Political structures and the evolution of late capitalism in liberal Western democracies lend a common frame to the development of national media systems. However, whereas media policy from the post-war period to the mid-1980s was largely driven by socio-political concerns and coextensive with policy for public service television, this model has been vehemently challenged. Key factors were the convergence of erstwhile-separated industries and infrastructures, as well as the ambitions of the corporate sector and governments alike, to benefit from the economic opportunities offered by the communications revolution. By assessing the changing relationship between the role of the state, economic structures and technological innovation, this research investigates these processes in the UK and Germany. Both countries have the two key public service systems but also feature striking differences such as the antithetic political systems and democratic processes (majoritarian vs. consensus democracy). The basic assumption suggests that a genuine understanding of contemporary developments is only possible if political/economic as well as historic/sociological perspectives are incorporated into the holistic approach applied. Thereby this study gives consideration to key processes and events which have determined transitions between communications policy paradigms and regulatory regimes. Given the Anglo-Saxon tradition of regulating, key processes and events in the UK are often indicated by the appointment and report of a committee of enquiry. For the purpose of this study the most crucial of these is the Committee on Financing the BBC (1986), which first applied market-driven politics onto British broadcasting, and whose recommendations still serve as a blueprint for current communications policy-making. In Germany the KtK Report (1974) formed the basis for decisive reforms in broadcasting and communications. Apart from that, however, Germany features the characteristic of administering state interventions in as detailed a manner as possible through legislation. Of central importance are, therefore, the rulings of the Federal Constitutional Court, which continuously set decisive parameters for the development of the broadcasting system. The thesis follows two driving themes which have been identified as crucial in terms of the comparative dimension and are elaborated continuously in more detail. First, the focus is on the interdependencies between public and private sector. Second, implications and responses of the central vis-à-vis federal characteristic of state formation are investigated. In doing so, the thesis draws on vast sources of archival documents as well as exclusive material from a series of elite interviews with a purposively-selected sample of very high-level sources, including Chairmen, Director-Generals, ministers, very senior civil servants and so on. The thesis demonstrates how communications policy-making is carried out in both countries and how these processes are determined by national regulatory frameworks which are rooted within the borders of the nation state. As such the research findings have broader implications for commercial and public sector regulation.

The aim of this thesis is to find out whether advertisers can influence the content of lifestyle media. The first part of this work deals with the theory of media economics, the market of printed magazines and the various influences on the media; followed by a definition of the ethical and legal framework for advertising. It also includes a description of selected media, an overview of their market position and the degree of financial dependence on advertising. Two lifestyle magazines, namely Cosmopolitan, representing women's magazines, and ForMen, as a men-oriented magazine, were selected for analysis. The second part of the thesis deals with the definition of the methodological framework and the description of the research method used, i.e. quantitative content analysis. Three different phenomena are explored using six research sub-questions, namely the ratio of advertising and editorial content, the degree of linking advertising with editorial materials (brand reciprocity), and finally the use of advertorials, their labelling and distinguishability from other content. The third section of the work elaborates on research results. The thesis concludes that while certain dependence and influences can be traced, not all possible manifestations of the relationship between publishers and advertisers...

This thesis consists of three essays in the field of information economics. The first essay studies manipulation of information by partisan media. The recent increase in partisan media has generated interest in what drives media outlets to become more partisan. I develop a model to study the role of diffusion of information by word of mouth. In the model, a media outlet designs an information policy, which specifies the level of partisan slant in the outlet’s news reports. The news spread via a communication chain in a population of agents with heterogeneous preferences. The slant has an impact on whether the agents find the news credible and on their incentives to pass the news to others. The analysis elucidates how partisanship of media can be driven by political polarisation of the public and by the tendency of people to interact with people with similar political views. The second essay, co-authored by Jakub Redlicki, investigates falsification of scientific evidence by interest groups. We analyse a game between a biased sender (an interest group) and a decision maker (a policy maker) where the former can falsify scientific evidence at a cost. The sender observes scientific evidence and knows that it will also be observed by the decision maker unless he falsifies it. If he falsifies, then there is a chance that the decision maker observes the falsified evidence rather than the true scientific evidence. First, we investigate the decision maker’s incentives to privately acquire independent evidence, which not only provides additional information to her but can also strengthen or weaken the sender’s falsification effort. Second, we analyse the decision maker’s incentives to acquire information from the sender. The third essay analyses competition between interest groups for access to a policy maker. I study a model of lobbying in which two privately-informed experts (e.g., interest groups) with opposite goals compete for the opportunity to communicate with a policy maker. The main objective is to analyse the benefits which competition for access brings to the policy maker as opposed to hiring an expert in advance. I show that competition for access is advantageous in that it provides the policy maker with some information about the expert who did not gain access and gives the experts an incentive to invest in their communication skills. On the other hand, hiring an expert in advance allows the policy maker to use a monetary reward to incentivise the expert to invest more in his communication skills.

Cette thèse présente et interroge les différentes politiques visant à professionnaliser la presse écrite ivoirienne à partir de l’année 1990, à la faveur du « printemps de la presse ». C’est en effet à partir de cette date que de nombreux titres privés essaiment au fil des années. Il se pose très vite des problèmes liés au respect des règles éthiques et déontologiques. En 1991, avec la mise en place de la première loi sur la presse en Côte d’Ivoire, de nombreuses autres mesures suivent. Elles ont toutes pour finalité de parvenir à l’objectif principal mentionné plus haut. Aussi bien du côté de l’Etat que des groupes professionnels de journalistes soutenus par des organisations non gouvernementales, il devenait indispensable de se mobiliser pour aider les journalistes à prendre conscience de leur responsabilité au sein de la société et à parfaire leur pratique selon les normes locales.Après plus d’une vingtaine d’années de mise en application de ces différentes initiatives, nous nous interrogerons dans un premier temps sur leur impact réel dans la production des journaux. Nous souhaiterons ensuite montrer comment l’État ivoirien s’est fortement impliqué dans le secteur de la presse, au point de sembler la contrôler quasiment. Enfin, Nous essayerons d’expliquer d’une part le rôle important joué par les acteurs du secteur pour renforcer les capacités des journalistes et réduire l’ingérence étatique, et d’autre part les nouveaux défis qui se profilent face à l’essor de l’Internet en Côte d’Ivoire. L’approche retenue est celle d'une sociohistoire qui s'appuie sur des entretiens et une analyse des documents produits en interne par les organisations professionnelles. / This thesis presents and questions the various policies aimed at professionalizing the 1990 Ivorian written press, thanks to the "spring of the press". Indeed, from that date onwards, many private titles have developed over the years. Problems related to compliance with ethics and ethical rules arise very quickly.In 1991, with the implementation of the first press law in Côte d'Ivoire, many other measures followed. They all aim to achieve the main objective mentioned above. Both on the government side and professional groups of journalists supported by non-governmental organizations, it became essential to mobilize to help journalists to become aware of their responsibility in society and to perfect their practice according to standards local.After more than twenty years of implementation of these various initiatives, we will first consider their real impact in the production of newspapers. We would then like to show how the Ivorian government has been heavily involved in the press sector, to the point of seeming to control it almost. Finally, we will try to explain on the one hand the important role played by the actors of the sector to reinforce the capacities of the journalists and to reduce the state interference, and on the other hand the new challenges that face in the rise of The Internet in Côte d'Ivoire. The approach adopted is that of a sociohistory which is based on interviews and analysis of documents produced internally by media professional.

Cette dissertation concerne l'analyse des problématiques économiques introduites par la numérisation et par la parution des nouveaux réseaux et supports numériques dans l'économie des médias. Le passage du modèle analogique et physique au modèle numérique, en opérant une séparation du concept d’expression signifiante et du support qui permet sa circulation auprès d'un large public, impose un recadrage des procédés de création et production dans plusieurs domaines de l'industrie des médias. En utilisant le cas d'étude de l’industrie de l'édition des magazines, l'introduction de cette dissertation analyse les enjeux économiques plus urgents pour une marque éditoriale face à la numérisation, au niveau d'entreprise et du secteur industriel. Dans le premier chapitre, on va approfondir l’analyse en explorant la littérature existante dans le domaine des effets de la numérisation et de la régulation dans l'économie des médias. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous analysons les dynamiques d'adoption d'une technologie numérique associée avec un réseau, dans contexte où les contenus media sont des biens complémentaires essentiels et en présence d'externalités positives associées avec le déploiement du réseau. La contribution originale du modèle que nous allons montrer est la possibilité d'évaluer différentes qualités de subsides au déploiement et différentes valeurs de l'innovation technologique. dans le troisième et dernier chapitre, nous développons un modèle pour analyser la tarification des produits soumis au droit d'auteur dans un marché biface avec réseaux de distribution multiples. / This dissertation deals with the economic issues introduced by digitization and by the roll-out of innovative networks and supports in the economics of Media goods. The switch from a “physical analogic model” to a “digitized model”, by separating the concepts of meaningful expression from the traditional support allowing for publishing contents, imposes a rethinking of many media industries' business models. Using the publishing industry as a study case, in the introduction we analyze the key economic issues emerging for magazine publishers facing digitization, both at the firm level and at the industry level, where new strategic interactions may occur, changing the traditional dynamics in the value chain. In the first chapter we then proceed to explore recent research efforts focusing on the effects of digitization and regulation on Media economics. The main contribution of this analysis is that it tries to conjugate the economic literature that analyses technology related issues generated by digitization with contributions analysing the impacts of new publishing protocols, following a value-chain based approach.In fact, the originality of the problem is that digitization is quite not just a technologic innovation, improving efficiency through the value chain but it is also a new written language. The study of all the different implications of digitiziation is thus essential in order to fully understand the emerging economic models in media industries. Economists will find in this chapter not only the more important contributions on pricing and bundling in digital two-sided markets or multi-channel distribution models, but also interesting contributions from other specialists, analysing questions related to regulatory framework and even epistemologic issues. In the second chapter we analyse the adoption dynamics of a digital technology associated with a network , when media goods are essential complements and there are positive externalities associated to a succesfull adoption. The original contribution of this model is that it allows for different types of subsidies and different stand-alone values for technology. In the third and last chapter, we develop a pricing model for copyrighted contents in a two-sided market with multi-channel distribution. We analyze both the case of a firm producing only on one market (digital or physical) and of a firm producing the substitutable versions in the two markets. We find that: (i) in the digital market the “free dailies” business model is sustainable only if the number of publishers is limited. (ii) Publishers that are active already in the traditional channel with relevant market shares should “defend” their market share setting higher prices for the digital versions of their products. (iii) Unless both the advertising revenues per copy and the total sales in the digital markets grow larger than the traditional market, a traditional publisher should keep operating in the traditional market. (iv) If the total cannibalization grows to be more than proportional the optimal strategy for a publisher can be not to produce the digital version of a given product.

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This study examines the mediation of multilingualism, localism and the nation in the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation, henceforth, ZBC as the local content and multilingual broadcasting policies subsumed in the Broadcasting Services Act (2001) and the Broadcasting Services Amendment Act (2007) respectively translated into radio and television programming. This purpose is pursued by analysing the language choices and practices on the ZBC radio and television stations and programming. This study is informed by an eclectic approach within the critical theory tradition and therefore it disapproves the domination, marginalisation and exclusion of the indigenous African languages in the ZBC as a public sphere. Against this backdrop, the study envisages the promotion of linguistic diversity and indigenous African languages in the ZBC broadcasting. Data for this study was gathered from the ZBC employees, academics and the ZBC audience using questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. As the local content and multilingual broadcasting policies translated into ZBC programming, this study detected a hierarchical organisation of the languages spoken in Zimbabwe on the radio and television stations where English is the most dominant language, while Shona and Ndebele dominate the minority languages, Shona dominates Ndebele and the supremacy of the Zezuru dialect in the Shona language is easily felt. This is a confirmation of the fragility of Zimbabwean linguistic nationalism in the ZBC which is convoluted by the ideological and political nature of the media, electronic colonisation, the political economy of broadcasting, the transformation of the ZBC public sphere by the market and state interests, the influence of the global media firms, and the relentless hegemony of the western countries in the world system. This study established that broadcasting in indigenous African languages is obligatory if the informative, communicative and symbolic functions of the public service broadcasting are to be achieved. However, this study contends that it is remarkably insufficient for linguists to minimally identify, lament and deplore the marginalisation and exclusion of the indigenous African languages in the ZBC without taking into account the economic, political and technological factors which contribute to the marginalisation and exclusion of these languages in the ZBC broadcasting in the context of the local content and multilingual broadcasting policies. Therefore, this study implores scholars in the discipline of language studies to ameliorate their sophistication by espousing a multidisciplinary approach to the study of language if they are to make meaningful arguments which can influence meaningful language policy outcomes instead of parroting. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

El contenido móvil es la gran novedad del universo digital en el siglo XXI. El desarrollo de redes y terminales ha impulsado la conectividad ubicua en amplísimos sectores de la población a escala global, pero su gran impulso ha provenido de la aparición de ecosistemas complejos de contenidos y aplicaciones promovidos por plataformas tecnológicas. En este trabajo se ha analizado la actividad de los integrantes de la cadena de valor del contenido móvil (creadores de contenidos, proveedores de terminales, gestores de redes, proveedores de sistemas operativos, reguladores, usuarios y sector publicitario). Asimismo, se han estudiado los principales factores de disrupción del ecosistema (Apple y Google; 'App Store'; medios sociales; 'cloud computing'; y neutralidad de la red). La investigación concluye afirmando la especificidad del contenido móvil y señala a los datos del usuario en movilidad como el nuevo gran vector de creación de valor asociado al contenido en un fut uro próximo. / Mobile content is digital universe's biggest news in the 21st Century. The development of networks and devices has fuelled ubiquitous connectivity globally among wide segments of population. However, its big impulse has come from the rise of complex content and applications ecosystems, lead by technological platforms. In this work, activity of value chain players (content creators, terminal suppliers, network managers, operating systems suppliers, regulators, users and advertising sector) within mobile content is analysed. Furthermore, main disruption factors of the ecosystem (Apple and Google; the App store phenomenon; social media; cloud computing; and network neutrality) are studied. This research concludes asserting the specificity of mobile content and foresees user data in mobility as the next big value creation vector linked to content for the next future.

Submitted by Priscilla Araujo (priscilla@ibict.br) on 2017-10-09T19:00:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese doutorado alex.pdf: 2958664 bytes, checksum: 37b9701ef9ef903d88001588b2c917d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T19:00:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese doutorado alex.pdf: 2958664 bytes, checksum: 37b9701ef9ef903d88001588b2c917d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-08-28 / Este trabalho busca analisar as políticas públicas para o audiovisual no Brasil a partir da década de 1990 e, mais especificamente, as políticas de fomento à produção de longas metragens. Para tanto, foram utilizados referenciais comumente presentes nos estudos relativos à Ciência da Informação, tais como as políticas de informação e o próprio conceito de informação, e à Ciência Econômica – particularidades dos bens informacionais quando transacionados no mercado. Tais referenciais conferem sustentação à consideração da informação (e dos bens de informação) como elemento central da dinâmica econômica mundial. As políticas públicas para o audiovisual no Brasil são analisadas a partir de dois eixos: políticas de fomento por um lado e políticas de regulação de mercado, por outro lado – eixos a partir das quais é possível a comparação com políticas públicas de outros países. A análise tem como base a construção teórica de uma cadeia de valor do setor audiovisual (denominada cadeia ramificada) desenvolvida como ferramenta analítica capaz de revelar os gargalos à circulação do produto e ao fluxo financeiro no setor, assim como as estratégias de expansão e o exercício de poder econômico das empresas que aí atuam. Como resultado do trabalho, tem-se: (i) a constatação de que a política pública brasileira voltada ao setor audiovisual a partir do início da década de 1990 não integrou as reflexões, comuns nos países desenvolvidos, sobre a potencialidade socioeconômica associada à maior relevância da informação e dos produtos de informação na dinâmica da economia e das sociedades; (ii) que a natureza e o escopo das políticas de fomento implementadas está relacionado à constatação da incapacidade do Estado brasileiro em promover políticas de regulação de mercado que viessem a ampliar o espaço para o produto audiovisual nacional, e; (iii) que o “viés cinematográfico” da política pública, tendo o fomento público à produção de longas metragens como base, foi se consolidando diante dos limites políticos do Estado em abarcar outros segmentos do mercado audiovisual, especialmente os televisivos, no seio das ações voltada para o setor. / This work covers the analysis of the public policies for the audiovisual sector in Brazil since the 1990s and, more specifically, the production of feature film policies. To that purpose, several references related to Information Science were used, such as information policies and the concept of information itself, as well as references from Economic Science - particularities of informational goods when transacted in the market, for example. These references take the consideration of information (and information goods) as the central element of world economic dynamics. The Brazilian audiovisual public policies are analysed from two axes: promotion policies based on public subsidies and regulation policies – axes when used make possible to compare policies between countries. The analysis is based on the theoretical construction of an audiovisual sector value chain, denominated the branched audiovisual chain, developed as an analytical tool that intents to show the product circulation bottlenecks and financial flow in the sector, as well as the expansion strategies and the exercise of economic power of the companies acting in this field. As a result of the work, we have: (i) the observation that the Brazilian public policy focused on the audiovisual sector since the beginning of the 1990s did not integrate the reflections, common in developed countries, about the socioeconomic potential associated to the greater relevance of the information and information products in the dynamics of the economy and societies; (ii) that the understanding of the development policies implemented is related to the inability of the Brazilian State to promote market regulation policies that would expand the space for the national product, and; (iii) that the "cinematographic bias" of public policy, with public subsidies for the production of feature films as a base, has been consolidated in the face of the political limitations of the State in covering other segments of the audiovisual market, especially television, in the heart of the actions directed towards the sector.

This study examines the mediation of multilingualism, localism and the nation in the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation, henceforth, ZBC as the local content and multilingual broadcasting policies subsumed in the Broadcasting Services Act (2001) and the Broadcasting Services Amendment Act (2007) respectively translated into radio and television programming. This purpose is pursued by analysing the language choices and practices on the ZBC radio and television stations and programming. This study is informed by an eclectic approach within the critical theory tradition and therefore it disapproves the domination, marginalisation and exclusion of the indigenous African languages in the ZBC as a public sphere. Against this backdrop, the study envisages the promotion of linguistic diversity and indigenous African languages in the ZBC broadcasting. Data for this study was gathered from the ZBC employees, academics and the ZBC audience using questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. As the local content and multilingual broadcasting policies translated into ZBC programming, this study detected a hierarchical organisation of the languages spoken in Zimbabwe on the radio and television stations where English is the most dominant language, while Shona and Ndebele dominate the minority languages, Shona dominates Ndebele and the supremacy of the Zezuru dialect in the Shona language is easily felt. This is a confirmation of the fragility of Zimbabwean linguistic nationalism in the ZBC which is convoluted by the ideological and political nature of the media, electronic colonisation, the political economy of broadcasting, the transformation of the ZBC public sphere by the market and state interests, the influence of the global media firms, and the relentless hegemony of the western countries in the world system. This study established that broadcasting in indigenous African languages is obligatory if the informative, communicative and symbolic functions of the public service broadcasting are to be achieved. However, this study contends that it is remarkably insufficient for linguists to minimally identify, lament and deplore the marginalisation and exclusion of the indigenous African languages in the ZBC without taking into account the economic, political and technological factors which contribute to the marginalisation and exclusion of these languages in the ZBC broadcasting in the context of the local content and multilingual broadcasting policies. Therefore, this study implores scholars in the discipline of language studies to ameliorate their sophistication by espousing a multidisciplinary approach to the study of language if they are to make meaningful arguments which can influence meaningful language policy outcomes instead of parroting. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)