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In this thesis, I argue that discourses of victimhood, victory, and xenophobia underpin both Sinhalese and Tamil nationalist and religious fundamentalist movements. Ethnic discourse has allowed citizens to affirm collective ideals in the face of disparate experiences, reclaim power and autonomy in contexts of fundamental instability, but has also deepened ethnic divides in the post-war era. In the first chapter, I argue that mutually exclusive narratives of victimhood lie at the root of ethnic solitudes, and provide barriers to mechanisms of transitional justice and memorialization. The second chapter includes an analysis of the politicization of mythic figures and events from the Rāmāyaṇa and Mahāvaṃsa in nationalist discourses of victory, supremacy, and legacy. Finally, in the third chapter, I explore the Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam’s (LTTE) rhetoric and symbolism, and contend that a xenophobic discourse of terrorism has been imposed and transferred from Tamil to Muslim minorities. Ultimately, these discourses prevent Sri Lankans from embracing a multi-ethnic and multi-religious nationality, and hinder efforts at transitional justice. By shedding light on the discourses underlying popular nationalist movements, I hope to promote understanding and further post-war reconciliation between ethnic groups in Sri Lanka. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

This thesis analyses four different aspects of devotional life at one of England's largest and wealthiest medieval cathedrals between the years 1092 and 1235. Each of these is associated with the remembrance of the dead. It is an area of religious practice that was subject to momentous change over the course of the period. These changes would have a profound effect on the organization of Christian worship for centuries to come. The thesis assesses how contrasting approaches to the practice of remembrance were able to enhance and shape the composition of the church, and explores what they reveal about the distinctive fellowship of a secular cathedral.

Memento Mori, Latin for “remember thy death,” implores us to be mindful that death is both inevitable and inescapable. What of the records created during the process of dying and about death? Based upon wide-ranging archival research into primary documents, this thesis explores the rich sources of both official, public records, and personal, private ones, relating to mortality on the small-town Canadian frontier before 1950. The community of Red Lake, Ontario, which was established on the frontier as the result of the Red Lake gold rush of 1926, is the subject of a case study. Rather than merely cataloguing sources, this thesis illustrates that by adapting aspects from such archival appraisal methodologies as macroappraisal and documentation strategy, one is able to make available to researchers a wider range of sources relevant to the themes of dying and death. Specifically, by employing a documentation strategy methodology to identify and illuminate the records of human activities surrounding the functions of dying and death, archivists can offer to researchers the opportunity to locate relevant records wherever they may physically be. Since this is an Archival Studies thesis, it does not provide an historical analysis of dying and death, but is an archival study of the types of records related to the theme of mortality on the Canadian frontier: how those records were created, their character, and their capture and preservation in a small community. This thesis is organized into three chapters and a conclusion. Chapter One explores some relevant trends in the secondary literature of three fields: archival appraisal and description, small town or local development on the frontier, and dying and death as human activities. Chapter Two sets the context in which the thesis analyzes mortality on the frontier by outlining the relevant history of the Red Lake District of Northwestern Ontario and its pioneers. The focus is especially on the gold-mining boom years from the mid-1920s until shortly after the Second World War. The heart of the thesis, Chapter Three, is a case study of the various records creators, human activities, and resultant records related to mortality. It is organized according to three phases or functional categories surrounding dying, death, and memorialization. The conclusion summarizes the usefulness of the case study, in light of the literature review in Chapter One. It also suggests areas of further research, including aspects not covered herein, of the records of dying and death on the Canadian frontier. The documentation strategy, adapted from the original methods employed by archivists Helen Samuels and Richard Cox, was found to work best when deployed as a research and descriptive tool for exploring and documenting the records of mortality, more so than its original purpose as an acquisition tool. The strategy has wide-ranging usefulness discovering and then describing a “virtual” documentation universe relating to record-generating human functions and activities. / February 2008

Memento Mori, Latin for “remember thy death,” implores us to be mindful that death is both inevitable and inescapable. What of the records created during the process of dying and about death? Based upon wide-ranging archival research into primary documents, this thesis explores the rich sources of both official, public records, and personal, private ones, relating to mortality on the small-town Canadian frontier before 1950. The community of Red Lake, Ontario, which was established on the frontier as the result of the Red Lake gold rush of 1926, is the subject of a case study. Rather than merely cataloguing sources, this thesis illustrates that by adapting aspects from such archival appraisal methodologies as macroappraisal and documentation strategy, one is able to make available to researchers a wider range of sources relevant to the themes of dying and death. Specifically, by employing a documentation strategy methodology to identify and illuminate the records of human activities surrounding the functions of dying and death, archivists can offer to researchers the opportunity to locate relevant records wherever they may physically be. Since this is an Archival Studies thesis, it does not provide an historical analysis of dying and death, but is an archival study of the types of records related to the theme of mortality on the Canadian frontier: how those records were created, their character, and their capture and preservation in a small community. This thesis is organized into three chapters and a conclusion. Chapter One explores some relevant trends in the secondary literature of three fields: archival appraisal and description, small town or local development on the frontier, and dying and death as human activities. Chapter Two sets the context in which the thesis analyzes mortality on the frontier by outlining the relevant history of the Red Lake District of Northwestern Ontario and its pioneers. The focus is especially on the gold-mining boom years from the mid-1920s until shortly after the Second World War. The heart of the thesis, Chapter Three, is a case study of the various records creators, human activities, and resultant records related to mortality. It is organized according to three phases or functional categories surrounding dying, death, and memorialization. The conclusion summarizes the usefulness of the case study, in light of the literature review in Chapter One. It also suggests areas of further research, including aspects not covered herein, of the records of dying and death on the Canadian frontier. The documentation strategy, adapted from the original methods employed by archivists Helen Samuels and Richard Cox, was found to work best when deployed as a research and descriptive tool for exploring and documenting the records of mortality, more so than its original purpose as an acquisition tool. The strategy has wide-ranging usefulness discovering and then describing a “virtual” documentation universe relating to record-generating human functions and activities.

Memento Mori, Latin for “remember thy death,” implores us to be mindful that death is both inevitable and inescapable. What of the records created during the process of dying and about death? Based upon wide-ranging archival research into primary documents, this thesis explores the rich sources of both official, public records, and personal, private ones, relating to mortality on the small-town Canadian frontier before 1950. The community of Red Lake, Ontario, which was established on the frontier as the result of the Red Lake gold rush of 1926, is the subject of a case study. Rather than merely cataloguing sources, this thesis illustrates that by adapting aspects from such archival appraisal methodologies as macroappraisal and documentation strategy, one is able to make available to researchers a wider range of sources relevant to the themes of dying and death. Specifically, by employing a documentation strategy methodology to identify and illuminate the records of human activities surrounding the functions of dying and death, archivists can offer to researchers the opportunity to locate relevant records wherever they may physically be. Since this is an Archival Studies thesis, it does not provide an historical analysis of dying and death, but is an archival study of the types of records related to the theme of mortality on the Canadian frontier: how those records were created, their character, and their capture and preservation in a small community. This thesis is organized into three chapters and a conclusion. Chapter One explores some relevant trends in the secondary literature of three fields: archival appraisal and description, small town or local development on the frontier, and dying and death as human activities. Chapter Two sets the context in which the thesis analyzes mortality on the frontier by outlining the relevant history of the Red Lake District of Northwestern Ontario and its pioneers. The focus is especially on the gold-mining boom years from the mid-1920s until shortly after the Second World War. The heart of the thesis, Chapter Three, is a case study of the various records creators, human activities, and resultant records related to mortality. It is organized according to three phases or functional categories surrounding dying, death, and memorialization. The conclusion summarizes the usefulness of the case study, in light of the literature review in Chapter One. It also suggests areas of further research, including aspects not covered herein, of the records of dying and death on the Canadian frontier. The documentation strategy, adapted from the original methods employed by archivists Helen Samuels and Richard Cox, was found to work best when deployed as a research and descriptive tool for exploring and documenting the records of mortality, more so than its original purpose as an acquisition tool. The strategy has wide-ranging usefulness discovering and then describing a “virtual” documentation universe relating to record-generating human functions and activities.

Die Dissertation stellt erstmals die episkopale Memoria in England von 1200 bis 1550 im Zusammenhang dar. Das christliche, rituelle Totengedenken, das in der heutigen Forschung mit den Begriffen des Memorial- und Stiftungswesens beschrieben wird, sorgte in diesem Zeitraum für gesellschaftliche Dynamik. In England war die soziale Gruppe der Bischöfe einer der bedeutendsten Träger jener Gedächtniskultur, die auf der Vorstellung beruhte, dass die Toten und ihre im Fegefeuer leidenden Seelen in der Welt gegenwärtig blieben. In einem System gegenseitiger Hilfestellungen hofften die Lebenden und die Toten bis zum Jüngsten Gericht das Seelenheil zu erlangen. Dabei sollten ihr gesellschaftlicher Status und ihre eingenommenen, sozialen Rollen im Tod beibehalten werden. Religiöse Gründe und Repräsentationsstreben bestimmten alle Formen episkopalen Totengedenkens. Die Variabilität bischöflicher Memoria, die sich in Gegenständen und Ritualen äußerte, ist so anhand der englischen Beispiele vorher nicht behandelt worden. Jeder Aspekt wird als Baustein für das erst in seiner Gesamtheit voll wirksame Totengedächtnis verstanden. Fehlende Bausteine oder isolierende Betrachtungen führen zu verzerrter Wahrnehmung. Von zentraler Bedeutung sind hier dennoch die Grabmäler und ihre Typologie. Sie werden vor dem Hintergrund von Auftraggeberanforderungen, funktionalen Aspekten sowie künstlerischen, orts- und zeitspezifischen Optionen der Handwerker behandelt. Formen und Funktionen der Grabmäler, Liturgien, außerliturgischen Rituale, Bau- und Kunstwerke bedingten und durchdrangen sich gegenseitig. Aus dem Anspruch auf ein angemessenes Totengedenken ergaben sich weitreichende soziale Folgen und ein reiches Erbe an Objekten und Bauwerken. Die vorliegende Arbeit verschafft Einsichten in die Phänomene episkopaler Memoria in England, indem sie gegenseitige Kommentierungen und Wechselwirkungen aufzeigt und sich dafür kunst-, glaubens- und sozialgeschichtlich relevanter Quellen bedient. / The dissertation is presenting a unique as well as coherent treatment of the topic of episcopal memorialization in England from 1200 to 1550. The English episcopacy was of substantial importance for furthering the promotion of what is now called the medieval system of foundation and commemoration. During the period concerned, it was believed that the dead and their suffering souls would stay alive in purgatory and were thought to be still present and spiritually connected to the living. By providing mutual support, people hoped to gain salvation on Last Judgement. Social status and role gained in life were to be retained after death and also had to be visually represented in tombs and rituals. Religious reasons and criteria of representation dominated all kinds of episcopal commemoration. Variability of memorialization, expressed in objects and rituals, was yet to be documented with English episcopal monuments and features. The commemoration of one single bishop consisted of many individual aspects. Hence, missing aspects and isolated interpretations are causing misunderstandings and distorted views. Forms and functions of tombs, liturgies, non-liturgical rituals, buildings and artworks influenced each other and were substantially linked. The typology of bishop’s tombs explains which options craftsmen and clients had in certain ages and under certain conditions. Patrons made demands for the look of the monuments. On the other hand, craftsmen created a personal portfolio of what they could offer to potential customers. Bishop’s tombs were also orchestrated with theatrical effects. Aspiration of appropriate commemoration led to wide-ranging social implications and a rich inheritance of objects and building constructions. This dissertation provides annotations and interrelations within the phenomenon of memorialization by considering various areas of history, like the history of art, faith and society.