The dissertation addresses a lacuna in current scholarship concerning the role and meaning of figurative language in Indian Buddhist Mahayana philosophical discourse. Attempting to fill part of it, the dissertation explicates and reconstructs an early Yogacara Buddhist philosophical discourse on metaphor (upacAara, nye bar `dogs pa) and grounds it in a broader intellectual context, both Buddhist and non-Buddhist. This analysis uncovers an Indian philosophical intertextual conversation about metaphor that reaches across sectarian lines, and since it takes place before the height of systematized alamkara-sastra in India, stands to illuminate what may be described as one of the philosophical roots of Sanskrit poetics. The dissertation proceeds by providing translations and analysis of key sections on upacara from a variety of Indian philosophical sources. The first part (chapters I-II) examines the concept's semantic and conceptual scope in the theories of meaning and fundamental works of the Nyaya and Mimamsa schools, and in the school of grammatical analysis (focusing on Bhartrhari's Vakyapadiya). The second part (chapters III-V) examines the understanding of the term in some Yogacara sastras and sutras against the background of their broader Buddhist context. It looks at such texts as the Tattvarthapatalam chapter of the Bodhisattvabhumi and the Viniscayasamgrahani, both ascribed to Asanga; Vasubandhu's Trimsika and its commentary by Sthiramati; the Abhidharmakosabhasya and its commentary by Sthiramati; Dignaga's Pramanasamuccaya; and the Lankavatarasutra. This analysis reveals a Yogacara account of upacara that, because of its underlying referential mechanism, understands the term above all as diagnostic of a breach between language and reality and therefore as marking the demise of a correspondence theory of truth. Moreover, it is shown that some Yogacara thinkers developed this theme into a sophisticated theory of meaning that enabled the school both to insist on this lack of grounding for language and, at the same time, to uphold a hierarchy of truth claims, as required by the school's philosophical soteriological discourse. It is argued that a common feature of all these accounts is their understanding of metaphors not just as content carriers (that is, as informative) but also as performative - actively manifesting and invoking the groundlessness of language through the fact of their proliferation.

Wong Suzanne Shu-Shan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-136). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter PART ONE --- Translation Process: A Metaphorical Mapping Approach / Chapter Chapter One --- James Holmes' Two-Map Two-Plane Text-Rank Translation Process Model / Chapter 1.1 --- Process-oriented Descriptive Translation Studies --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- The serial and structural planes in text processing --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Text maps and information continuums --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Correspondence and counterparts --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Translator's poetics --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6 --- Gideon Toury's cultural-semiotic approach to translating --- p.14 / Chapter 1.7 --- Summary --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Metaphor and Translation / Chapter 2.1 --- Metaphor and translation --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Metaphor: from linguistic anomaly to cognitive assimilation --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- l. A. Richards: interaction and connection --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Paul Ricoeur: innovation and rapprochement --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5 --- Cognitive linguistics: metaphorical mappings --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Cognitive matrix and polysystem --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Analogy and correspondence --- p.32 / Chapter 2.6 --- Hermeneutics: fore-knowledge and fusion --- p.34 / Chapter 2.7 --- Summary --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter Three --- The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor / Chapter 3.1 --- Metaphor comprehension and production --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Brief history and major theorists --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Max Black --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- George Lakoff --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Mark Turner and Gilles fauconnier --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3 --- The structure of thought --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4 --- From text to concept --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5 --- Cross-domain mapping --- p.52 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conceptual blending --- p.56 / Chapter 3.7 --- Summary --- p.59 / Chapter Chapter Four --- An Elaborated Translation Process Model / Chapter 4.1 --- Purpose of the model --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2 --- The serial and structural planes in text processing - diachronic image and synchronic models --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3 --- "Text maps and information continuums - the linguistic, literary and socio-cultural dimensions" --- p.62 / Chapter 4.4 --- Correspondence and counterparts 一 the blended target-text map --- p.65 / Chapter 4.5 --- Translator's poetics 一 factors affecting mapping and blending --- p.68 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.73 / Chapter PART TWO --- Translation Description: Map Analysis of Complex Metaphors / Chapter Chapter Five --- Translation-Descriptive Process: a Map Analysis Approach / Chapter 5.1 --- James Holmes' model of the translation-descriptive process --- p.77 / Chapter 5.2 --- Translation description of complex metaphors from a map analysis approach --- p.80 / Chapter 5.3 --- The translation and translatability of metaphors --- p.81 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Peter Newmark 一 the criss-crossed area of sense --- p.82 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Raymond van den Broeck - information structuration in literary texts --- p.84 / Chapter 5.4 --- The resonance of the whole of language --- p.87 / Chapter 5.5 --- Map analysis: the scope of metaphor --- p.91 / Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Case Study: English translations of the xiaoyaoyou (逍遙遊）metaphor in the Zhuangzi / Chapter 6.1 --- Tao and metaphor: The Zhuangzi and its language --- p.97 / Chapter 6.2 --- The scope of the xiaoyaoyou metaphor in the Zhuangzi --- p.99 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- The metaphorical structuration of the xiaoyaoyou metaphor --- p.101 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- The meaning foci of the xiaoyaoyou metaphor --- p.104 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- "The overarching metaphor, main meaning focus and central mappings of xiaoyaoyou" --- p.106 / Chapter 6.3 --- Translations of the xiaoyaoyou metaphor --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- You (遊） --- p.109 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Cheng (乘)and other riding-related words --- p.116 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Xiaoyao (逍遙） --- p.119 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Xiaoyaoyou (逍遙遊） --- p.120 / Chapter 6.4 --- "Linguistic, literary and socio-cultural mappings from source to target" --- p.125 / Chapter 6.5 --- Observations: hermeneutic sensitivity --- p.127 / Conclusion --- p.130 / Bibliography --- p.133 / Appendix 1 --- p.137

本論文探討兩種修辭法- 象徵和隱喻-在表達自我的概念上的能力。朱迪思萊特的詩賦有強烈的倫理感。查爾斯泰勒的哲學則強調道德在現代自我的形成上所扮演的固有角色。萊特的作品所表達關於自我的概念，可藉著泰勒的學說找到亮光。 / 萊特相信現代人濫用科學和他們對科學思維的重視。萊特對此濫用的回應，影響著她的詩詞創作。她認為現代人對理性和客觀性的依賴使他脫離了他創作力和想像力。語言需要被振興來向人揭示他所擁有的語言財富。詩辭可以為他敞開新的方式來表達和觀看世界。 / 萊特對澳洲的景觀存著一份複雜的關係。「[她]生命中的兩條線 -對國土本身的熱愛和對本土人下場的深切不安」，在她的作品裡編織在一起。生於一個使原居民流離失所而致富的牧民家族，她的詩反映著她所背負的歷史罪疚感。萊特的詩闡述了她的內疚，並重申了她對國土的歸屬感。 / 萊特也因著人類與大自然的斷絶而哀悼。她將此等的斷絶歸究於人類對大自然資源的濫用開發。在她而言，大自然是一股永恆的力量，是充滿著不可否定的屬靈意義的。原住民文化重視土地，以它為生命和靈性的源泉，這是萊特認為現代人應當仿效的。環境的退化成了她的終身關注的政治議題。 / 朱迪思萊特的生命有三條主線 - 詩辭，為原住民的公義和保育。這三條線編織在一起，一方面使她的詩呈現著強烈的道德評價，也同時界定著她的自我身份。明顯地，詩辭 - 象徵與隱喻的重生 - 持續了她的希望，表達了她的關切，並塑造了像她如此的人和詩人。 / This thesis examines the capacities of poetic language, symbol and metaphor, to articulate the self. Given the strong ethical direction of Judith Wright’s poetry, the notion of the self expressed in her work finds illumination in the philosophy of Charles Taylor whose writing on the modern self emphasizes the intrinsic role morality plays in its formation. / Underpinning Wright’s poetics is her response to what she believed was modern man’s misuse of science and his emphasis on scientific thinking. His reliance on rationality and objectivity had left him out of touch with his capacities for creativity and imagination. Language needed to be revitalized to reveal to man the wealth of language in his possession; poetry could open up for him new ways of expressing and seeing the world. / Wright’s relationship with the Australian landscape was complex. The “two threads of [her] life, the love of the land itself and the deep unease over the fate of its original people“, would “twine together in her work. Her poetry reflects the historical guilt she carried as a daughter of wealthy pastoralists who had displaced its original inhabitants. Poetry was Wright’s means of expiation of guilt and re-claiming her sense of belonging to the land. / Wright also mourned man’s loss of connection with nature which she attributed to his instrumental exploitation of its resources. Nature had always been for her an abiding force imbued with inescapable spiritual significance. The value Aboriginal culture placed in the land as a source of life and spirituality was, for Wright, a model for modern man to emulate. Environmental degradation remained for the poet a lifelong concern and political cause. / The three strands of Judith Wright’s life - poetry, justice for Aborigines, and conservation - are woven together to emerge as strong moral evaluations in her poetry and defining values in her identity. It is clear that poetic language - the re-constellating symbol and metaphor - sustained her with hope, enabled her to articulate her deep concerns and helped to shape the person and poet she became. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Lamb, Kirsten Emma Wai-Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-119). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Introduction / Chapter Chapter One --- : Wright and the Self / Chapter i. --- Poetry and the Re-constellation of Language / Chapter ii. --- Born of the Conquerors: Righting the Wrongs of Aboriginal Injustice / Chapter iii. --- “For Earth is Spirit“: Man’s Interconnectedness with Nature / Chapter iv. --- Charles Taylor / Chapter Chapter Two --- : The Self through Symbol / Chapter i. --- Symbols: “Powerful, efficacious, forceful“ / Chapter ii. --- Wright’s Approach to the Symbol / Chapter iii. --- The Child / Chapter iv. --- Darkness / Chapter v. --- Fire / Chapter Chapter Three --- : The Self through Metaphor / Chapter i. --- Metaphors: Innovations of Language / Chapter ii. --- ‘Lament for Passenger Pigeons’: Escaping Disillusion through Metaphor / Chapter iii. --- ‘The Slope’: Resisting Despair through Metaphor / Chapter iv. --- ‘Train Journey’: Epiphany and Renewal through Metaphor / Chapter v. --- ‘To Hafiz of Shiraz’: Encountering the World through Metaphor / Chapter Chapter Four --- : Articulating the Self through Symbol and Metaphor / Chapter i. --- Repeat-able Symbol, Deplete-able Metaphor / Chapter ii. --- Symbols and Bound, Metaphors are Free / Chapter iii. --- Symbols and Metaphors / Concluding Thoughts / Bibliography

by Li Fuyin. / "December 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 247-276). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar como a palavra paz é entendida, em termos de conceito, pelo Conselho de Segurança da Organização das Nações Unidas. Para tanto, são analisados trinta e sete relatórios oficiais produzidos pelo Conselho de Segurança, no período de agosto de 1994 a junho de 2009, acerca das missões de paz realizadas em trinta e uma regiões/países que apresentavam ameaça à paz e à segurança internacionais durante aquele período. De acordo com a Conselheira Gilda Santos Neves, chefe da Divisão das Nações Unidas do Ministério das Relações Exteriores, em seu texto O Brasil e a Criação da Comissão para a Consolidação da Paz (2008), a paz é algo que se consolida e não se constrói. Tal posição norteia a presente pesquisa, uma vez que o objetivo aqui é mapear as expressões linguísticas realizadas através da palavra paz. As bases teóricas desta pesquisa encontram-se fundamentadas na teoria da metáfora cognitiva, de Lakoff e Johnson (1980), bem como no estudo de Deignan (2005) em seu livro intitulado Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics, que visa a fornecer os benefícios que a abordagem cognitiva de metáforas pode obter através da análise de corpora digitalizados. Após compilar os relatórios do Conselho de Segurança e prepará-los para serem lidos pelo programa computacional WordSmith Tools 3.0, foram extraídas todas as ocorrências da palavra paz dos referidos relatórios. Das 686 ocorrências geradas, foram deixadas para análise somente aquelas com sentido metafórico e, no total, nove esquemas conceptuais foram construídos. A pesquisa feita sugere que, para o Conselho de Segurança, a paz é algo profundamente desejado tanto pela população das zonas de conflito quanto pela comunidade internacional. No entanto, a paz não é facilmente construída ou estabelecida. Alcançar a paz implica seguir um processo com diferentes etapas, ou seja, com início, meio e fim, bem como superar obstáculos e retrocessos que surgem no meio do caminho. Para tanto, diversos investimentos têm de ser feitos por todos aqueles envolvidos e realmente interessados na paz mundial. Por fim, vê-se que a visão da Conselheira Gilda Santos Neves, de acordo com as metáforas aqui analisadas, está correta, já que, conforme apontam os resultados do presente estudo, o conceito de paz, para o Conselho de Segurança, não é o de algo a ser construído do zero / The present research aims at investigating how the word peace is understood, in terms of meaning, by the Security Council of the United Nations. In order to do so, thirty seven official reports written by the Security Council, from August 1994 to June 2009, about the peace missions in thirty one areas/countries which presented threat to international peace and to international security during that period are analyzed. According to the Counselour Gilda Santos Neves, Head of UN Division, Ministry of External Relations, in her book O Brasil e a Criação da Comissão para a Consolidação da Paz (2008), peace is something which is consolidated, not built. This statement guides the present research, as the aim here is to map the linguistic expressions realized through the word peace. This research draws on the theory of the cognitive metaphor, by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), as well as the study proposed by Deignan (2005) in her book entitled Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics, which aims at providing the benefits the cognitive metaphor approach can obtain through the analysis of digitalized corpora. After compiling the reports of the Security Council and preparing them to be read by the software used, all the occurrences of the word peace were extracted. From 686 occurrences found, only the ones with metaphorical meanings were taken into consideration and nine conceptual metaphors were created altogether. The research suggests that, for the Security Council, peace is deeply desired not only by the population of the conflict zones but also by the international community. In spite of this fact, peace is not easily built or established. Achieving peace implies following a process with different phases, as well as overcoming obstacles and drawbacks which appear in the middle of the course. Therefore, several investments must be made by everyone involved and interested in global peace. Finally, it can be concluded that, according to the metaphors analysed here, the point of view of the Counselor Gilda Santos Neves is right, as the results of this study show that the concept of peace, for the Security Council, is not of something which must be built from its very beginning

A exigência de lidar diretamente com a subjetividade faz com que a educação apresente características muito peculiares, que desbordam os limites de qualquer organização lógica. Essa tese põe no centro de suas reflexões os usos e limites das metáforas do mundo trabalho em sua função de modelar e, assim, explicar a atividade docente. Analisando as metáforas da tradição (a docência como sacerdócio e a professora como tia) e as metáforas da racionalização (o professor como especialista, trabalhador e profissional) procuramos mostrar que, à medida que a metáfora do trabalho foi se impregnando na escola, a atividade docente acabou por excluir do horizonte de suas preocupações teóricas a capacidade humana de iniciativa. Portando-se como doadora de sentido universal para as atividades humanas, a metáfora do trabalho, que não se reduz ao simples deslocamento de palavra, mas à transposição de um sentido enraizado, tornou-se excessiva e insuficiente para se pensar a tarefa da formação humana. Nesse sentido, a introdução do conceito de ação para elucidar a atividade docente surge com potencial representativo para a prática do professor, ali onde a metáfora do trabalho não consegue realizar plenamente. / The condition to deal directly with the subjectivity has done with that education gets very peculiar characteristics, which overflow the limits of any logical organization. This thesis puts the center of his reflections the uses and the limits of the worlds metaphors work in its function of modeling and thus explain the teaching activity. Analyzing the metaphors tradition (the teaching like a priesthood and the teacher like an aunt) and the metaphors rationalization (the teacher like a specialist, professional and worker) we tried to show that, as the same time that the works metaphors were to impregnate at school, the teaching activity eventually excluded from the horizon of theirs theoretical concerns the capacity of human initiative. Carrying them as the giver of universal meaning to human activities, the works metaphor cant be reduced for a simple shift of the word, but the transposition of a rooted sense, it has become excessive and insufficient to think the educations task. This way, the introduction of actions concept to elucidate the teaching activity emerges with potential representative for the teacher's practice, over there where the works metaphors cant be fully realized.

This Diploma Thesis deals with the topic of the light and the soul in Charles Baudelaire and Otokar Březina in general. Then it concentrates on the particular motifs of the light and the soul and their metaphors. The main point of the Thesis is the poetic texts of both of the writers. The method used in this part is the literary and aesthetic analysis of the texts. Respect to the fact that it is focused on the comparative research, the following method used is the method of comparison which includes the charts with the frequency of the keywords in both of the authors and the enumerations which illustrate the issue of the present chapter. The aim of the Diploma Thesis is not only the comparison in the form and the interpretation but especially the determination of the similarities and the differences of the two poetic types within the framework of the present theme and the literary and historical context. Keywords Charles Baudelaire, Otokar Březina, metaphor, light, soul

Esta pesquisa traz a análise de fenômenos linguísticos extraídos de entrevistas realizadas com seis sujeitos afásicos com diferentes graus de dificuldade de acesso lexical. Observamos a habilidade desses sujeitos em produzir e compreender nomes de animais utilizados em contexto não-literal. Desenvolvemos uma entrevista para determinar se os sujeitos em questão apresentavam dificuldade para acessar os nomes de animais escolhidos. Numa primeira etapa, os sujeitos tiveram de nomeá-los e descrevê-los e, posteriormente, utilizá-los dentro de um contexto provido pela entrevistadora. A hipótese é que possa haver diferença entre a habilidade do sujeito para produzir e compreender nomes de animais dependendo do contexto apresentado. Duas perspectivas de análise diferentes são apresentadas aqui: primeiro, temos as teorias baseadas em correlatos biológicos da linguagem e, em segundo, a teoria linguística de Roman Jakobson sobre o processamento da linguagem e a sua divisão em dois eixos principais, a metáfora e a metonímia (habilidades de abstração baseadas na similaridade e na contiguidade, respectivamente). Alguns sujeitos apresentam dificuldade para produzir formas de palavras no seu sentido literal, mas o mesmo não acontece quando as mesmas palavras são produzidas no seu sentido não-literal, sugerindo que nesses sujeitos o sistema semântico-lexical pode estar mais preservado do que se imagina, sendo que o tipo de entrada ou saída dessas formas lexicais pode ser o elemento prejudicado. A análise das entrevistas realizadas revela que a compreensão dessas mesmas metáforas foi uma tarefa mais laboriosa para os sujeitos, o que reforça nossa hipótese, uma vez que durante a tarefa de compreensão das metáforas os sujeitos não foram providos do contexto dado na tarefa de produção. / This research proposes the analysis of language phenomena taken from interviews made with six aphasic subjects presenting different degrees of lexical access deficits. The focus of this paper is the observation of the ability of these subjects to produce and comprehend names of animals used in a metaphorical context. We developed an interview in order to determine whether the subjects presented problems to access the chosen names of animals. In the first part of the interview, the subjects were asked to name and describe the animal pictures presented and, aftermost, they had to produce and comprehend those names in the context provided by the interviewer. Two distinct perspectives are presented in this paper: first, we have theories based on biological correlates of language, and in second, the linguistic theory by Roman Jakobson about the processing of language and its division in two main axis: metaphor and metonymy (modes of relation based on similarity and contiguity, respectively). Some subjects present distress to produce word forms in their literal meaning, whereas the same does not occur when those words are used in their nonliteral meaning. This suggests that these subjects present a better preservation of the semantic-lexical system than expected, and the only affected element can be the type of input or output of the lexical form. We can see in the interviews presented here that the comprehension of the mentioned metaphors was a more laborious task for the subjects, which reinforces our hypothesis, once during the comprehension part of the interview, the subjects were not provided with the context given previously, in the production task.

A proposta deste trabalho é compreender o significado do vôo virtual, avaliar as características envolvidas e buscar rumos que ampliem sua utilidade. O vôo virtual é considerado como uma metáfora do deslocamento aéreo. Por meio de representações computacionais, permite variações seqüenciais de direção e de altitude sobre representações cartográficas tridimensionais. Caracteriza-se como uma interface flexível de apresentação de dados espaciais, que viabiliza a consulta dos seus atributos. O vôo possui um forte apelo visual, que une as características lúdicas dos jogos eletrônicos com o poder de atração das imagens de satélite. Permite o arranjo temático e temporal das informações mapeadas, aumenta as opções de representação (2 e 3D) e oferece uma visão integrada da superfície terrestre horizontal e vertical, proporcionada pelo sistema geocêntrico de coordenadas e pela pirâmide de múltipla resolução, que controla a variação de escala. / This work is prepared for the purposes of understanding the meaning of a virtual flight, to evaluate the characteristics involved and seek new ways to broaden its utility. A virtual flight is considered as a metaphor of air displacement. Through computerized representations, it enables sequential direction and altitude variations over three-dimensional cartographical representations. It is characterized as a flexible spatial data interface, which makes it possible to query its attributes. The flight has strong visual appeal, which combines the ludic characteristics of video games with the power of attraction of satellite images. It enables a thematic and temporal arrangement of mapped information, increases the options of representation (2 and 3D) and offers an integrated view of the land surface horizontal and vertical made possible through the geocentric system of coordinates and the multiple resolution pyramid, which controls the scale variation.

This thesis adopts a cognitive-phenomenological approach to Apollonius’ presentation of psychological imagery, thus eschewing the cultural-determinist assumptions that have tended to dominate Classical scholarship. To achieve this, I analyse relevant theories and results from the cognitive sciences (Theory of Mind, agency, gesture, conceptual metaphor), as well as perceived socio-literary influences from the post-Homeric tradition and the various advances (for example, medical) from contemporary Alexandria. This interdisciplinary methodology is then applied to the Argonautica in three large case studies: Medea and the simile of the sunbeam (3.755-60), Heracles and the simile of the gadfly (1.1286-72), and, finally, the poem’s overall psychological portrayal of Jason. In so doing, I show that Apollonius conforms to cognitive universal patterns of psychological expression, while also deploying and deepening his specific culture’s poetic, folk, and scientific models.