This dissertation examines the influence of student, teacher, and school variables on English and math teachers' expectations for their students. Findings from multilevel-model analyses of data from the Education Longitudinal Study (ELS: 2002) show that student achievement and stigmatized status are the strongest predictors of teacher expectations. In this study, students could be stigmatized on any of three factors (ethnicity, SES, and native language). Consistent with previous research, teachers' expectations were predicted by student achievement (test scores in reading and math). Teachers' expectations for future student academic attainment were higher for students with higher achievement than for lower-achieving students. This lends support to the argument that teachers are generally accurate in forming expectations. However, also consistent with prior research, student stigmatized status predicted expectations, with stigmatized students receiving lower expectations than non-stigmatized students. Multiple stigmatizations were powerful--students stigmatized on all three factors, in particular, received the lowest expectations. Further analyses indicated that student achievement interacts with student stigmatization for English teachers. At low levels of achievement, teachers held equally low expectations for stigmatized (on three factors) and non-stigmatized students. But, for high levels of achievement, teachers had lower expectations for stigmatized students with equally high achievement. Specifically, stigmatized students (on three factors) received expectations that were a half of a standard deviation lower than non-stigmatized students. Teacher ethnicity also appeared to influence teacher expectations via an interaction between teacher ethnicity and student stigmatization (on three factors). For English teachers, expectations were equally high for (a) ethnically stigmatized teachers rating stigmatized students, (b) stigmatized teachers rating non-stigmatized students, and (c) non-stigmatized teachers rating non-stigmatized students. The lowest expectations came from non-stigmatized teachers (White and Asian) rating stigmatized students. These findings (which control for student achievement) suggest bias in expectations that non-stigmatized teachers have for stigmatized students. School level variables in this study (e.g., percent of students receiving free/reduced lunch, percent of students who fail the competency test on first attempt), did not have a large effect on teacher expectations. Implications are discussed regarding multiply stigmatized students, self-fulfilling prophecy, equal access to educational opportunities, and recruitment of ethnic minority teachers. / text

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alessandro Jacques Ribeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa De Pós-Graduação em Ensino, História, Filosofia das Ciências e Matemática, 2016.

The present research is bound to studies academic master's degree in teaching of natural sciences and Mathematics by the Universidade Federal de Sergipe-UFS and aims, analyze the influence of teacher training on the teachers ' practice in math education for deaf students included in regular elementary schools and adult education-ADULT and YOUTH EDUCATION. The central question of research – As the praxeologias adopted by math teachers to teach deaf students are influenced by the processes of your teacher education? -branched out in other issues were defined in order to include the dimension of education by means of the following conceptual categories: Deaf Education (STROBEL, 2008; GESSER, 2009; SACKS, 2015; Souza, 2010; SHARMA, SKILIAR, 2012 and 2013), Deaf Education and mathematics education (BORGES, 2006; GIL, 2007; BIRTH, 2009; PASSION, 2010; Souza, 2013 and 2016 sea), public policy from existing legislation and official documents; and Praxeologias (CHEVALLARD, 1996 e SOUZA, 2015). Adopted as main subjects of research, Math teachers of a school in the State network in Aracaju (SE), meet as many deaf people included, in addition to work in different types of elementary school (regular and EJA). So, this is a research with qualitative approach of exploratory and descriptive-explanatory, whose analysis of the phenomenon and of the content of the subjects was conducted through a questionnaire and observation of lessons. The questionnaire was applied to two math teachers working with deaf students, in which the issues touch on personal aspects and of the training process, apart from their respective views on the subject of research. On observation of the praxis of these teachers, it was possible to see a gap of knowledge/training on appropriate methodologies to teach deaf students, a factor that may interfere directly in the educational process. There was also a diversity of inclusion in a same class, putting the teacher in constant challenges to their praxeológicas organizations; interpreters confusing your paper, leaving the deaf students without access to which is explained by the teacher. Finally, as a result of these phenomena that institucionalizam the everyday Math lessons for deaf students, the use of inadequate praxeologias without a pedagogical interaction between teacher-student-interpreter. / A presente pesquisa está vinculada aos estudos do mestrado acadêmico em Ensino de Ciências Naturais e Matemática pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe – UFS e teve como propósito, analisar a influência dos processos de formação docente na prática dos professores no ensino de Matemática para alunos surdos inclusos no ensino fundamental regular e Educação de Jovens e Adultos - EJA. A questão central da pesquisa – Como as praxeologias adotadas por professores de Matemática para ensinar alunos surdos são influenciadas pelos processos de sua formação docente? – desdobrou-se em outras questões norteadoras visando abranger a dimensão de ensino por meio das seguintes categorias conceituais: Educação de Surdo (STROBEL, 2008; GESSER, 2009; SACKS, 2015; SOUZA, 2010; SOUZA, 2012 e SKILIAR, 2013), Educação de Surdo e Educação Matemática (BORGES, 2006; GIL, 2007; NASCIMENTO, 2009; PAIXÃO, 2010; SOUZA, 2013 e MARINHO, 2016), as Políticas Públicas a partir das legislações vigentes e documentos oficiais; e Praxeologias (CHEVALLARD, 1996 e SOUZA, 2015). Adotou-se como sujeitos principais da pesquisa, os professores de Matemática de uma escola da rede estadual em Aracaju-SE, por atender maior número de surdos inclusos, além de atuarem em diferentes modalidades do ensino fundamental (regular e EJA). Assim, esta é uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa de natureza exploratória e descritiva-explicativa, cuja análise do fenômeno e do conteúdo dos sujeitos foi realizada por meio de questionário e observação de aulas. O questionário foi aplicado aos dois professores de Matemática que atuam com alunos surdos, no qual as questões abordam aspectos pessoais e do processo de formação, além de suas respectivas opiniões sobre a temática da pesquisa. Na observação da práxis desses professores, foi possível constatar uma lacuna de conhecimentos/formação sobre metodologias apropriadas para ensinar alunos surdos, um fator que pode interferir diretamente no processo educacional. Constatou-se também, uma inclusão com diversidade de deficiências em uma mesma turma, pondo o professor em constantes desafios para suas organizações praxeológicas; intérpretes confundindo seu papel, deixando os alunos surdos sem acesso ao que é explicado pelo professor. Por fim, como consequência desses fenômenos que institucionalizam o cotidiano das aulas de Matemática para alunos surdos inclusos, o uso de praxeologias inadequadas sem haver uma interlocução pedagógica entre professor-intérprete-aluno. / São Cristóvão, SE

In this confirmatory factor analysis, factors previously identified to explain the variability in Middle School Mathematics Teachers’ perception of the Common Core State Standards of Mathematics were considered as factors hypothesized to effect high school math teachers’ perceptions of challenging math tasks (CMTs). The factor of student characterization (i.e., disposition, academic preparation, and student behavior) was additionally considered as a factor hypothesized to explain teachers’ perceptions of CMTs, as well as site-based variables (i.e., curriculum, assessment and evaluation, professional development, and collaboration). In addition, teachers’ understanding of the importance of the mathematical practice standards and teacher familiarity with enacting CMTs were factors considered in the model. The original septenary factor structure was modified and good model fit was achieved. In addition to the confirmatory factor analysis model which provides a structure for considering teachers perceptions of CMTs, descriptive statistics are presented from the survey developed that captured teachers’ perceptions of CMTs relative to their sites.

No description available.

Orientador: Ivete Maria Baraldi / Resumo: O presente estudo, inscrito no campo da História da Educação Matemática, tem como tema central a Campanha de Aperfeiçoamento e Difusão do Ensino Secundário (Cades) em suas diferentes frentes de atuação, que visavam à criação de um novo modelo de professor Secundário no período de sua vigência, as décadas de 1950 e 1960. Considerando a criação de tal modelo como uma estratégia do Ministério da Educação e Cultura (MEC), o trabalho, como uma pesquisa qualitativa e bibliográfica, pretende investigar as táticas mobilizadas pela Cades tendo como objetivo essa intenção. Para isso, analisa, especialmente, os Cursos de Orientação aos Exames de Suficiência, a revista Escola Secundária, o Concurso Dia do Professor e os livros por ela publicados como táticas, e, por meio das táticas ali percebidas, defende-se a criação de um novo modelo de professor secundário, amparado principalmente nos ideais da Escola Nova. / Abstract: This thesis, developed according to an historiographical, qualitative and bibliographic approach, has as its main objective to study Cades-Campanha de Aperfeiçoamento e Difusão do Ensino Secundário (Campaign for the Improvement and Diffusion of Secondary Education), created by the Brazilian federal government, in 1953, to disseminate and improve higher education. Cades developed many different actions, all of them implemented aiming the creation of a new model of teacher for the secondary education. The intention of Cades, here, is taken as a strategy, while its actions developed along the Fifties and Sixteth are taken as tatics. With this, we analyze, in particular, the courses of Orientation to Examination of Sufficiency, the magazine Secondary School, the Teacher's Day Contest and the books published by the Campaign as tactics, and, through the tactics perceived there, defends the creation of a new model of secondary teacher, supported mainly in the ideals of the New School. / Doutor

This work is part of a project developed within the line of research ―Formation, Knowledge, and Professional Development‖ of the graduate program in Education at Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). It is based on studies related to the formation of teachers who teach Math in an inclusion context, aiming at contextualizing Special Education in the Brazilian scenario. To do so, it involved mainly the theoretical assumptions of historical-cultural theory and teaching guiding activity (TGA). As research question this study aims to answer: what elements show to be relevant to the organization of teaching towards the appropriation of the concept of number in an inclusion context? To answer this question, this work investigated the teaching organization towards the appropriation of the concept of number within the inclusion context. To fulfill this objective, the movement of teaching organization directed to two included second graders, who had difficulties in acquiring such concept, was focused. Investigation actions were dynamised in a resource room of a public school situated in Pinhal Grande/RS, where the special educator organized and proposed the specialized teaching activities. In this sense, a didactic unity composed by two teaching activities based on TGA was proposed according to different leaning triggering situations. Data were collected by means of an investigative form, a field diary, audio and video recording, and photographic registers. As far as the analysis of episodes is concerned, it was structured in three moments: 1) the teacher-researcher s organization; 2) ―Camila, the girl who colors drawings‖ a proposal involving one-to-one correspondence; and 3) ―A fun summer afternoon‖ the grouping of activities being focused. In studies of event proceedings, we found indicators of a gradual increase in the number of publications related to the process of teaching and learning Math in the inclusion context, yet the lack of studies on teachers formation in this context is evident. According to data, it is fundamental, in the organization of Math teaching in the inclusion context, that teachers: know the students difficulties and potentialities; seize the logical-historical movement of the concept they are going to work with; engage in actions that allow them the sharing of actions with their peers; be oriented by a solid theoretical-methodological framework. For learning Math in this context, one needs collaboration among peers, mediation from teachers acting in the zone of proximal development by understanding that all students present developing capabilities, the ludic aspect of developed actions, and adaptations due to specific traits presented by students. Evidence shows that TGA, through their theoretical-methodological assumptions, can be transformed into a general way of teaching-organizing action to special education teachers acting in resource rooms. / Este trabalho decorre de um projeto desenvolvido no âmbito da linha de pesquisa ―Formação, Saberes e Desenvolvimento Profissional‖ do programa de pós-graduação em educação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Pautou-se em estudos relacionados à formação do professor que ensina matemática no contexto de inclusão, procurando contextualizar a educação especial no cenário brasileiro. Para tanto, envolveu, principalmente, os pressupostos teóricos norteadores da teoria histórico-cultural, da teoria da atividade e da atividade orientadora de ensino (AOE). Possuiu como questão investigativa: quais elementos se mostram como relevantes para a organização do ensino voltado para a apropriação do conceito de número no contexto de inclusão? E visando respondê-la, o objetivo principal investigou a organização do ensino para a apropriação do conceito de número no contexto de inclusão. A fim de contemplá-lo, enfocou-se o movimento de organização do ensino direcionado a duas alunas incluídas no 2º ano do Ensino Fundamental, que possuíam dificuldades quanto à apropriação do referido conceito. As ações de investigação foram dinamizadas numa sala de recursos pertencente a uma escola da rede pública estadual localizada no município de Pinhal Grande/RS, espaço onde a professora de educação especial organiza e propõe o atendimento educacional especializado. Nesse sentido, propôs-se uma unidade didática composta por duas atividades de ensino que seguiam a perspectiva da AOE, sendo delineadas por diferentes situações desencadeadoras de aprendizagem. Os dados foram coletados a partir de uma ficha investigativa, do diário de campo, da gravação em áudio e vídeo e de registros fotográficos. Já a análise, realizada a partir de episódios, estruturou-se em três momentos: 1) a organização da professora-pesquisadora; 2) ―Camila, a menina que colore desenhos‖ uma proposta envolvendo a correspondência um a um e, 3) ―Uma tarde de verão divertida‖ o agrupamento de quantidades em destaque. Nos estudos realizados em anais de eventos, encontramos indicativos de um aumento gradativo no número de publicações relativas ao processo de ensino e aprendizagem da matemática no contexto de inclusão, mas ainda assim, é evidente a carência de estudos acerca da formação de professores nesse contexto. Ainda de acordo com os dados, na organização do ensino de matemática no contexto de inclusão é imprescindível que o professor: conheça as dificuldades e potencialidades dos alunos; aproprie-se do movimento lógico-histórico do conceito que vai trabalhar; insira-se em ações que lhe permitam o compartilhamento de ações com seus pares; oriente-se a partir de uma sólida proposta teórico-metodológica. Para a aprendizagem da matemática nesse contexto, evidencia-se a colaboração entre pares; a mediação do professor atuando na zona de desenvolvimento proximal a partir da compreensão de que todos têm capacidades de desenvolvimento; o aspecto lúdico das ações desenvolvidas; a realização de adequações devido às características que são apresentadas pelos alunos. Também foram encontrados indícios de que a AOE, a partir de seus pressupostos teórico-metodológicos, pode se converter em um modo geral de ação de organização do ensino para o professor de educação especial que atua em sala de recursos.