Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-10-01T12:53:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoPolimorfismoIndel.pdf: 1495935 bytes, checksum: 9ccc7fbfe35c473aadbc780a1ecae2c2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-10-07T12:32:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoPolimorfismoIndel.pdf: 1495935 bytes, checksum: 9ccc7fbfe35c473aadbc780a1ecae2c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-07T12:32:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoPolimorfismoIndel.pdf: 1495935 bytes, checksum: 9ccc7fbfe35c473aadbc780a1ecae2c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Introdução: O câncer consiste em um problema de saúde publica mundial, com estimativa de 27 milhões de casos novos e 17 milhões de mortes por câncer no ano de 2030. No Brasil, as estimativas para o câncer no ano de 2014, apontam a ocorrência de aproximadamente 580 mil casos novos. As fluoropirimidinas são usadas nos principais esquemas quimioterápicos direcionados a tumores do trato gastrointestinal. Nos últimos anos muito se tem investigado sobre causas de respostas individuais diferenciadas em relação ao tratamento quimioterápico; dessa forma têm-se buscado uma terapia individualizada que possa maximizar a eficácia dos medicamentos e minimizar os efeitos adversos associados aos fármacos. Objetivamos buscar a associação do INDEL (rs16430) do gene TYMS com o padrão de resposta ao tratamento oncológico de fármacos com base em fluoropirimidinas, de maneira a contribuir para o desenvolvimento da medicina personalizada. Material: Estudadas 151 amostras de sangue periférico de pacientes oncológicos tratados com fluoropirimidinas, da população da região amazônica brasileira com elevado grau de mistura interétinica. Foi genotipado um polimorfismo INDEL (rs16430) no gene TYMS envolvido na resposta ao tratamento com uso de fluoropirimidinas. Resultados: A investigação relatou que a maioria dos pacientes tinha doença avançada no momento do diagnóstico; 32,7% receberam tratamento com intenção paliativa; e 22,8% tratamento neoadjuvante. Nossos resultados evidenciam que o polimorfismo INDEL no gene TYMS demonstrou ter um efeito de proteção à progressão tumoral (p=0,033). Pacientes tratados com fluoropirimidinas que eram homozigotos selvagens (INS/INS) apresentaram uma proteção à progressão tumoral de 24% comparado com outros genótipos desse polimorfismo. As estimativas de ancestralidade genômica global da amostra investigada foram: 62,4% europeia; 25,2% nativo americana e 12,4% africana. Foi possível estabelecer uma correlação inversa entre o aumento da ancestralidade ameríndia e a presença de metástase (p=0,024). Conclusão: Estudos farmacogenéticos podem proporcionar uma terapia personalizada reduzindo mortalidade por toxicidades e aumentando a eficácia terapêutica, desta forma proporcionando um tratamento oncológico com melhores resultados clínicos. / Cancer is a public health problem worldwide, with an estimated of 27 million new cases and 17 million cancer deaths in 2030. In Brazil, estimates for cancer in 2014, indicate the occurrence of approximately 580 000 new cases. Fluoropyrimidines are used in the main chemotherapy regimens targeted to tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, much has been investigated on causes of different individual responses to chemotherapy.Thus, it has been sought an individualized therapy that can maximize drug efficacy and minimize adverse effects associated with drugs. We aimed to seek the association of an INDEL polymorphism (rs16430) in TYMS gene with the pattern of response to chemotherapy drugs based on fluoropyrimidines, in order to contribute to the development of personalized medicine. We studied 151 samples of cancer patients treated with fluoropyrimidine, from a population of the Brazilian Amazon region with high interethnic admixture. An INDEL polymorphism (rs16430) was genotyped in TYMS gene that is involved in the response to treatment using fluoropyrimidines. The research reported that most patients had advanced disease at diagnosis, of which 32.7% were treated with palliative intent, and 22.8% neoadjuvant treatment. Our results show that the INDEL polymorphism in the TYMS gene appears to have a protective effect on tumor progression (p = 0.033). Patients treated with fluoropyrimidine who were wild homozygous (INS / INS) had a 24% protection to tumor progression compared to other genotypes of this polymorphism. Estimates of global genetic ancestry of the sample investigated were: 62.4% European, 25.2% Amerindian and 12.4% African. It was possible to establish an inverse correlation between the increase of Amerindian ancestry and metastasis (p = 0.024). Pharmacogenetic studies can provide a personalized therapy toxicity reducing mortality and improving therapeutic efficacy, thereby providing a cancer therapy with better clinical results.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-11-11T16:19:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_AssociacaoPerfilAcetilacao.pdf: 3086713 bytes, checksum: 01d39bac02b2e4df646e16b85b3c5622 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-11-12T12:12:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_AssociacaoPerfilAcetilacao.pdf: 3086713 bytes, checksum: 01d39bac02b2e4df646e16b85b3c5622 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-12T12:12:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_AssociacaoPerfilAcetilacao.pdf: 3086713 bytes, checksum: 01d39bac02b2e4df646e16b85b3c5622 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objetivos: O gene N-acetiltransferase 2 (NAT2) é um marcador para o estudo da susceptibilidade interindividual ao desenvolvimento de neoplasias malignas, visto que a enzima NAT2 participa da metabolização de agentes carcinogênicos e os polimorfismos de base única (SNP) do seu gene produzem enzimas com diferentes atividades, levando a acetilação lenta ou rápida de xenobióticos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar uma possível associação entre os SNPS do gene NAT2 e a susceptibilidade ao acometimento de Adenocarcinoma gástrico ou Carcinoma ductal invasivo da mama em pacientes da região norte do Brasil. Material e Métodos: Os cinco polimorfismos de grande importância para a determinação do perfil de metabolização da enzima NAT2 (C282T, T341 C, C481 T, A803G e G857A) foram investigados por sequenciamento direto de 986 pares de bases, amplificados em duas reações de PCR, no total de 133 pacientes com câncer (63 com Câncer Gástrico e 70 com Câncer de Mama) e 89 indivíduos Controles. Para evitar interpretações espúrias decorrentes do subestruturamento populacional, empregamos um painel de 48 marcadores informativos de ancestralidade (IAM). Resultados: Encontramos diferenças estatísticas para a contribuição parental Africana e Européia, quando comparadas entre os grupos com Câncer e Controles, uma contribuição maior do grupo Africano foi detectada no grupo de estudo com câncer e, no grupo controle, foi detectada uma maior contribuição do grupo Europeu (p<0,001). Os genótipos do polimorfismo C282T dominante (TT + CT) apresentaram associação significativa (p<0,001; OR 3,076; Cl 95% 1,664-5,687) para a susceptibilidade as diferentes formas de Câncer investigadas. Foi observada uma associação significante do perfil de acetilação lenta e rápida com a susceptibilidade ao desenvolvimento das neoplasias investigadas (p=0,010; OR 3,054; Cl 95% 1,303-7,159) e (p= 0,041; OR 0,527 Cl 95% 0,280-0,973) evidenciando que indivíduos com o perfil acetilador lento apresentaram um risco aumentado em até três vezes no desenvolvimento de neoplasias quando comparado com os indivíduos controles. Conclusão: O controle genômico da ancestralidade foi efetivamente importante para a presente investigação possibilitando controlar o efeito da ancestralidade na associação do gene NAT2 para susceptibilidade ao câncer. Neste trabalho foi possivel evidenciar a forte influência do perfil de acetilação lenta do gene NAT2 de xenobióticos na susceptibilidade ao Câncer Gástrico e de Mama. / Objectives: The N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene is a marker for the study of interindividual susceptibility to develop malignant neoplasms, once the enzyme NAT2 takes part in the metabolism of carcinogenic agents and the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of its gene produces enzymes with different activities, leading to either slow or fast acetylation of xenobiotics. The purpose of this study was to investigate a possible association between the NAT2 gene SNPS and susceptibility to the involvement of gastric adenocarcinoma or invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast in patients of northern Brazil. Methods: Five polymorphisms of great importance for defining the metabolism profile of enzyme NAT2 (C282T, T341C, C481T, A803G and G857A) were investigated by direct sequencing of 986 base pairs, amplified in two PCR reactions, totalizing 133 patients with neoplasms (63 with Gastric Cancer-GC and 70 with Breast Cancer-BC) and 89 Control subjects. In order to avoid spurious interpretations resulting from the population substructure, we used a panei with 48 ancestry informative markers (AIM). Results: We found statistical differences for African and European parental contribution when compared between the Cancer and Control groups; a higher African contribution was detected in the study group with Cancer and, in the control group, it was detected a higher European contribution (p<0.001). Dominating polymorph genotypes C282T (TT + CT) showed significant association (p<0.001; OR 3.076; Cl 95% 1.664-5.687) for susceptibility to the different forms of Cancer investigated. A significant association of slow and fast acetylation profile with the susceptibility to develop the investigated neoplasms was noticed (p=0.010; OR 3.054; Cl 95% 1.303-7.159) and (p= 0.041; OR 0.527 Cl 95% 0.280-0.973) clearly showing that individuais with slow acetylator profile showed a risk of developing neoplasms increased to up to three times when compared to Control subjects. Conclusions: Ancestry genomic control was effectively important for this investigation and enabled the control of the ancestry effect on the association of NAT2 gene for susceptibility to cancer. In this study, it was possible to prove the strong influence of xenobiotics slow acetylation profile on the susceptibility to GC and BC.

Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-18T23:32:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-09T02:28:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 138421.pdf: 5245779 bytes, checksum: 1c88036094a8b39afa3aab6923184207 (MD5)

Estudos demonstram que os hospitais sÃo locais propÃcios para a instalaÃÃo e proliferaÃÃo de determinados insetos. Essa situaÃÃo à particularmente preocupante, pois alguns insetos, como as formigas, apresentam o potencial de carrear microrganismos em sua superfÃcie. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade das espÃcies de formigas presentes em dois hospitais terciÃrios do MunicÃpio de Fortaleza, Cearà de carrear espÃcies fÃngicas, buscando uma correlaÃÃo com a microbiota fÃngica do ar. No perÃodo entre marÃo de 2007 a fevereiro de 2008, 2.899 formigas foram capturadas nos dois hospitais. A fauna de formigas foi amostrada mensalmente, em dois turnos, por meio da disposiÃÃo de iscas atrativas nÃo tÃxicas. Concomitantemente à coleta das formigas, por meio da sedimentaÃÃo passiva em placas de Petri, contendo Ãgar Sabouraud 2% de dextrose, foi possÃvel isolar e identificar fungos presentes no ar dos ambientes hospitalares. Para a identificaÃÃo entomolÃgica, uma amostra das formigas capturadas em cada isca foi enviada ao LaboratÃrio de Entomologia da Universidade Estadual do CearÃ, sendo classificadas por critÃrios morfolÃgicos. Simultaneamente, outra amostra das formigas capturadas de cada isca foi encaminhada ao Centro Especializado em Micologia MÃdica. A identificaÃÃo micolÃgica foi realizada mediante cultivo em meios de cultura, que eram semeados e incubados a 26 â 28ÂC por atà 15 dias, sendo identificados por anÃlise macro e micromorfologica, perfil bioquÃmico e utilizaÃÃo de meio cromogÃnico. Foram identificados cinco gÃneros e 13 espÃcies de formigas, presentes em Ãreas crÃticas (8% das formigas coletadas) e semicrÃticas (92%) e nos perÃodos diurno (48% das formigas coletadas) e noturno (52%). Na anÃlise micolÃgica, observou-se que 75% das formigas carreavam fungos, sendo a espÃcie Tapinoma melanocephalum e as espÃcies do gÃnero Pheidole as com maior potencial carreador de fungos anemÃfilos (75% e 18%, respectivamente) e de leveduras (6% e 1%, respectivamente). Dentre os fungos anemÃfilos, os gÃneros Aspergillus (46%), Penicillium (18,5%) e Cladosporium (7%) foram os mais comuns na superfÃcie externa das formigas. Com relaÃÃo ao grupo de leveduras, destacou-se o gÃnero Candida (70% dos isolados). Ao comparar os dados referentes Ãs cepas fÃngicas encontradas no ar com as cepas fÃngicas encontradas na superfÃcie externa das formigas, nÃo se estabeleceu qualquer tipo de correlaÃÃo estatÃstica, embora os gÃneros fÃngicos encontrados na microbiota fÃngica do ar e na microbiota fÃngica das formigas sejam semelhantes. Em suma, as formigas atuam como carreadoras de fungos anemÃfilos e leveduras, incluindo algumas espÃcies patogÃnicas, sendo a vigilÃncia entomolÃgica e o monitoramento sistematizado do ar, de grande importÃncia para a saÃde hospitalar. / Estudos demonstram que os hospitais sÃo locais propÃcios para a instalaÃÃo e proliferaÃÃo de determinados insetos. Essa situaÃÃo à particularmente preocupante, pois alguns insetos, como as formigas, apresentam o potencial de carrear microrganismos em sua superfÃcie. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade das espÃcies de formigas presentes em dois hospitais terciÃrios do MunicÃpio de Fortaleza, Cearà de carrear espÃcies fÃngicas, buscando uma correlaÃÃo com a microbiota fÃngica do ar. No perÃodo entre marÃo de 2007 a fevereiro de 2008, 2.899 formigas foram capturadas nos dois hospitais. A fauna de formigas foi amostrada mensalmente, em dois turnos, por meio da disposiÃÃo de iscas atrativas nÃo tÃxicas. Concomitantemente à coleta das formigas, por meio da sedimentaÃÃo passiva em placas de Petri, contendo Ãgar Sabouraud 2% de dextrose, foi possÃvel isolar e identificar fungos presentes no ar dos ambientes hospitalares. Para a identificaÃÃo entomolÃgica, uma amostra das formigas capturadas em cada isca foi enviada ao LaboratÃrio de Entomologia da Universidade Estadual do CearÃ, sendo classificadas por critÃrios morfolÃgicos. Simultaneamente, outra amostra das formigas capturadas de cada isca foi encaminhada ao Centro Especializado em Micologia MÃdica. A identificaÃÃo micolÃgica foi realizada mediante cultivo em meios de cultura, que eram semeados e incubados a 26 â 28ÂC por atà 15 dias, sendo identificados por anÃlise macro e micromorfologica, perfil bioquÃmico e utilizaÃÃo de meio cromogÃnico. Foram identificados cinco gÃneros e 13 espÃcies de formigas, presentes em Ãreas crÃticas (8% das formigas coletadas) e semicrÃticas (92%) e nos perÃodos diurno (48% das formigas coletadas) e noturno (52%). Na anÃlise micolÃgica, observou-se que 75% das formigas carreavam fungos, sendo a espÃcie Tapinoma melanocephalum e as espÃcies do gÃnero Pheidole as com maior potencial carreador de fungos anemÃfilos (75% e 18%, respectivamente) e de leveduras (6% e 1%, respectivamente). Dentre os fungos anemÃfilos, os gÃneros Aspergillus (46%), Penicillium (18,5%) e Cladosporium (7%) foram os mais comuns na superfÃcie externa das formigas. Com relaÃÃo ao grupo de leveduras, destacou-se o gÃnero Candida (70% dos isolados). Ao comparar os dados referentes Ãs cepas fÃngicas encontradas no ar com as cepas fÃngicas encontradas na superfÃcie externa das formigas, nÃo se estabeleceu qualquer tipo de correlaÃÃo estatÃstica, embora os gÃneros fÃngicos encontrados na microbiota fÃngica do ar e na microbiota fÃngica das formigas sejam semelhantes. Em suma, as formigas atuam como carreadoras de fungos anemÃfilos e leveduras, incluindo algumas espÃcies patogÃnicas, sendo a vigilÃncia entomolÃgica e o monitoramento sistematizado do ar, de grande importÃncia para a saÃde hospitalar. / Studies show that hospitals are propitious sites for the establishment and proliferation of certain insects. This situation is of particular concern because some insects, such as ants, can carry microorganisms on their body surfaces. The aim of this study was evaluate capacity to the ant species present in two tertiary public hospitals in the city of Fortaleza, CearÃ, to carry fungi and to establish a correlation with the airborne fungal microbiota. From March 2007 to February 2008, 2,899 ants were evaluated at two hospitals. The ant communities were sampled monthly, during two periods (day and night), by setting out nontoxic baited traps. Along with collection of the ants, the fungi present in the air of the hospital environments were isolated and identified through the passive sedimentation method in Petri dishes containing Sabouraud dextrose agar. To identify the ant species, a sample from each trap was sent to the Entomology Laboratory of State University of CearÃ, where the ants captured were classified by morphological criteria. Another sample of the captured ants from each trap was sent to the Specialized Medical Mycology Center of the same university. The mycological identification was done by growth in culture media, seeded and incubated at 26-28ÂC for up to 15 days, with identification through macro and micromorphological analysis, biochemical profiling and growth in chromogenic medium. From this study, five genera and thirteen species of ants were identified, from the hospitalsâ critical areas (8% of the collected ants) and semi-critical areas (92%), during the daytime (48%) and nighttime (52%) periods. In the mycological analysis, 75% of the ants were fungi carriers, with Tapinoma melanocephalum and species from the genus Pheidole having the most potential as carriers of airborne fungi (75% and 18%, respectively) and yeasts (6% and 1%, respectively). Among the airborne fungi identified, those belonging to the Aspergillus (46%), Penicillium (18.5%) and Cladosporium (7%) genera were most common on the antsâ body surfaces. The predominant yeasts belonged to the Candida genus (70% of those isolated). Comparison of the fungal strains found in the air with those found on the ants did not establish any statistic correlation between the two fungal microbiotas. In summary, ants act as potential vectors of airborne fungi and yeasts, including some pathogenic species. Therefore, vigilance against insects and systematic air monitoring are important measures to ensure the healthfulness of hospital environments. / Studies show that hospitals are propitious sites for the establishment and proliferation of certain insects. This situation is of particular concern because some insects, such as ants, can carry microorganisms on their body surfaces. The aim of this study was evaluate capacity to the ant species present in two tertiary public hospitals in the city of Fortaleza, CearÃ, to carry fungi and to establish a correlation with the airborne fungal microbiota. From March 2007 to February 2008, 2,899 ants were evaluated at two hospitals. The ant communities were sampled monthly, during two periods (day and night), by setting out nontoxic baited traps. Along with collection of the ants, the fungi present in the air of the hospital environments were isolated and identified through the passive sedimentation method in Petri dishes containing Sabouraud dextrose agar. To identify the ant species, a sample from each trap was sent to the Entomology Laboratory of State University of CearÃ, where the ants captured were classified by morphological criteria. Another sample of the captured ants from each trap was sent to the Specialized Medical Mycology Center of the same university. The mycological identification was done by growth in culture media, seeded and incubated at 26-28ÂC for up to 15 days, with identification through macro and micromorphological analysis, biochemical profiling and growth in chromogenic medium. From this study, five genera and thirteen species of ants were identified, from the hospitalsâ critical areas (8% of the collected ants) and semi-critical areas (92%), during the daytime (48%) and nighttime (52%) periods. In the mycological analysis, 75% of the ants were fungi carriers, with Tapinoma melanocephalum and species from the genus Pheidole having the most potential as carriers of airborne fungi (75% and 18%, respectively) and yeasts (6% and 1%, respectively). Among the airborne fungi identified, those belonging to the Aspergillus (46%), Penicillium (18.5%) and Cladosporium (7%) genera were most common on the antsâ body surfaces. The predominant yeasts belonged to the Candida genus (70% of those isolated). Comparison of the fungal strains found in the air with those found on the ants did not establish any statistic correlation between the two fungal microbiotas. In summary, ants act as potential vectors of airborne fungi and yeasts, including some pathogenic species. Therefore, vigilance against insects and systematic air monitoring are important measures to ensure the healthfulness of hospital environments.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Homoeopathy)-Dept. of Homoeopathy, Durban Institute of Technology, 2006 xx, 108 leaves / Tinea pedis, more commonly known as “Athlete’s foot”, is a common acute infection that occurs in warm, humid climates (Fitzpatrick, et al. 1992:98). Warmth, humidity, trauma and occlusion such as non-breathable footwear increase the susceptibility to infection (Prescott, et al. 1999:814). The infection can become chronic in people who are more susceptible such as patients who are immuno-suppressed or those who have Diabetes mellitus (al Hassan, et al. 2004: 1). The aim of this placebo-controlled double-blind study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a topical naturopathic complex comprising of Allium sativum mother tincture (Ø), Hydrastis canadensis (Ø), Apis mellifica (D3) and Urtica urens (D3) (in an aqueous cream base) in the treatment of Tinea pedis. The complex utilized in this study is regarded as naturopathic because the remedies comprising the complex were selected for the following reasons: •Allium sativum and Hydrastis canadensis, each utilized in mother tincture, were selected for their antifungal properties. •Apis mellifica and Urtica urens, each utilized in D3 potency were selected because their skin symptomotology most accurately matched the symptoms associated with “Athlete’s foot”.

Thesis (M.Tech.:Homoeopathy)-Dept. of Homoeopathy, Durban Institute of Technology, 2007 xvi, 197 leaves / The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of an indigenous South African substance and the traditional uses of that crude substance. The substance under evaluation was Erythrina lysistemon which was prepared homoeopathically to the thirtieth centesimal (30CH) potency.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Homoeopathy)-Dept. of Homoeopathy, Durban Institute of Technology, 2007 ix, 153 leaves / Group analysis of homoeopathic remedies is a relatively new methodology, linking naturally related substances via their common symptomatology. At its very basic level of understanding, it is an attempt to identify a mechanism for understanding groups of related remedies according to the natural classification of various sources used in homoeopathic practice (Scholten, 1993). This not only offers new aspects to well known remedies, but illuminates the smaller, less well known remedies, resulting in a more comprehensive and rounded understanding of the materia medica

Thesis (M.Tech.: Homoeopathy)-Dept. of Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, 2007 x, 95, [4] leaves, Annexures A-C / Until recently the most important method of studying homoeopathic remedies has been to look at each remedy separately and not in the context of a particular group to which it belongs. Group analysis, as defined by pioneering authors such as Sankaran (2002) and Scholten (1993), is an attempt to identify a mechanism for understanding groups of related remedies according to natural classification of the various sources used in homoeopathic practice.

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements of the Master’s Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology. 2013. / This study was a homoeopathic drug proving of Bitis atropos 30CH (derived from Berg adder venom) with a subsequent comparison of the proving symptoms to known venom toxicology and existing remedies from the materia medica, that on repertorisation, yielded the greatest similarities in the Mental, General, Physical and unique symptomatology of Bitis atropos. Methodology : The proving was carried out in the form of a double-blinded, placebo controlled trial on healthy subjects who were administered the proving substance or placebo. The resultant influence of this substance on the health of provers (i.e. symptoms produced) was recorded in journal format and formed the materia medica and ultimately the clinical indications thereof according to the Law of Similars. Twenty eight healthy consenting provers who meet the inclusion criteria (Appendix B), were randomly split into two groups, one being the experimental group comprising 22 provers, and the other a placebo control group comprising 6 provers. This was further split between the researcher and co-researcher, each responsible for 11 provers receiving verum and 3 receiving placebo. The researchers and the individual provers were unaware of their respective group allocation and the provers were unaware of the identity of the proving substance. The fresh venom sourced from a wild, Berg adder, was processed according to the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (Appendix G) to produce the 30CH Homoeopathic potency thereof. Six lactose powders were dispensed to each prover (either placebo or verum) and taken sublingually three times a day or until the onset of symptoms. Symptoms were recorded by the provers in journals over 4 weeks and were closely supervised by the researcher. When the symptoms subsided, the combined journals were collected, collated, analysed, interpreted and validated. Accepted symptoms were converted to materia medica and Repertory format. Results : The proving yielded a total of 903 rubrics, of which 18 were newly created. The systems mostly affected were Dreams, Mind, Head and Eye. Comparison of proving symptoms to that of venom toxicology, as seen in case studies of envenomation by Bitis atropos, yielded similar results, as the sensations experienced in provers closely matched that of known venom toxicology. On repertorisation of the proving symptoms, the existing remedies that were closely related were Sepia officinalis, Lachesis mutus and Argentum nitricum. Further repertorisation of toxicological symptoms indicated a further relation to Belladonna, Natrum muriaticum and Hyoscyamus niger. Conclusion : Clearly observable signs and symptoms were produced by healthy provers in response to administration of Bitis atropos 30CH, in addition there was a significant degree of similarity between proving symptoms and that of known toxicology of the crude substance. The researcher identified Sepia officinalis, Lachesis mutis and Argentum nitricum as the three most similar existing homoeopathic remedies and a detailed comparison thereof was conducted. A further repertorisation of the toxicological symptoms of envenomation by the snake, yielded the remedies Belladonna, Natrum muriaticum and Hyoscyamus niger which were also compared to Bitis atropos.

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements of the Master’s Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, 2013. / Introduction Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition (disorder of the pilosebaceous duct) which is universal in adolescence. Acne vulgaris can persist into adulthood, with 1% of males and 5% of females requiring treatment until 40 years of age. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a homoeopathic complex (Kalium bromatum 9CH, Natrum muriaticum 9CH, Selenium 9CH, Sulphur 9CH and Thuja occidentalis 9CH), compared to placebo, in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Methodology A total of 37 participants between the ages of 18 and 31 were recruited from the Greater Durban area by means of poster advertisements placed on notice boards in shops, pharmacies, health shops, hospitals, schools, tertiary institutions including Durban University of Technology, and other public areas. Handouts were also left at these areas for people to take home. The final sample consisted of 34 participants due to the drop out of 3 participants. After participants read an information letter (English or Zulu), fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research, were diagnosed as having acne vulgaris by the researcher and completed an informed consent form (English or Zulu) and confidential patient information form (English or Zulu), they were randomly assigned to an experimental (homoeopathic complex) group and a control (placebo) group. In the final sample, the experimental (homoeopathic complex) group consisted of 7 males and 10 females, and the control (placebo) group consisted of 9 males and 8 females. Consultations took place at the Durban University of Technology Homoeopathic Day Clinic, and consisted of 3 consultations, an initial consultation followed by 2 follow-up consultations at 3 weekly intervals. The treatment period for each participant was therefore 6 weeks. A case history was taken and a complete physical examination was performed for all participants. The Leeds counting technique was used to assess and measure the response to treatment. The lesions assessed were the non-inflamed lesions (blackheads and whiteheads), inflamed lesions (papules, pustules, nodules, cysts and deep pustules) and the total number of acne lesions (number of non-inflamed and inflamed lesions combined). The response to treatment was measured in terms of a reduction in the number of non-inflamed, number of inflamed and total number of acne lesions, on the face, over the 6 weeks. SPSS version 20 was used to analyse the data. A p value of < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Non-parametric tests were used to analyse the data. The number of non-inflamed, number of inflamed and total number of acne lesions were compared within groups using the Friedman test and between groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. The number of lesions was compared separately for males and females, and also without gender classification. Results In females, the control (placebo) group showed a statistically significant reduction in the total number of acne lesions when compared to the experimental group (p = 0.034). However, as a whole, it was concluded from the results of this study that there was no significant difference in the number of non-inflamed (p = 0.193), number of inflamed (p = 0.290), and total number of acne lesions (p = 0.193) between the experimental (homoeopathic complex) and control (placebo) groups. Both groups showed a similar reduction when compared to each other. Conclusion It was concluded that the homoeopathic complex was not effective in the treatment of acne vulgaris.