Das Monozyten chemotaktische Protein-1 (MCP-1) ist ein CC-Chemokin, das in seiner Rolle als Chemoattraktor auf Monozyten in der Genese von Malignomen eine wesentliche Rolle spielt. Dabei kann es sowohl zur lokalen Tumorabwehr als auch zur Tumorgenese, Tumor-angiogenese und Metastasierung beitragen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die MCP-1-Inhibition und die Stimulation durch MCP-1 auf die Koloniebildung und die Zytokinexpression von Plattenepithelkarzinomen der Kopf-Hals-Region (HNSCC) im FLAVINO-Assay. Dieser ist ein klonogener, qualitätskontrollierter Ex-vivo-Koloniebildungsassay, der an der Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde der Universität Leipzig etabliert und patentiert wurde und unter flavinschützenden Bedingungen durchgeführt wird. Weiterhin wird die Eignung von MCP-1, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8) und des Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) als Biomarker in HNSCC, die mithilfe von ELISA in Seren und Kulturüberständen quantifiziert wurden, untersucht. Durch die Stimulation durch MCP-1 und dessen Blockade sowie durch in vivo tolerierbare Konzentrationen von Cisplatin, Docetaxel, Cilengitide und Temsirolimus wurde die Expression der untersuchten Zytokine in den Kulturüberständen der HNSCC unterschiedlich moduliert. Cisplatin und MCP-1 supprimierten die Koloniebildung signifikant, während unter Docetaxel und Temsirolimus eine insignifikante Reduktion und durch Cilengitide eine insignifikante Stimulation der Koloniebildung beobachtet wurde. Die MCP-1-Blockade durch einen Anti-MCP-1-Antikörper führte zu keiner signifikanten Modulation der Koloniebildung. MCP-1 und der Anti-MCP-1-Antikörper senkten die Zytokinexpression, während bis auf Cisplatin alle Zytostatika die Zytokinexpressionen steigerten. Bezüglich der kombinierten Testung der Zytostatika und der MCP-1-Blockade bzw. Stimulation unterschieden sich die Proben, sodass additive, synergistische und antagonistische Effekte resultierten. Da durch MCP-1 gesteuerte tumorassoziierte Makrophagen das Mikromilieu eines Tumors wesentlich beeinflussen, gebührt diesen ebenfalls eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit. In dieser Arbeit wurden unter MCP-1 antitumoröse Effekte beobachtet, sodass weitere klinische Testungen der antitumorösen Wirkung des MCP-1 auf HNSCC lohnenswert erscheinen. Die individuelle Chemoresponse-Testung kann dabei helfen, das biologisch heterogene Verhalten der HNSCC besser zu verstehen. In diesem Sinne wäre die klinische Validierung solcher Testsysteme wertvoll.

Indivíduos com hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) &#8805;6,5% e níveis normais de glicemia têm maior risco de complicações relacionadas ao diabetes, em médio e longo prazo. Estas evidências foram importantes na recomendação de que HbA1c &#8805;6,5% fosse aceita como critério diagnóstico de diabetes. Diferenças raciais/ étnicas tem sido encontradas quanto aos níveis de HbA1c. Níveis elevados de HbA1c em indivíduos sem diabetes e com níveis normais de glicemia em jejum tem sido associados a alterações micro e macrovasculares, entre elas alterações da filtração glomerular. Diversos marcadores inflamatórios, em especial a MCP-1 (proteína quimiotática de macrófagos-1), estão envolvidos no mecanismo de lesão glomerular descrito em casos de nefropatia diabética No entanto, a HbA1C ainda não foi amplamente incorporada a rotina de diagnóstico e de acompanhamento na atenção primária brasileira. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de investigar a associação entre a alteração da HbA1c e da glicemia e fatores étnicos/ raciais e de risco cardiovascular e renal em adultos assistidos pelo Programa Médico de Família de Niterói, sem diagnóstico prévio de diabetes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, onde foram reunidas informações de participantes do Estudo Cardio Metabólico Renal (CAMELIA), colhidas entre os meses de julho de 2006 a dezembro de 2007. Observou-se que o perfil de risco cardiovascular foi mais acentuado em indivíduos com alterações simultâneas da glicemia e da HbA1c. A alteração isolada da glicemia indicou ser condição de maior risco que a alteração isolada da HbA1c. Indivíduos com HbA1c &#8805; 6,5% eram em sua maioria mulheres de pele preta e apresentavam maiores níveis de LDL e creatinina sérica. Verificamos associação independente entre a alteração da HbA1c (&#8805; 5,7 e < 6,5% versus < 5,7%) e diminuição da taxa de filtração glomerular estimada. A HbA1c mostrou ser um marcador subclinico de alterações metabólicas em pacientes nao diabéticos e com glicemia de jejum < 126 mg/dL, em especial na população de mulheres e de indivíduos com a cor da pele preta. Os resultados apontam para a possibilidade de se utilizar a HbA1c como marcador de risco cardiovascular e renal visando propor estratégias de intervenção precoce e assim promover a prevenção de condições de agravos relacionados as alterações do metabolismo da glicose. / Individuals with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) &#8805; 6.5% and normal levels of blood glucose are at increased risk of complications related to diabetes. This evidence led to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) to recommend HbA1c &#8805; 6.5% as a criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes. Racial / ethnic differences have been found regarding HbA1c levels. Elevated HbA1c levels in individuals without diabetes and with normal fasting glucose levels have been associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications, including changes in glomerular filtration. Inflammatory markers, in particular MCP -1 ( macrophage chemotactic protein -1), are involved in the glomerular lesions described in cases of diabetic nephropathy mechanism However, this test has not been widely incorporated as a routine examination in primary care in Brazil. The objective os this study was to describe and analyse the association between changes in HbA1c and blood glucose, racial / ethnic factors and cardiovascular and renal risk in adults in adults assisted by the Family Doctor Program of Niteroi, with no previous medical diagnosis of diabetes. It is a cross sectional study, with information of CAMELIA Studys participants. Data was collected from July 2006 to December 2007. It was noted that the cardiovascular risk profile was more pronounced in individuals with concurrent changes in blood glucose and HbA1c. The cardiovascular risk of individuals with high levels of glycemia and normal HbA1c was greater than the risk of individuals with HbA1c&#8805;6,5% alone. Individuals with HbA1c &#8805; 6.5%, mostly women and black skin persons, had higher LDL and creatinine levels. Independent association between changes in HbA1c ( &#8805; 5.7 and < 6.5% versus < 5.7 % ) and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate . HbA1c showed to be a subclinical marker of metabolic disorders in diabetic patients and not with fasting glucose < 126 mg / dL, especially in the population of women and individuals with black skin color. HbA1c showed to be a subclinical marker of metabolic disorders in diabetic patients and not with fasting glucose < 126 mg / dL , especially in the population of women and individuals with black skin color. The results point to the possibility of using HbA1c as a marker of cardiovascular and renal risk aiming to propose strategies for early intervention and thus promote the prevention of diseases and conditions related changes in glucose metabolism.

Indivíduos com hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) &#8805;6,5% e níveis normais de glicemia têm maior risco de complicações relacionadas ao diabetes, em médio e longo prazo. Estas evidências foram importantes na recomendação de que HbA1c &#8805;6,5% fosse aceita como critério diagnóstico de diabetes. Diferenças raciais/ étnicas tem sido encontradas quanto aos níveis de HbA1c. Níveis elevados de HbA1c em indivíduos sem diabetes e com níveis normais de glicemia em jejum tem sido associados a alterações micro e macrovasculares, entre elas alterações da filtração glomerular. Diversos marcadores inflamatórios, em especial a MCP-1 (proteína quimiotática de macrófagos-1), estão envolvidos no mecanismo de lesão glomerular descrito em casos de nefropatia diabética No entanto, a HbA1C ainda não foi amplamente incorporada a rotina de diagnóstico e de acompanhamento na atenção primária brasileira. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de investigar a associação entre a alteração da HbA1c e da glicemia e fatores étnicos/ raciais e de risco cardiovascular e renal em adultos assistidos pelo Programa Médico de Família de Niterói, sem diagnóstico prévio de diabetes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, onde foram reunidas informações de participantes do Estudo Cardio Metabólico Renal (CAMELIA), colhidas entre os meses de julho de 2006 a dezembro de 2007. Observou-se que o perfil de risco cardiovascular foi mais acentuado em indivíduos com alterações simultâneas da glicemia e da HbA1c. A alteração isolada da glicemia indicou ser condição de maior risco que a alteração isolada da HbA1c. Indivíduos com HbA1c &#8805; 6,5% eram em sua maioria mulheres de pele preta e apresentavam maiores níveis de LDL e creatinina sérica. Verificamos associação independente entre a alteração da HbA1c (&#8805; 5,7 e < 6,5% versus < 5,7%) e diminuição da taxa de filtração glomerular estimada. A HbA1c mostrou ser um marcador subclinico de alterações metabólicas em pacientes nao diabéticos e com glicemia de jejum < 126 mg/dL, em especial na população de mulheres e de indivíduos com a cor da pele preta. Os resultados apontam para a possibilidade de se utilizar a HbA1c como marcador de risco cardiovascular e renal visando propor estratégias de intervenção precoce e assim promover a prevenção de condições de agravos relacionados as alterações do metabolismo da glicose. / Individuals with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) &#8805; 6.5% and normal levels of blood glucose are at increased risk of complications related to diabetes. This evidence led to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) to recommend HbA1c &#8805; 6.5% as a criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes. Racial / ethnic differences have been found regarding HbA1c levels. Elevated HbA1c levels in individuals without diabetes and with normal fasting glucose levels have been associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications, including changes in glomerular filtration. Inflammatory markers, in particular MCP -1 ( macrophage chemotactic protein -1), are involved in the glomerular lesions described in cases of diabetic nephropathy mechanism However, this test has not been widely incorporated as a routine examination in primary care in Brazil. The objective os this study was to describe and analyse the association between changes in HbA1c and blood glucose, racial / ethnic factors and cardiovascular and renal risk in adults in adults assisted by the Family Doctor Program of Niteroi, with no previous medical diagnosis of diabetes. It is a cross sectional study, with information of CAMELIA Studys participants. Data was collected from July 2006 to December 2007. It was noted that the cardiovascular risk profile was more pronounced in individuals with concurrent changes in blood glucose and HbA1c. The cardiovascular risk of individuals with high levels of glycemia and normal HbA1c was greater than the risk of individuals with HbA1c&#8805;6,5% alone. Individuals with HbA1c &#8805; 6.5%, mostly women and black skin persons, had higher LDL and creatinine levels. Independent association between changes in HbA1c ( &#8805; 5.7 and < 6.5% versus < 5.7 % ) and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate . HbA1c showed to be a subclinical marker of metabolic disorders in diabetic patients and not with fasting glucose < 126 mg / dL, especially in the population of women and individuals with black skin color. HbA1c showed to be a subclinical marker of metabolic disorders in diabetic patients and not with fasting glucose < 126 mg / dL , especially in the population of women and individuals with black skin color. The results point to the possibility of using HbA1c as a marker of cardiovascular and renal risk aiming to propose strategies for early intervention and thus promote the prevention of diseases and conditions related changes in glucose metabolism.

Impulsionado pela mecânica de leilões de energia, o aproveitamento energético de recursos eólicos no Brasil atravessa um momento de expansão em participação na matriz de energia elétrica nacional. Não obstante, o desempenho da geração dos parques eólicos que estão em operação foi monitorado e apresentou, em média, resultados aquém daquilo que fora confiado ao Sistema Interligado Nacional, revelando que as estimativas de geração projetadas e declaradas por alguns dos projetos vencedores dos processos licitatórios podem ter sido supervalorizadas. Tal cenário provocou a exigência de medidas mais conservadoras para participação nos leilões de energia, como a já vigente adoção do P90 no cálculo da Garantia Física e o aumento da duração da campanha de medição anemométrica, a entrar em rigor a partir de 2017. Sendo o vento uma variável estocástica, existem incertezas intrínsecas à Avaliação de Recursos Eólicos que influenciam no processo de estimação da geração por um parque eólico e que devem, desta forma, ser identificadas, quantificadas e reduzidas, na medida do possível. Nesse sentido, este trabalho estuda a influência da duração da campanha de medição anemométrica na Avaliação de Recursos Eólicos com base na aplicação do método MCP ferramenta imprescindível no processo de caracterização do regime eólico no longo prazo com vistas para aprimorar a exatidão das previsões de geração pela fonte eólica. Para tanto, foram utilizadas quatro bases de dados contendo séries temporais de velocidade e direção do vento referentes a uma região de interesse. Inicialmente, nove diferentes métodos MCP foram testados e comparados, sendo que o método Vertical Slice aplicado com auxílio do software Windographer destacou-se dos demais e mostrou-se mais aderente aos dados utilizados conforme as métricas de Erro Absoluto Médio e Raiz Quadrada do Erro Quadrático Médio. Posteriormente, as bases de dados foram configuradas para simular campanhas de medição anemométricas com durações que variavam de 2 a 6 anos, de modo a avaliar o comportamento da incerteza relativa à caracterização histórica de recursos eólicos e analisar em que medida esta incerteza impacta no cálculo da estimativa de geração de eletricidade por um conjunto de aerogeradores hipoteticamente dispostos naquele local de interesse. Foi possível verificar que, para os dados e casos analisados, à medida que se aumentou a duração da campanha de medição anemométrica, a incerteza da caracterização histórica de recursos eólicos sofreu queda significativa; determinando, por conseguinte, redução da incerteza total que permeia a geração eólica. Ademais, a quantidade de energia estimada para o parque eólico hipotético exemplificado também decresceu, permitindo melhora na acurácia da previsão de geração e beneficiando a confiabilidade da fonte eólica no sistema elétrico brasileiro. / Driven by the energy auctions system, the energetic harnessing of wind resource in Brazil is now going through a phase of expansion in participation in the national electric energy mix. Nevertheless, the performance of power generation of in-operation wind farms was monitored and the results proved to be, on average, below what was initially entrusted to the National Grid System, indicating that the energy production estimations projected by some energy auctions winners could have been overestimated. This scenario has caused the requirements for participating in the energy auctions to be more conservative, with measures such as the adoption of the P90 on the calculation of the physical guarantee and the increase of the wind measurement campaigns time span the latter to be enforced as of 2017. The wind is a stochastic resource, hence there are uncertainties intrinsic to the Wind Resource Assessment that influence a wind farms power generation estimation and that need to be properly identified, quantified and reduced, as far as possible. In this respect, the influence of a wind measurement campaigns time span on the Wind Resource Assessment based on MCP methods an important tool in the process of characterizing the long-term wind regime was studied in order to detect the potential of enhancing the accuracy of wind power generation forecasts. For this purpose, four databases containing time series of wind speed and direction belonging to a target site were used. Firstly, nine different MCP methods were tested and compared, of which the Vertical Slice method implemented on the software Windographer outperformed all the others according to the Mean Absolute Error and Root Mean Square Error metrics. Subsequently, the databases were set to simulate campaigns with time spans varying from 2 to 6 years, in such a way to evaluate the behavior of the uncertainty in the long-term wind speed and to analyze how this uncertainty impacts the calculation of the energy production estimation of an array of wind turbines hypothetically placed on that target site. From the analyzed data and cases, it was verified that, as the wind measurement campaigns time span was increased, the uncertainty in the long-term wind speed was significantly diminished, thereby reducing the overall uncertainty that pervades the wind power harnessing. Furthermore, the energy production estimation of the exemplified hypothetical wind farm also decreased, allowing an improvement on the accuracy of the energy generation prediction and benefiting the reliability of wind power in the Brazilian electric system.

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuÃria / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicaÃÃo pÃs-colheita de 1-MCP e filme de PVC na conservaÃÃo de pinha, fruta-do-conde ou ata (Annona squamosa L.), durante o armazenamento refrigerado. Os frutos foram colhidos na maturidade fisiolÃgica, em plantio comercial localizado no municÃpio de Limoeiro do Norte, CE, oriundos de produtores da AssociaÃÃo dos Fruticultores do Apodi â ASFRUTA, em seguida, transportadas para o LaboratÃrio de Frutas e HortaliÃas do Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos/Centro de CiÃncias AgrÃrias/Universidade Federal do Cearà (DTA/CCA/UFC) e LaboratÃrio de Fisiologia Tecnologia PÃs-Colheita da Embrapa AgroindÃstria Tropical, em Fortaleza, CE. Foram testados tratamentos pÃs-colheita e o tempo de armazenamento (15,0 &#61617; 2ÂC e 90 &#61617; 5% UR) de 0, 0,5, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 dias. Os tratamentos aplicados foram: controle, 200 ppb de 1-MCP, filme de PVC e 200 ppb de 1-MCP + filme de PVC. Foram avaliados quanto a: perda de massa fresca (PMF); firmeza da polpa (FP); aparÃncia externa (APE); pH; acidez total titulÃvel (ATT), sÃlidos solÃveis (SS); aÃÃcares solÃveis totais (AST); aÃÃcares redutores (AR), amido; compostos fenÃlicos, atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase e relaÃÃo SS/ATT. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (tratamentos pÃs-colheita x tempo de armazenamento), com 3 repetiÃÃes (bandejas com 2 frutos). A perda de massa fresca e queda na firmeza foi mais lenta nos frutos tratados com 1-MCP + filme e filme de PVC, obtendo ao oitavo dia notas mÃdias de 111,8 e 71,6 (N). O teor de sÃlidos solÃveis (SS) foi temporariamente atrasado pelo tratamento 1-MCP + filme, que no oitavo dia de armazenamento apresentou reduÃÃo de 4 Brix comparado com os demais tratamentos. A relaÃÃo SS/ATT aumentou durante o armazenamento para os quatro tratamentos possivelmente devido ao aumento do SS e à reduÃÃo na acidez a partir do segundo dia. Em relaÃÃo aos compostos fenÃlicos, apenas os compostos fenÃlicos oligomÃricos apresentaram significÃncia para os frutos tratados com filme de PVC. Os demais compostos fenÃlicos dÃmeros e polimÃricos nos quatro tratamentos nÃo apresentaram diferenÃa significativa. NÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre os tratamentos para as enzimas polifenoloxidase (PPO) e peroxidase (POD), logo os tratamentos filme de PVC e 1-MCP nÃo promoveram efeito sobre as enzimas. / The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of postharvest application of 1- methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and film of PVC in the conservation of pinha (Annona squamosa L.), during refrigerated storage. The fruits were harversted at the physiological maturity stage in a planting of a commercial area localized in Limoeiro do Norte, Ceara â Brazil, producers arising from The Fruit Farmers Association of Apodi â ASFRUTA, and carried to the Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables of Department of Food Science â Center of Agricultural Science â Federal University of Cearà and the Laboratory of Physiology and Technology Postharvest of Embrapa Agribusiness Tropical, Fortaleza, CE. Postharvest treatments and the storage time (15,0  2ÂC and 90  5% UR) were tested in fruits that were stored for 0, 5, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days. The applied treatments were as follow: control, 200 ppb of 1-MCP, film of PVC and 200 ppb of 1-MCP + PVC film. The following variables were evaluated: fresh mass loss (LMS); firmness of the pulp (PF); external appearance (AE); pH; total titratable acidity (TA); soluble solids (SS); total soluble sugars (TSS); reducing sugars (RS), starch, phenolics compounds, polifenoloxidase and peroxidase activities and SS/ATT ratio. Experimental design was completely randomized in factorial (treatments postharvest x storage time), with three replication (trays with 2 fruits). The fresh mass loss and the decrease in firmness was slower in the fruits treated with 1-MCP + film and PVC film, obtaining in the eighth day, the value of 111,8 and 71,6 (N). The soluble solids (SS) tenor was temporarily delayed by the treatment 1-MCP + film which at the eighth day of storage, decreased of 4 Brix, compared with the others treatments. The SS/AT ratio increased during the storage, in four treatments, possibly because the increase of the SS and the reduction in acidity from the second day. Regarding to the phenolic compounds, only the oligomeric phenolic compounds, showed significance for the fruits treated with PVC film. Others phenolic dimers and polymers, in four treatments, didnât show significance difference. There was no significance difference between the treatments for polifenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). Thus the PVC film and 1-MCP didnât promote effect on the Enzymes.

La réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) passe par la réduction des consommations d’énergie. Le stockage de la chaleur dans les parois des bâtiments permet de réduire la consommation d'énergie. Parmi les techniques de stockage, le stockage latent a la capacité de stocker une quantité d’énergie par unité de volume plus importante qu’un système sensible. Le projet INERTRANS a proposé le développement d’une façade associant une isolation translucide et le stockage latent avec un matériau à changement de phase (MCP). La fusion du MCP s’accompagne de la convection naturelle et l’absorption ou transmission du rayonnement. Le couplage de l’ensemble de ces phénomènes n’a pas été étudié dans la littérature. Dans cette thèse un modèle numérique 2D pour l’étude du changement de phase a été développé. Ce modèle utilise la méthode de Boltzmann sur réseau (LB) à temps de relaxation multiple (MRT), pour la résolution du champ de vitesse et la méthode des différences finies, pour la résolution du champ de températures. Le changement de phase a été traité par la formulation enthalpique. L’originalité est l’application de ce modèle au problème de changement de phase avec convection naturelle, d’une part, et au changement de phase avec convection naturelle et rayonnement, d’autre part. Pour vérifier notre modèle sans rayonnement, un cas de référence de la littérature a été simulé. Il s’agit de la fusion des deux MCP, l’étain et l’octadécane, à faible et fort nombre de Prandtl, respectivement. La simulation de l’étain a confirmé un écoulement multicellulaire. La simulation de l’octadécane a montré une forte influence de la convection avec un front de fusion qui se déforme sur toute la cavité. Le nombre de Nusselt pour l’octadécane avec convection est plus de trois fois le Nusselt sans convection. La simulation de l’acide gras de la brique INERTRANS a montré que la convection ne doit pas être négligée, car le flux prédit avec convection peut être jusqu’à trois fois plus grand que le flux prédit sans convection. La fraction fondue est près du double qu’en conduction seule. La méthode LB appliquée aux transferts radiatifs a été étudiée. Il se trouve, qu’à l’état actuel cette méthode n’est pas compétitive par rapport à une méthode classique des ordonnées discrètes (MOD). Enfin, nous avons couplé la MOD pour le calcul du flux radiatif avec la méthode LB pour le calcul du champ de vitesses et des différences finies pour l’équation de l’énergie. Le rayonnement grande longueur d’onde n’a pas d’influence notable sur les transferts thermiques. Le rayonnement courte longueur d’onde augmente les transferts thermiques, pourtant, cet effet n’est pas aussi important que l’augmentation due à la convection pour le matériau choisi. Puisqu’aucune solution de référence n’existe dans la bibliographie, nos résultats peuvent désormais servir d’éléments de comparaison pour de futurs travaux. Une validation expérimentale constituerait une perspective nécessaire. / Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions requires reduction of energy consumption. Energy storage on building walls allows reduction in energy consumption. Among storage techniques, latent heat storage offers higher energy storage density than sensible heat storage. INERTRANS project has proposed the development of an innovative facade, coupling transparent insulation and energy storage with a fatty acid phase change materials (PCM). Melting of PCM comprises different phenomena, namely, natural convection in the liquid phase and radiation absorption or transmission. The coupling of all this phenomena is not still studied in scientific literature. In this thesis, a 2D numerical model for studying phase change has been developed. This model uses the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with multiple relaxation time (MRT) to resolve velocity field, and finite differences for the temperature field. Phase change is treated with the enthalpy formulation. The original contribution is application of this hybrid approach to the phase change with natural convection, on the one hand, and to the phase change with natural convection and radiation, on the other hand. To verify the model without radiation, a test case taken from literature has been simulated. It concerns the melting of two PCM with a low and high Prandtl number, the tin and octadecane, respectively. Tin melting simulation confirms multiple cells flow, starting with four rolls which merges in three then two rolls. Octadecane simulation shows high convection effect, with a melting front deforming all along the cavity height. Nusselt number plot for octadecane melting with convection is more than three times with conduction only. INERTRANS’ fatty acid simulation shows that convection shall not be neglected, because predicted heat flux with convection may be up to three times that predicted with conduction only. Melted fraction is almost twice than with conduction only. The lattice Boltzmann method applied to radiative heat transfer has also been explored. It turns out that in its current state, this method is not competitive compared to a conventional discrete ordinates method (DOM). Finally, we coupled the DOM for radiation heat flux, with the LBM for velocity field calculation and finite differences for the energy equation to solve the coupling between phase change, convection and radiation. Long wavelength radiation has no noticeable effect on heat transfer. Short wavelength radiation increases heat transfer, however, this increase is not as important as that produced by convection for this kind of material. Since no reference solution exists in the literature, our results can now serve as a basis for future work. An experimental validation would be a necessary perspective.

O sistema glicosinolato-mirosinase faz parte do mecanismo de defesa das plantas, quando o tecido é danificado, os glicosinolatos são degradados pela mirosinase e os compostos tóxicos são liberados. No mamão, o principal composto liberado pela enzima é o benzilisotiocianato (BITC), a partir da degradação de benzilglicosinolato (BG). Altos teores de BG e BITC, presentes no início da formação do fruto, diminuem durante o seu desenvolvimento. A semente, é o tecido que mais acumula estes compostos, seguido da casca e da polpa e estes teores parecem ser afetados pelo 1-MCP, mas não pelo etileno. Além disso, foi observado neste trabalho, que mesmo a mais baixa atividade da mirosinase parece ter sido suficiente para liberar o BITC, que nestas quantidades, poderia exercer ação contra as moscas-das-frutas e outros microorganismos. A seqüência parcial da mirosinase do mamão mostrou alto grau de similaridade com Arabidopisis (67%), mostarda branca (62%) e canola (51 %), plantas modelo no estudo de glicosinolatos, sendo encontradas muitas regiões e resíduos altamente conservados. O perfil de transcritos da mirosinase mostrou que ela está presente somente na semente, e a partir dos 90 dpa, apresentando um significativo aumento no ponto de colheita, concomitante ao aumento de atividade. / The glucosinolate-myrosinase system is part of the defense mechanism in plants, when tissue is damaged, the glucosinolates are degraded by myresinases and toxic compounds are released. In papaya fruit, the major compounds released are the benzylisothiocyanates, frem the degradation of benzylglucosinolate (BG). High levels of BG and BITC are present in the beginning of the fruit formation and they decreased during the development. The seed is the tissue that accumulates higher contents of these compounds, followed by skin and pulp and these levels seems to be disturb by 1-MCP, but not by ethylene. Moreover, it was observed in this work, that exactly the lowest activity of myresinase seems to have been enought to liberate the BITC, that in these amounts, could to act against fruit f1ies and other microorganisms. The partial sequence of myresinase of the papaya fruit showed high degree of similarity with with Arabidopisis (67%), white mustard (62%) and rape (51 %), plants model in the study of glicosinolatos, being found a lot of regions and residues highly conserved. The transcript prefile of myresinase showed that it is present only in the seed, and frem the 90 dpa, having a significant increase in the point of harvest, concomitant to the activity increase.

Das Monozyten chemotaktische Protein-1 (MCP-1) ist ein CC-Chemokin, das in seiner Rolle als Chemoattraktor auf Monozyten in der Genese von Malignomen eine wesentliche Rolle spielt. Dabei kann es sowohl zur lokalen Tumorabwehr als auch zur Tumorgenese, Tumor-angiogenese und Metastasierung beitragen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die MCP-1-Inhibition und die Stimulation durch MCP-1 auf die Koloniebildung und die Zytokinexpression von Plattenepithelkarzinomen der Kopf-Hals-Region (HNSCC) im FLAVINO-Assay. Dieser ist ein klonogener, qualitätskontrollierter Ex-vivo-Koloniebildungsassay, der an der Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde der Universität Leipzig etabliert und patentiert wurde und unter flavinschützenden Bedingungen durchgeführt wird. Weiterhin wird die Eignung von MCP-1, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8) und des Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) als Biomarker in HNSCC, die mithilfe von ELISA in Seren und Kulturüberständen quantifiziert wurden, untersucht. Durch die Stimulation durch MCP-1 und dessen Blockade sowie durch in vivo tolerierbare Konzentrationen von Cisplatin, Docetaxel, Cilengitide und Temsirolimus wurde die Expression der untersuchten Zytokine in den Kulturüberständen der HNSCC unterschiedlich moduliert. Cisplatin und MCP-1 supprimierten die Koloniebildung signifikant, während unter Docetaxel und Temsirolimus eine insignifikante Reduktion und durch Cilengitide eine insignifikante Stimulation der Koloniebildung beobachtet wurde. Die MCP-1-Blockade durch einen Anti-MCP-1-Antikörper führte zu keiner signifikanten Modulation der Koloniebildung. MCP-1 und der Anti-MCP-1-Antikörper senkten die Zytokinexpression, während bis auf Cisplatin alle Zytostatika die Zytokinexpressionen steigerten. Bezüglich der kombinierten Testung der Zytostatika und der MCP-1-Blockade bzw. Stimulation unterschieden sich die Proben, sodass additive, synergistische und antagonistische Effekte resultierten. Da durch MCP-1 gesteuerte tumorassoziierte Makrophagen das Mikromilieu eines Tumors wesentlich beeinflussen, gebührt diesen ebenfalls eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit. In dieser Arbeit wurden unter MCP-1 antitumoröse Effekte beobachtet, sodass weitere klinische Testungen der antitumorösen Wirkung des MCP-1 auf HNSCC lohnenswert erscheinen. Die individuelle Chemoresponse-Testung kann dabei helfen, das biologisch heterogene Verhalten der HNSCC besser zu verstehen. In diesem Sinne wäre die klinische Validierung solcher Testsysteme wertvoll.

L'introduction des énergies renouvelables intermittentes, la mise en place d'une réglementation thermique qui baisse les besoins de chauffage d'un facteur 5 à 10, entraîne une re-conception des moyens de chauffage intégrant efficacité énergétique et effacement d'équipements domestiques lors des heures de pointe. Cette thèse comporte l'étude et la conception d'une PAC intégrant un stockage thermique par chaleur latente dans son condenseur. Ce stock permettra un effacement d'au moins deux heures. Les besoins d'une maison basse consommation (BBC) ont été évalués ainsi que la quantité de chaleur à stocker afin d'assurer cet effacement. Une étude sur le phénomène de changement de phase et les MCP a été menée afin de sélectionner un matériau adapté à cette application. Le phénomène de changement de phase a été modélisé en régime dynamique. Quatre matériaux candidats ont été sélectionnés et analysés par colorimétrie différentielle (DSC) avec ajustement par méthode inverse. Plusieurs structures de l'échangeur stockeur ont été proposées, simulées et optimisées et deux ont été choisies et réalisées. Les deux échangeurs réalisés ont été testés seuls et intégrés dans un système de PAC. La dernière génération a donné des résultats très encourageants pour le développement d'une PAC à stockage efficace. Finalement, l'apport de stockage a été évalué en termes d'efficacité énergétique et d'émissions de CO2. Cette PAC présente une amélioration potentielle du COP saisonnier de 20 à 30 % comparativement à des PAC air/eau et air/air du fait de la gestion intelligente du stockage/déstockage d'énergie en faisant fonctionner la PAC pendant les heures les plus favorables de la journée et en évitant les cycles courts de fonctionnement correspondant aux besoins thermiques faibles. / The introduction of intermittent renewable energies, the implementation of a thermal regulation, which decreases heating needs of a factor between 5 and 10, causes a redesign of heating systems integrating energy efficiency and the cut-off of domestic equipments during peak hours. This thesis involves the study and design of a heat pump incorporating a latent thermal storage in its condenser. This storage will allow a cut-off during at least two hours. The heating needs of a low-energy consumption house (BBC) have been estimated as well as the heat amount to be stored so as to ensure such a cut-off. A study on the phase-change phenomenon and the PCM has been carried out in order to select suitable materials for this application. A dynamic model of the phase change was also developed. Four candidate materials were selected and analyzed by tuned Differential Scaning Calorimetry (DSC) with adjustment by the inverse method. Several storing-exchanger structures have been proposed, simulated, and optimized; two of them have been realized. Both heat exchangers have been tested alone and then integrated into a heat pump system. The final generation gave very promising results for the development of an efficient heat pump with storage. Finally, the heat storage effect has been evaluated in terms of energy efficiency and CO2 emissions. This heat pump presents potential improvement of the seasonal COP between 20% and 30% compared to air-to-water and air-to-air heat pumps because of the smart monitoring of the energy storage/delivery due to the heat pump operation during the most favorable hours of the day and by avoiding short cycles operation corresponding to low heating needs.

A técnica de cultura de tecidos permite a propagação rápida e maciça de propágulos geneticamente semelhantes, isentos de doenças, sendo amplamente empregada para a obtenção de gemas adventícias e embriões somáticos visando principalmente, a multiplicação clonal sob ação de reguladores de crescimento. Resultados satisfatórios foram obtidos com a espécie Bactris gasipaes Kunth. por meio da regeneração direta de gemas adventícias e de embriões somáticos, no entanto, as consequências decorrentes da prolongada manutenção in vitro de espécies perenes como a pupunheira, não estão elucidadas, sendo que as pesquisas mais expressivas ocorrem com espécies anuais e restritas a órgãos específicos. Considerando que o tempo de cultivo pode promover a senescência e a habituação de determinados tecidos aos reguladores de crescimento, afetando consideravelmente o potencial morfogênico, o objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi investigar a ocorrência destes processos em folhas, raízes e bases caulinares de plântulas e microplantas com um e oito anos de cultivo, respectivamente. Para tanto, o processo de senescência foi monitorado por meio de análises histológicas, ultraestruturais e histoquímicas à detecção de substâncias ergásticas e à fragmentação do DNA, ao passo que o processo de habituação, foi monitorado por meio de análises morfofisiológicas, histológicas e histoquímicas. Os resultados pertinentes ao processo de senescência evidenciaram a ocorrência de intenso processo de morte celular programada nas células de diversos tecidos nas estruturas analisadas das microplantas, sendo que estes eventos foram escassos e limitados às bases caulinares nas plântulas. Além disso, foi observada a presença elevada de plastoglóbulos no interior dos cloroplastos e de compostos fenólicos nas estruturas foliares e radiculares das microplantas. Já, em relação aos resultados obtidos à detecção do processo de habituação nestas microplantas, quando comparados às plântulas, foram detectados problemas relacionados ao alongamento da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, bem como alterações morfológicas nas raízes e uma pronunciada redução no potencial morfogênico das células pré-procambiais em relação às plântulas. Estes resultados evidenciam que a manutenção in vitro de pupunheiras por longos períodos promoveu o envelhecimento dos propágulos em decorrência à senescência generalizada, bem como provavelmente os conduziu ao processo de habituação aos reguladores de crescimento ANA e/ou BAP, inviabilizando a propagação em grande escala desta espécie. / The tissue culture technique allows rapid and massive spread of propagules genetically similar, free from diseases, being the technique widely employed to obtain adventitious buds and somatic embryos mainly targeting the clonal multiplication under the action of growth regulators. Satisfactory results have been obtained with the specie Bactris gasipaes Kunth. through direct regeneration of adventitious buds and somatic embryos, however, the consequences from prolonged in vitro maintenance of perennial species such as peach palm are not clear, and the most significant research occur with annual species and restricted to specific organs. Whereas the cultivation time can promote senescence and habituation of certain tissues to the growth regulators, affecting considerably the morphogenic potential, the main objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of these processes in leaves, roots and stem bases of seedlings and microplants with one and eight years of cultivation, respectively. Thus, the senescence process was monitored by histological, ultrastructural and histochemical detection of ergastic substances and DNA fragmentation, whereas the habituation process was monitored by analyses histologic, histochemic and morpho-physiological. The relevant results from the senescence process showed the occurrence of an intensive process of programmed cell death in cells of various tissues of the analised microplants structures, and these events were rare and limited to the stem bases in the seedlings. Furthermore, it was observed the high presence of plastoglobules inside chloroplast and phenolic compounds in the leaf and root structure of microplants. Already, the results obtained in relation to the detection of the habituation process in these microplants, when compared to the seedlings, were detected problems related to the elongation of shoots and roots, as well as morphological changes in roots and a pronounced reduction in the morphogenic potential of pre procambial cells compared to seedlings. These results demonstrate that the in vitro maintenance of peach palm for long periods promoted the aging of seedlings due to senescence widespread and probably led to the habituation process, to the growth regulators NAA and/or BAP, difficulting the propagation on a large scale of this species.