This study is based on a qualitative study conducted through interviews and exploring how individuals aged 50 to 60 describe their experiences of ads on Instagram Stories and which preferences and actions emerge. The aim of this study is to investigate and comprehend how this age group perceives, reacts to, and expresses their preferences for ads on Instagram Stories. These preferences can be linked to categories such as user experience, purchasing behaviour, decision-making, content, presentation, influence and relevance. By employing theories such as the VALS 2 model, uses and gratification, and medium theory, the study examines how individuals in this age group experience and interact with advertisements on Instagram Stories. The results indicated that credibility and relevance were two crucial factors in how participants perceived ads on Instagram Stories. Ads from well-known and credible companies, as well as ads featuring offers or contests, tended to be appreciated more by participants. Additionally, participants expressed a desire for ads to be more relevant to their interests and needs, in order to capture the attention of this age group. / Denna studie är baserad på en kvalitativ undersökning i form av intervjuer, om hur personer i åldersgruppen 50 till 60 år beskriver sina upplevelser av annonser på Instagram Stories och vilka preferenser och ageranden som framträder. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka och förstå hur åldersgruppen upplever, agerar och uttrycker sina preferenser för annonser på Instagram Stories. Dessa kan kopplas till kategorierna användarupplevelser, köpbeteende, beslutsfattande, innehåll, presentation, påverkan och relevans. Genom användningen av teorierna VALS 2-modellen, uses and gratification och medium theory, har det undersökts hur individer i denna åldersgrupp upplever och interagerar med annonser på Instagram Stories. Resultatet visade att trovärdighet och relevans var två viktiga faktorer för hur deltagarna uppfattade annonser på Instagram Stories. Annonser från välkända och trovärdiga företag, och annonser som innehöll erbjudanden eller tävlingar tenderade att uppskattas mer av deltagarna. Dessutom uttryckte deltagarna en önskan om att annonserna skulle vara mer relevanta för deras intressen och behov, för att fånga åldersgruppens uppmärksamhet.

With the new technological advances on the eve of the end of the 19th century, a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic instructional media became available to both teachers and pupils. For effective use of the available instructional media it became increasingly necessary to become both audio and visually literate in order to interpret and understand messages from audio-visual materials/instructional media. This, however, confronted teachers with the urge to become more acquainted with the ways of how to address media selection and integration in a proper way. History as a subject taught at school lends itself to the application of instructional media in a variety of forms. Since the selection of the appropriate or the available media for the teach• ing situation is no easy task, a literature study was undertaken with the purpose of identifying factors that become apparent from media selection models and that need to be considered when instructional media are selected for the teaching of history. Apart from the prob• lem of the lack of an instructional media selection model designed specifically for history teaching, it was possible to propose suitable guidelines based on research findings for the selection of instructional media for history teaching. As far as the empirical research contained in chapter three is concerned, a questionnaire has been developed to determine to what extent history teachers in the present school situation use instructional media, and whether the media available is used effectively. A random sample of fifty (50) schools in the northern region of the Free State was used. Teachers with three years or more experience were asked to complete the questionnaire. An evaluation of the situation was created from the results. One of the most important findings was that a limited number of teachers received training in the effective use of instructional media, or in instructional media science. It appears that the choice of instructional media is considered no easy task by them. Chapter four is devoted to the practical application of instructional media in the teaching of history at the junior secondary level. There lessons have been prepared according to the model that has been developed in this project, which contain aspects of the new outcomes based on education. During the process a selection of media has also been made, ranging from what would be applicable in a school that is fairly adequately equipped with media, to schools that are only partially equipped with media. The study is concluded with a synthesis of all the findings as set out in chapters one through four, where the applicable guidelines for the teaching of history are confirmed. / Thesis (MEd (Vakdidaktiek))--PU vir CHO, 1997

With the new technological advances on the eve of the end of the 19th century, a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic instructional media became available to both teachers and pupils. For effective use of the available instructional media it became increasingly necessary to become both audio and visually literate in order to interpret and understand messages from audio-visual materials/instructional media. This, however, confronted teachers with the urge to become more acquainted with the ways of how to address media selection and integration in a proper way. History as a subject taught at school lends itself to the application of instructional media in a variety of forms. Since the selection of the appropriate or the available media for the teach• ing situation is no easy task, a literature study was undertaken with the purpose of identifying factors that become apparent from media selection models and that need to be considered when instructional media are selected for the teaching of history. Apart from the prob• lem of the lack of an instructional media selection model designed specifically for history teaching, it was possible to propose suitable guidelines based on research findings for the selection of instructional media for history teaching. As far as the empirical research contained in chapter three is concerned, a questionnaire has been developed to determine to what extent history teachers in the present school situation use instructional media, and whether the media available is used effectively. A random sample of fifty (50) schools in the northern region of the Free State was used. Teachers with three years or more experience were asked to complete the questionnaire. An evaluation of the situation was created from the results. One of the most important findings was that a limited number of teachers received training in the effective use of instructional media, or in instructional media science. It appears that the choice of instructional media is considered no easy task by them. Chapter four is devoted to the practical application of instructional media in the teaching of history at the junior secondary level. There lessons have been prepared according to the model that has been developed in this project, which contain aspects of the new outcomes based on education. During the process a selection of media has also been made, ranging from what would be applicable in a school that is fairly adequately equipped with media, to schools that are only partially equipped with media. The study is concluded with a synthesis of all the findings as set out in chapters one through four, where the applicable guidelines for the teaching of history are confirmed. / Thesis (MEd (Vakdidaktiek))--PU vir CHO, 1997

The master thesis "Media education in the family" discusses media education strategies of parents, or, in other words, parental mediation. This discussion is important because the family, in addition to the school system, is largely responsible for influencing the media literacy of children. The theoretical section of this thesis sums up how this topic was processed in foreign and Czech studies, and describes the main characteristics of parental mediation. Media education strategies of parents are also assessed in connection with the socialization of the child, and with the education and communication styles in family. Frequently, studies describe three types of parental mediation, which are: active mediation, restrictive mediation and social co-viewing. Although these types of mediation were defined mostly in connection with the viewing of television programs, it is possible to transfer these types, with small changes, on to other media, including the internet. The practical part of this thesis contains a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with parents who have children between the ages of 12 and 15. The goal of this analysis was to find out what parents think of the relationship between children and media, which strategies of parental mediation they are using, and which conditions and...

¡mAbstract¡n This research examines six presses of Kaohsiung journalists', China Times, Liberty Times, United Daily News, Taiwan Times, Taiwan Shin Wen Daily News, and Public Daily News, the intra-organization media usage for Media Richness and Social Influence Model. It tests four media which are face to face, telephone, e-mail, and written document, and tests which one is suitable for Kaohsiung journalists use in formal communication and informal communication. The result is that the most journalist use face to face as their intra-organization media. Not only testing media usage, this research is also examining the prediction of media usage by Media Richness and Social Influence Model. The result is except downward communication media usage which lacks sufficient samples, the other communication flows' media usage prediction are Media Richness explanation of predicting media usage is better than Social Influence Model. For each press, face to face is the main choice for six presses' journalists in upward communication, horizontal communication and downward communication flow. However, United Daily News' journalists use written document as the main media in informal communication, but the other presses' still use face to face The finding in formal and upward communication, the prediction of media usage by Media Richness and Social Influence Model in Liberty Times doesn¡¦t have significant level. Meanwhile, Liberty Times and Taiwan Shin Wen News' prediction of media usage in horizontal communication don¡¦t have significant level. At last, there are only Liberty Times and Public Daily News's media usage prediction have significant level in informal communication. Keywords:intra-organization, media usage, face to face, telephone, e-mail, written document, formal communication, informal communication, upward communication, horizontal communication, downward communication, Media Richness, Social Influence Model.

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht das alltägliche Mediennutzungsverhalten von Flüchtlingen in Deutschland. Beispielhaft wurden dazu 140 Flüchtlinge in Teilen Sachsens schriftlich anhand standardisierter Fragebogen befragt. Ziel der explorativen Studie war es, ein differenziertes Abbild über die Mediennutzung von Flüchtlingen zu erhalten. Genauer gesagt ging sie der Frage nach, welche Medien Flüchtlinge im Alltag, in welchem Umfang und zu welchem Zweck nutzen. Neben einem an den tagesaktuellen Medien ausgerichteten Medienrepertoire waren im Rahmen der Erhebung Neue Medien von besonderem Interesse. Den Ausgangspunkt zur Formulierung des Forschungsgegenstandes bilden medien- und flüchtlingswissenschaftliche Theorien und Studien, sowie eine situative Betrachtung der in Sachsen lebenden Flüchtlinge. Im Ergebnis zeichneten sich ausgeprägte Mediennutzungspräferenzen hinsichtlich des Smartphones und damit verbunden dem Internet, sowie internetbasierter Anwendungen ab. Darüber hinaus schließt die allgemeine Mediennutzung von Flüchtlingen ein breit aufgestelltes Medienrepertoire aus klassischen und Neuen Medien ein. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse stellen eine Erweiterung der Wissensbasis zur bekannten Thematik dar und eröffnen dadurch Möglichkeiten, anhand derer beispielsweise auf die Entwicklung neuer Medieninhalte für die Zielgruppe Einfluss genommen werden kann. / The current study examines the everyday media usage behavior of refugees in Germany. As an example, 140 refugees in Saxony were surveyed by using standardized paper and pencil questionnaires. Objective of the project was to obtain a differentiated picture of the media usage behavior of refugees. More specifically, the study wants to investigate the question which media refugees use in their daily lives, to what extent and for what purpose. In addition to a media repertoire that was aimed at the daily media, the New Media were of special interest. The study is based on specific theories and reports on media research and refugee studies, as well as a situational view on refugees living in Saxony. As a result, there were noticeable media usage preferences with regard to smartphones and the Internet as well as internet-based applications. In addition, the general media usage of refugees includes a wide-ranging media repertoire of classical and New Media. The findings provide an extension to the knowledge base of the known subject and thus open up possibilities by which, for example, the development of new media content for the target group can be influenced.

Syftet med den här studien var att göra en kvantitativ datainsamling för att kartlägga om det fanns ett samband mellan användning av sociala medier, spel- och studietimmar och stress hos gymnasieungdomar i årskurs 3. Mätinstrumenten som användes var Social Media Addiction Scale (SMAS) och Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) samt två frågor om elevernas spel-och studietimmar.       Resultatet visade att det inte fanns några korrelationer som gav stöd för hypoteserna förutom när det gällde kvinnor, men eftersom de var underrepresenterade var det inte en stark sådan. Enligt resultaten för samband mellan stress, medieanvändning, studietimmar och speltimmar för kvinnor och män fanns det ett medelstarkt positivt samband mellan medieanvändning och studietimmar (r=.556), vilket innebar att ju större användning av sociala medier kvinnorna hade desto fler studietimmar hade de.       Lämplig framtida forskning skulle kunna vara kvantitativa longitudinella studier för att få en bredare analys. Som komplement skulle en kvalitativ intervjustudie kunna användas för djupare analyser inom området. / The aim of this study was to make a quantitative data collection to investigate the relationship between social media usage, time spent gaming, time spent studying and stress of upper secondary school students in grade 3. Two survey methods which were used in the study were Social Media Addiction Scale (SMAS) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and two questions concerning time spent gaming and time spent on homework.       The result showed no significant correlations to support the hypotheses except for women but as they were underrepresented the correlation was insignificant. According to the results as for the relationship between social media usage, time spent gaming, time spent studying and stress of upper secondary school students for men and women a medium strong positive correlation (r=.556) between social media usage and time spent on homework was found in the study which implies that the more social media usage for women, the more time spent studying. Future research should consider quantitative longitudinal studies for broader analyses. Qualitative studies with interviews would help achieving a deeper analysis in the field.

My diploma thesis deals with the phenomenon of the internet and parents' supervision, particularly how parents supervise their children who are the active users of the Internet. This paper is divided into a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is further divided into two sections - one that looks at supervision and mediating strategies and other one that analyses the internet. Both those theoretical chapters explore their subjects with relation to children as the agents. The practical part of my dissertation is a qualitative research in form of interviews, which helps to understand the phenomenon from the parents' position.

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht das alltägliche Mediennutzungsverhalten von Flüchtlingen in Deutschland. Beispielhaft wurden dazu 140 Flüchtlinge in Teilen Sachsens schriftlich anhand standardisierter Fragebogen befragt. Ziel der explorativen Studie war es, ein differenziertes Abbild über die Mediennutzung von Flüchtlingen zu erhalten. Genauer gesagt ging sie der Frage nach, welche Medien Flüchtlinge im Alltag, in welchem Umfang und zu welchem Zweck nutzen. Neben einem an den tagesaktuellen Medien ausgerichteten Medienrepertoire waren im Rahmen der Erhebung Neue Medien von besonderem Interesse. Den Ausgangspunkt zur Formulierung des Forschungsgegenstandes bilden medien- und flüchtlingswissenschaftliche Theorien und Studien, sowie eine situative Betrachtung der in Sachsen lebenden Flüchtlinge. Im Ergebnis zeichneten sich ausgeprägte Mediennutzungspräferenzen hinsichtlich des Smartphones und damit verbunden dem Internet, sowie internetbasierter Anwendungen ab. Darüber hinaus schließt die allgemeine Mediennutzung von Flüchtlingen ein breit aufgestelltes Medienrepertoire aus klassischen und Neuen Medien ein. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse stellen eine Erweiterung der Wissensbasis zur bekannten Thematik dar und eröffnen dadurch Möglichkeiten, anhand derer beispielsweise auf die Entwicklung neuer Medieninhalte für die Zielgruppe Einfluss genommen werden kann.:ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS 5 TABELLENVERZEICHNIS 6 1 EINLEITUNG 6 1.1 Fragestellung 6 1.2 Erläuterung des Vorgehens 7 2 THEORETISCHE ANNAHMEN ZUR MEDIENNUTZUNG IM KONTEXT VON FLUCHT 8 2.1 Mediennutzungsforschung: Begriffe und Spezifikationen 8 2.1.1 Medien 8 2.1.2 Mediennutzung 13 2.1.3 Mediennutzungsforschung 14 2.2 Flüchtlinge als Forschungsobjekte 15 2.2.1 Der Flüchtlingsbegriff 15 2.2.2 Flüchtlingsforschung und ihre Relevanz 16 2.2.3 Flüchtlinge in Sachsen: eine situative Darstellung 18 2.3 Flüchtlinge und Medien – ein Forschungsüberblick 20 3 KONZEPTION UND METHODE DER STUDIE 24 3.1 Forschungsleitende Fragestellungen 25 3.2 Forschungsdesign 26 3.2.1 Datenerhebung mittels standardisierter schriftlicher Befragung 26 3.2.2 Population und Stichprobenauswahl 26 3.3 Fragebogenentwicklung und Operationalisierung 28 3.3.1 Formale Aspekte der Fragebogenentwicklung 28 3.3.2 Translation des Fragebogens 29 3.3.3 Inhaltliche Aspekte der Fragebogenentwicklung 32 3.4 Pre-Test 36 3.5 Durchführung 37 4 EMPIRISCHE ERGEBNISSE ZUR ALLTÄGLICHEN MEDIENNUTZUNG VON FLÜCHTLINGEN 39 4.1 Dateneingabe und Auswertungsmethode 39 4.2 Beschreibung der erhobenen Stichprobe 40 4.3 Darstellung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse 41 4.4 Ergänzende Auswertungen 51 5 SCHLUSSBETRACHTUNG 55 5.1 Methoden- und Ergebnisdiskussion 55 5.2 Ausblick 56 LITERATUR- UND QUELLENVERZEICHNIS 58 ANHANG 63 Ergänzende Tabellen A Anschreiben zur Probandenakquise B Fragebogen Deutsch C Fragebogen Englisch D Fragebogen Arabisch E Fragebogen Persisch (Farsi) F / The current study examines the everyday media usage behavior of refugees in Germany. As an example, 140 refugees in Saxony were surveyed by using standardized paper and pencil questionnaires. Objective of the project was to obtain a differentiated picture of the media usage behavior of refugees. More specifically, the study wants to investigate the question which media refugees use in their daily lives, to what extent and for what purpose. In addition to a media repertoire that was aimed at the daily media, the New Media were of special interest. The study is based on specific theories and reports on media research and refugee studies, as well as a situational view on refugees living in Saxony. As a result, there were noticeable media usage preferences with regard to smartphones and the Internet as well as internet-based applications. In addition, the general media usage of refugees includes a wide-ranging media repertoire of classical and New Media. The findings provide an extension to the knowledge base of the known subject and thus open up possibilities by which, for example, the development of new media content for the target group can be influenced.:ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS 5 TABELLENVERZEICHNIS 6 1 EINLEITUNG 6 1.1 Fragestellung 6 1.2 Erläuterung des Vorgehens 7 2 THEORETISCHE ANNAHMEN ZUR MEDIENNUTZUNG IM KONTEXT VON FLUCHT 8 2.1 Mediennutzungsforschung: Begriffe und Spezifikationen 8 2.1.1 Medien 8 2.1.2 Mediennutzung 13 2.1.3 Mediennutzungsforschung 14 2.2 Flüchtlinge als Forschungsobjekte 15 2.2.1 Der Flüchtlingsbegriff 15 2.2.2 Flüchtlingsforschung und ihre Relevanz 16 2.2.3 Flüchtlinge in Sachsen: eine situative Darstellung 18 2.3 Flüchtlinge und Medien – ein Forschungsüberblick 20 3 KONZEPTION UND METHODE DER STUDIE 24 3.1 Forschungsleitende Fragestellungen 25 3.2 Forschungsdesign 26 3.2.1 Datenerhebung mittels standardisierter schriftlicher Befragung 26 3.2.2 Population und Stichprobenauswahl 26 3.3 Fragebogenentwicklung und Operationalisierung 28 3.3.1 Formale Aspekte der Fragebogenentwicklung 28 3.3.2 Translation des Fragebogens 29 3.3.3 Inhaltliche Aspekte der Fragebogenentwicklung 32 3.4 Pre-Test 36 3.5 Durchführung 37 4 EMPIRISCHE ERGEBNISSE ZUR ALLTÄGLICHEN MEDIENNUTZUNG VON FLÜCHTLINGEN 39 4.1 Dateneingabe und Auswertungsmethode 39 4.2 Beschreibung der erhobenen Stichprobe 40 4.3 Darstellung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse 41 4.4 Ergänzende Auswertungen 51 5 SCHLUSSBETRACHTUNG 55 5.1 Methoden- und Ergebnisdiskussion 55 5.2 Ausblick 56 LITERATUR- UND QUELLENVERZEICHNIS 58 ANHANG 63 Ergänzende Tabellen A Anschreiben zur Probandenakquise B Fragebogen Deutsch C Fragebogen Englisch D Fragebogen Arabisch E Fragebogen Persisch (Farsi) F

Among Swedish adults, 50% are active on social media daily. Regarding body image, 50% of Swedish adolescents are happy with their weight, although no statistics are available among Swedish adults. Time spent on social media is related to body dissatisfaction, and viewing of body positive content increases body appreciation. Applying a salutogenic approach, a theoretical framework of sense of coherence was used in this study. The aim was to examine: if there is a relationship between social media usage and body appreciation in Swedish adults; if there are gender differences; whether this potential relationship is evident after controlling for age, gender, physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, and viewing of body positive content. A quantitative method was used. Data from 153 participants was collected using questionnaires, and analysed using correlation analyses and multiple regression analyses. The results revealed that there was no relationship between general social media usage and body appreciation – however, the less time spent on social media, the better body appreciation participants had. This relationship was only evident among women. The relationship was still observed after controlling for confounding. These findings were in line with some previous findings. Women’s body appreciation could possibly favour from decreased time spent on social media.