The present study investigated the associations of media use of children, media use of mothers, and parent-child interactions with behavioral strengths and difficulties in children. Screen time of 553 2- to 9-year-old children and their mothers were indicated by the daily durations of their TV/games console/computer/mobile phone use. The amount of parent–child interaction was indicated by the frequencies of shared activities at home. Behavioral strengths and difficulties of children were investigated using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Children whose mothers reported high screen times (>/= 5 h/day) were significantly more likely to show high screen times (>/= 2 h/day). High screen time of children was associated with more conduct problems, more symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention and less prosocial behavior. High screen time of mothers was associated with emotional problems, conduct problems, and symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention. In contrast, a higher frequency of parent–child interactions was associated with fewer conduct problems, fewer peer-relationship problems, and more prosocial behavior of children. Children might use the media behavior of their mothers as a role model for their own media use. Furthermore, the findings suggest that media use of children and mothers and parent–child interaction contribute independently to behavioral strengths and difficulties of children.

Given the ubiquity of media use, especially among young children, the current study examines the impact of problematic media use (PMU) on children's (N = 418, M age = 53.62 months, SD = 3.38 months, M and SD are taken from the full sample of 418 children) physiological functioning. With previous studies reporting relations between media use, temperament, and physiological regulation, it was hypothesized that children with greater levels of PMU would have lower levels of baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; a measure of physiological regulatory capacity). It is further hypothesized that, higher levels of negative affect, and lower levels of effortful control (two distinct domains of temperament) would be linked to both PMU and RSA and that temperament might mediate the associations between PMU and physiological regulation (RSA) (i.e., higher negative affect, lower effortful control linked to higher PMU and lower RSA). Data were drawn from Wave 5 of Project M.E.D.I.A, a longitudinal study of the effects of media on children's development. Findings revealed that PMU was significantly linked to lower baseline RSA for girls, but not for boys. Both boys' and girls' PMU was linked to higher levels of negative affect. Girls' PMU was linked to lower effortful control. The hypothesis that temperament would meditate links between PMU and RSA was not supported. The sex difference in the relation between PMU and baseline RSA are discussed, including potential differences in content of media girls are using as well as potential developmental differences for girls' reactivity compared to boys. Overall, PMU may lead to diminished physiological regulation, especially for girls, and appears to be linked to higher levels of negative affect in children. It is important for parents to be aware of the potential impact media use may have on their children's development.

Social ångest på sociala medier är ett relativt outforskat område där fortsatt forskning underlättas av psykometriskt tillfredsställande självskattningsskalor. Följande studie syftade till att översätta Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users (SAS-SMU) och psykometriskt utvärdera den avseende dess latenta dimensioner, interna konsistens samt konvergerande respektive divergerande validitet i ett svenskt urval. Därutöver undersöktes samband mellan total användning och passiv respektive aktiv användning av sociala medier och social ångest, eftersom tidigare studier visat en tendens till passiv användning. Tre faktorer erhölls för SAS-SMU och resultaten visade hög intern konsistens samt att skalan konvergerade med SPIN, och divergerade med OCI-R, SWSL, PHQ-9 och GAD-7. Skalans tredje faktor erhöll dock svagare samband med SPIN jämfört med de andra faktorerna. Social ångest associerades med passiv användning i högre utsträckning än aktiv, samt med längre genomsnittlig användning av sociala medier. Resultaten skiljer sig från tidigare studier där signifikanta samband endast erhållits mellan passiv användning och social ångest. / Measurement scales are needed to facilitate further research on social anxiety in the context of social media. This study aimed to translate the Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users (SAS-SMU) and evaluate its psychometric properties in a Swedish sample regarding its underlying dimensions, internal consistency, converging and diverging validity. Furthermore, relationships between passive, active and total use of social media and social anxiety were explored, since previous studies have shown a tendency towards passive use. Three factors were retained for SAS-SMU with satisfactory internal consistency. SAS-SMU converged with SPIN and diverged with OCI-R, SWLS, PHQ-9 and GAD-7. However, the association between its third factor and SPIN was weaker compared to the other factors. Results indicated that higher levels of social anxiety were more strongly associated with passive use than active use, as well as longer general social media use. This is at odds with previous studies only reporting significant correlations between social anxiety and passive use of social media.

[pt] São os jovens que convivem de modo contínuo e crescente com novos conteúdos, usos e contextos de interação através das novas mídias, sendo assim é importante investigar mais sobre esses usos e suas possíveis relações entre eles e os processos educativos Os objetivos deste estudo, que tem como base a Pesquisa Juventude e Mídia, estão relacionados a identificação, descrição e análise dos modos de uso de mídias digitais, especialmente da internet, construídos por estudantes do nono ano do ensino fundamental da rede pública municipal do Rio de Janeiro, em contexto escolar e no seu tempo livre e as habilidades desenvolvidas por estes jovens a partir dos usos. A realização desse estudo envolveu a construção e aplicação de questionários junto a 3705 alunos do nono ano do Ensino Fundamental em uma amostra de 39 escolas. A análise dos dados foi baseada na aplicação de oito modelos de regressão linear. Os resultados indicam há uma correlação negativa entre a defasagem idade/série e habilidades (quanto maior o número de anos de atraso em relação à idade esperada menor a probabilidade de se declarar habilidoso), que pode estar relacionada ao efeito da baixa autoestima. Por outro lado há uma correlação positiva entre o desenvolvimento de habilidades e a presença, no âmbito doméstico, de mídias e livros, assim como a prática de atividades culturais cultivadas (frequência a museus, centros culturais, cinema, teatro, shows etc.) que sugere a necessidade de redução da desigualdade social, o que tornaria tais recursos acessíveis a todos. Nossos resultados sugerem que o ganho mais significativo no uso do computador e da Internet entre os jovens pesquisados se dá no âmbito da sociabilidade, entendida como transmissão de conhecimentos, normas e valores entre pares. / [en] The young adults are the ones who interact on a continuous and growing basis with the new contents, uses and interaction contexts through the new media. Therefore, it is important to further investigate these uses and their possible relations between them and with the education processes. The purpose of this study, which has as its basis the Research Youth and Media, are related to the identification, description and analysis of the ways of use of digital media, specially the Internet, developed by students of the 9th grade of the fundamental cycle of the public Municipal schools of Rio de Janeiro in the school context and in their free time and the abilities developed by these young adults as a result of these uses. Carrying out this study involved the development and application of questionnaires to 3,705 students of the 9th grade of the fundamental cycle in a sample of 39 schools. The data analysis was based on the application of eight linear regression models The results show a negative correlation between the gap age/grade and abilities (the higher the number of years of delay as compared to the expected age the lower the probability of the student declaring him/herself skillful)., what may be related to the effect of low self esteem. On the other hand, there is a positive correlation between the development of abilities and the presence in the domestic environment of media and books, as well as the engagement in cultural activities (visits to museums, cultural centers, movie theatres, plays, shows etc) what suggests the need of reducing the social differences, what would make these resources available to all. Our results suggest that the most significant gain resulting from the use of computer and internet among the young adults subject of the research is verified in their sociability, understood as transmission of knowledge, rules and value between the pairs.

abstract: Social media has been extensively researched, and its effects on well-being are well established. What is less studied, however, is how social media affects romantic relationships specifically. The few studies that have researched this have found mixed results. Some researchers have found social media to have a positive influence on relationship outcomes, while other have found social media to have a negative influence. In an attempt to reconcile these discrepancies, the current thesis study explored possible mediators between social media use and relationship health outcomes which, to my knowledge, has not been investigated in previous literature. Three moderators were explored: type of social media use (active use versus passive use), relationship-contingent self-esteem, and social comparison orientation. The baseline portion of the study had 547 individuals, recruited from Arizona State University’s SONA system as well as Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, who were in a romantic relationship for at least three months; the follow-up portion of the study had 181 participants. Results suggest that women who passively use social media exhibit a negative association between hours per day of social media use and baseline relationship satisfaction. Men who passively use social media exhibited a negative association between hours per day of social media use and follow-up relationship satisfaction, as well as a negative association with baseline commitment. While relationship-contingent self-esteem did not moderate the association between hours per day of social media use and relationship health, it was positively related to both men and women’s baseline relationship satisfaction and baseline commitment. Social comparison orientation (SCO) produced minimal results; women low on SCO exhibited a negative association between social media use and baseline relationship satisfaction, and higher SCO for men was associated with lower baseline commitment. Finally, exploratory post-hoc mediation models revealed that relationship comparisons mediated the association between hours per day of social media use and baseline relationship, as well as baseline commitment, for both men and women. Previous research supports the findings regarding passive social media use, while the findings regarding relationship-contingent self-esteem and relationship comparisons add new findings to the romantic relationship literature. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2019

<p>Purpose/Aim: The purpose of this essay is to analyze and discuss how MTV is affected by the development that takes place on the world’s media market. The aim is also to see how MTV’s target group’s image of the channel can give guidelines in how MTV should act in this new media era.</p><p>Material/method: I have examined the development on the media market and then created a model consisting of relevant factors that could affect a TV-channel today. Those factors and the two factors image and profile are then applied on MTV. I have done three interviews with people who work at MTV Networks Nordic and one interview with a person who used to work there. I also arranged three focus groups with members within the target group of MTV (15-24 year). The questions for all of the interviews were based on theories relevant to this study.</p><p>Main results: The results from the interviews and the focus groups showed that the profile and the image of MTV did not agree completely. An example of that is that the staffs of MTV saw the channel as a youth channel while the target group saw it as a music channel. MTV seems to go from being a niche channel to becoming a broader channel, a move that is quite unusual on today’s media market where niche marketing is the main strategy for TV-channels. People within the target group 15-24 uses the Internet more than TV an average day, and the younger members of my focus groups used the Internet more than the older ones. None of the members of the target group watched TV on their mobile phone but they assumed that younger kids would use it a lot in the future. All agreed upon that MTV was a suitable channel for mobile-TV.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>Title: The “Investigator” and the “Updater” – new patterns of news use among young adults.</p><p>Number of pages: 48</p><p>Author: Anna Strinnholm</p><p>Tutor: Amelie Hössjer</p><p>Course: Media and Communications, D- level</p><p>Period: Fall of 2005</p><p>University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University</p><p>Purpose/Aim: The aim of this essay is to provide an description of how daily newspaper, TV, radio and the Internet are used by young adults in order to contribute to Lennar Weibulls model “a typology of the Swedish mediasystem from an audience perspectiv”.</p><p>Method/Material: The method of gathering of empirical material has been conducted by interviewing eight people of how they use daily newspapers, TV, radio and The internet to inform themselves of the daily news. The empirical material has then been analysed by applying a two step method, of first making a summary of the interviews and secondly making a comparison with a model of Lennart Weibull “a typology of the Swedish mediasystem from an audience perspectiv” .</p><p>Main results:Two different types of ideal media users can be drawn from the empirical research, the “Investigator” and the “Updater”. The updater search for news to stay updated and relies on the Internet as main source of information. The Investigator is not satisfied with the Internet as a news media, the investigator search for news for an in debt understanding and find a daily newspaper more suitable. The difference between the media use of the investigator and the updater leads to the conclusion that Internet is not used as news media of in debt information like the daily newspaper, to be correctly understood of how it is used by young adults it should be accepted as a basic news media of providing fast and easy updated news.</p><p>Keywords: information media, news media,, daily newspaper, TV, radio the Internet, young adults, media use,</p>

Purpose/Aim: The purpose of this essay is to analyze and discuss how MTV is affected by the development that takes place on the world’s media market. The aim is also to see how MTV’s target group’s image of the channel can give guidelines in how MTV should act in this new media era. Material/method: I have examined the development on the media market and then created a model consisting of relevant factors that could affect a TV-channel today. Those factors and the two factors image and profile are then applied on MTV. I have done three interviews with people who work at MTV Networks Nordic and one interview with a person who used to work there. I also arranged three focus groups with members within the target group of MTV (15-24 year). The questions for all of the interviews were based on theories relevant to this study. Main results: The results from the interviews and the focus groups showed that the profile and the image of MTV did not agree completely. An example of that is that the staffs of MTV saw the channel as a youth channel while the target group saw it as a music channel. MTV seems to go from being a niche channel to becoming a broader channel, a move that is quite unusual on today’s media market where niche marketing is the main strategy for TV-channels. People within the target group 15-24 uses the Internet more than TV an average day, and the younger members of my focus groups used the Internet more than the older ones. None of the members of the target group watched TV on their mobile phone but they assumed that younger kids would use it a lot in the future. All agreed upon that MTV was a suitable channel for mobile-TV.

Abstract Title: The “Investigator” and the “Updater” – new patterns of news use among young adults. Number of pages: 48 Author: Anna Strinnholm Tutor: Amelie Hössjer Course: Media and Communications, D- level Period: Fall of 2005 University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University Purpose/Aim: The aim of this essay is to provide an description of how daily newspaper, TV, radio and the Internet are used by young adults in order to contribute to Lennar Weibulls model “a typology of the Swedish mediasystem from an audience perspectiv”. Method/Material: The method of gathering of empirical material has been conducted by interviewing eight people of how they use daily newspapers, TV, radio and The internet to inform themselves of the daily news. The empirical material has then been analysed by applying a two step method, of first making a summary of the interviews and secondly making a comparison with a model of Lennart Weibull “a typology of the Swedish mediasystem from an audience perspectiv” . Main results:Two different types of ideal media users can be drawn from the empirical research, the “Investigator” and the “Updater”. The updater search for news to stay updated and relies on the Internet as main source of information. The Investigator is not satisfied with the Internet as a news media, the investigator search for news for an in debt understanding and find a daily newspaper more suitable. The difference between the media use of the investigator and the updater leads to the conclusion that Internet is not used as news media of in debt information like the daily newspaper, to be correctly understood of how it is used by young adults it should be accepted as a basic news media of providing fast and easy updated news. Keywords: information media, news media,, daily newspaper, TV, radio the Internet, young adults, media use,

This dissertation seeks to improve our understanding of the process by which emotions enable citizens to learn about public affairs and engage in political activities during electoral campaigns. It advances a theoretical model that incorporates the dynamics of emotions, various forms of media use, interpersonal communication and political involvement. This affective citizen communication model integrates into a single framework the insights of affective intelligence theory (Marcus, Neuman, & MacKuen, 2000) and the work on communication mediation (McLeod et al., 1999, 2001) and its two iterations, cognitive mediation (Eveland, 2001) and citizen communication mediation (Cho et al., 2009; Shah et al., 2005, 2007). More specifically, it suggests that the effects of emotions triggered by political candidates (e.g., enthusiasm, anxiety, anger) on knowledge of the candidates’ stands on issues and on political participation are largely mediated by communication variables, including news media use, political discussion and debate viewing. By positing emotions as an antecedent of both mediated and interpersonal communication, the study extends current research based on affective intelligence theory. At the same time, the study adds emotions to communication mediation processes, which to date have been studied from a mostly cognitive perspective. To test the relationships between the variables identified in the affective citizen communication model, I rely on panel survey data collected for the 2008 and 2004 U.S. presidential elections by the American National Election Studies (ANES) and the National Annenberg Election Surveys (NAES), respectively. Two types of structural equation models are tested, cross sectional (to relate individual differences) and auto-regressive (to relate aggregate change across waves). Results suggest that positive emotions spark media use, whereas negative emotions spark political discussions, and both types of communication behavior influence issue knowledge and participation in campaign activities. Furthermore, the theorized structure is found to perform better than an alternative structure where communication variables cause positive and negative emotions. Thus, results provide strong support for the proposed affective citizen communication model. Refinements to the proposed model, connections with existing theories of political communication, such as agenda setting and partisan selective exposure, and directions for future research are also discussed. / text