de celle de leur propriétaire. La capacité génésique des individus, condition nécessaire à la perpétuation du patrilignage, ne peut, cependant, se transmettre en ligne agnatique sans recours aux flux horizontaux de l’alliance. Grâce à une analyse systématique des pratiques agricoles, des connaissances ethnobotaniques de la diversité des sorghos ainsi que des réseaux d’échange de semences, il est apparu que les relations d’alliance sont également centrales à la reproduction interannuelle des sorghos, y compris ceux présentés comme les ‘semences de nos pères. L’ambition de ce travail est de montrer, notamment grâce à l’adoption d’une méthodologie mixte alliant approches qualitatives et quantitatives, que l’étude des conceptions relatives à la reproduction des plantes cultivées apporte un éclairage pertinent à la compréhension de la reproduction des sociétés humaines. / The relations, as conceived of by the Masa, between the reproduction of sorghum and that of humans is the main of focus of this thesis. From 2009 to 2010, twenty-two months of ethnographic fieldwork was carried out in several villages of Far-North Cameroon, mainly in Nuldayna, in order to document the technical, cognitive, social and ritual processes by which farmers maintain and reproduce, both on a yearly basis and from generation to generation, a wide array of sorghum landraces. Sorghum is a keystone of the Masa material and social life. It is by far the main crop, the main staple, a widely used ritual ingredient and, through its transmission across generations, a symbol of social identity and of the patrilineage’s continuity. However, after a man’s death, his sorghum seeds become sterile. Their fertility may only be regained by triggering a ritual circuit involving the kinship relationships that had enabled the deceased to marry. The analysis of this ritual, as well as those related to funerals and inheritance, shows that the sorghum’s reproductive capabilities are dependent on those of its owner. While individuals’ procreative powers are held to be a necessary condition for perpetuating the patrilineage both materially and socially, these powers cannot be transmitted in the male line without involving the horizontal relations of affinity. Moreover, the systematic analyses of agricultural practices, of ethnobotanical knowledge regarding sorghum diversity and of seed exchange networks, reveals that affinity is also essential for the inter-annual reproduction and maintenance of sorghum, including those seeds that are proudly presented as ‘the seeds of our fathers.’ More generally, this work attempts to demonstrate that, using mixed qualitative and quantitative methods, the study of crops and of the indigenous conceptions related to their reproduction can provide important insights into the study of human societies.

La carencia de servicios básicos como agua potable, para zonas como Cajamarquilla, es un problema social que se debe solucionar. Ante esta situación existen proyectos para dotar de servicios de agua a la zona, que por la geografía que presentan se utilizarán reservorios apoyados en los cerros aledaños. El procedimiento de diseño de un reservorio circular de concreto para la zona, servirá como guía para futuros proyectos. Siendo el objetivo de la investigación proponer criterios y un método adecuado para diseñar la estructura de un reservorio de concreto armado que cumplan con los parámetros de la propuesta de norma E030 2014 para la zona de Cajamarquilla, dada la poca información que existe de estos a pesar de ser de uso muy común en nuestro país. El tipo de la investigación es cualitativo, correlacional y de diseño experimental puro, con el fin de obtener resultados certeros para el diseño de reservorio. Finalmente, el método a usar es el que propone la norma del ACI 350-06, basándose en masas impulsivas y convectivas, del modelo de Housner, para el análisis estático mientras que para análisis el dinámico se utilizó el software Sap2000, por el método de elementos finitos y aplicando el espectro de diseño de la norma ACI 350 adecuándose a la norma peruana, como también para el diseño estructural de los elementos del tanque. La distorsión hallada es de 0.001 y que las cortantes basales estáticas y dinámicas son similares estando en un rango de 90%, por lo que se cumplen con los parámetros de la nueva propuesta de norma E030 2014. The lack of basic services such as water, to areas like Cajamarquilla, is a social problem to be solve. In this situation there are plans to provide water services to the area, by geography reservoirs that have supported in the surrounding hills are used. The process of designing a concrete circular reservoir area will serve as a guide for future projects. As the aim of the research propose criteria and an appropriate method to design the structure of a reinforced concrete reservoir that meet the parameters of the proposed rule for the 2014 E030 Cajamarquilla area, given the little information that exists in spite of these It is very commonly used in our country. The type of research is qualitative, pure correlational and experimental design, in order to obtain accurate results reservoir design. Finally, the method used is the standard proposed by the ACI 350-06, based on impulsive and convective mass Housner model for static analysis while for the Sap2000 dynamic analysis software used by the method of and applying the finite element design spectrum ACI 350 standard adapting to the Peruvian standard, as well as for the structural design of the elements of the tank. The distortion founded that the cutting 0.001y static and dynamic baseline are like being in a range of 90%, so that meet the parameters of the new E030 2014 proposed rule.

The aim of this thesis has been to investigate what impact on sensory meat quality will purple wheat content have in the feed of broiler chicken Cobb 500. The chicken were divided in five groups, while each group was fed with a different purple wheat to control wheat ratio. The consequent sensory analysis of breast and thigh meat samples was carried out in a university sensory laboratory meeting the ISO 8589 requirement. According to the results of the following statistical assessment, both breast and thigh meat samples were judged as possessing better sensory qualities whenever they came from the chicken fed with some purple wheat content. Regarding thigh meat, best results were achieved in a group given 1/3 purple wheat and 2/3 control wheat. For breast meat, it was impossible to indicate the best ratio of wheat types. In general, however, it can also be stated that chicken fed with some purple wheat content reached better results than the control group did.

The diploma thesis processes system of evaluation applicable in processing plant Maso-Uzeniny-Brož (Meat-Sausages-Brož). It observes selected chemical, microbiological, technological and sensory features of suplied meat from various suppliers and its structure. Furthermore, it judges its relation to price.