Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka effekterna av driftsparametrar på ett antal mätbara askrelaterade parametrar i dieselpartikelfilter (DPF) i tunga fordon. Tidigare studier visar att askans packningsdensitet, askflöde och hur askan fördelas inuti ett DPF är beroende av parametrar som temperatur, avgasflöde och oljeförbrukning ett fordon har. Det finns anledning att tro att dessa parametrar också påverkas av hur ett fordon används, varför olika driftsparametrar analyserades för korrelation med de uppmätta askparametrarna. De driftsparametrar som undersöktes i denna studie var medelhastighet, antal stopp per 100 km, tomgångsprocent och bränsleförbrukning. Studien startade med metodutveckling av mätning av askvikter hos DPF och jämförde tre olika metoder, benämnda I, II och III. Metod II, som innebar att väga en bit av ett filter före och efter rengöring av filterstycket från aska med tryckluft valdes som den mest pålitliga och användbara metoden eftersom den var snabbare, behövde mindre av varje DPF för att ge kompletta resultat och kunde användas vid analys av DPF-prover som inte hade undersökts innan de användes i ett fordon. Askvikten, tillsammans med den volymetriska fyllningsgraden och genom att känna till inloppsvolymen för ett DPF användes för att beräkna askans packningsdensitet. Fyllningsgraden och askfördelningsprofilen mättes med bildanalys av mikroskopbilder av sågade tvärsnitt av filterstycket. Korrelationsstudien utfördes sedan med dessa metoder och korrelerades med operativa data extraherade från databaser på Scania CV. För att studera vilka parametrar som var korrelerade till varandra utfördes en principal component analysis (PCA) med de operativa och uppmätta variablerna som en matris av data. PCA-analysen visade att tre primalkomponenter (PC) utgjorde >90% av variationen i de erhållna data och att plug/wall-förhållandet, som är ett numeriskt värde för askfördelningen, var starkt positivt korrelerat med ett fordons medelhastighet och negativt korrelerat med antalet stopp, tomgångsprocent och bränsleförbrukning. Vidare visade askflödet en svagare positiv korrelation med tomgångsprocent, antal stopp och bränsleförbrukning medan oljeförbrukningen visade en ännu lägre korrelation med dessa parametrar. Detta indikerar att oljeförbrukningen ej skall ses som en konstant proportionell andel av bränsleförbrukningen för samtliga fordon vid beräkning av serviceintervall för DPFer. Askans packningsdensitet visade ingen till mycket låg korrelation med andra variabler i studien vilket kan bero på att proverna med hög andel väggaska har använts betydligt kortare sträcka än övriga prover, vilket kan ha gjort så att askan inte hunnits packas hårt i filterkanalerna. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of operational parameters on a number of measurable ash related numbers within diesel particle filters (DPFs) of heavy duty vehicles. Previous studies show that ash packing density, ash flow and how the ash is distributed inside a DPF is dependent on parameters such as temperature, exhaust flow profiles and how much oil a vehicle consumes. There is reason to believe that these parameters are also affected by how a vehicle is operated which is why different operational parameters were analysed for correlation with the measured ash numbers. The operational parameters that was investigated in this study was average speed, number of stops per 100 km, idling percentage and fuel consumption. The study started with method development of measuring ash weights of DPFs and compared three different methods, named I, II and III. Method II, which relies on weighing a piece of a filter substrate before and after cleaning the filter piece from ash with pressurized air was chosen as the most reliable and useful method as it was faster, needed less of each DPF to complete the analysis and could be used when analysing DPF samples that had not been investigated previous to its use in a vehicle. The ash weight, together with the volumetric filling degree and known inlet volume of the DPF was used to calculate the ash packing density. The filling degree and ash distribution profile was measured with an image analysis of microscope images of sawed cross sections of the filter piece. The correlation study was then performed with these methods and correlated with operational data extracted from databases at Scania CV. To study which parameters were correlated to each other a primal component analysis (PCA) was performed with the operational and measured variables as a matrix of data. The PCA analysis showed that three primal components made up >90 % of variation in the data and that plug/wall ratio, which is a numerical value of the ash distribution, was strongly positively correlated with average speed of a vehicle and negatively correlated with number of stops, idling percentage and fuel consumption. Furthermore, ash flow showed a slight positive correlation with idling percentage, number of stops and fuel consumption while oil consumption showed an even slighter correlation with these parameters. This indicates that the oil consumption cannot be taken as a constant value as percentage of fuel consumption when calculating service intervals of DPFs. The ash packing density showed none to very low correlation with any other variables in the study, which could depend on the fact that the DPFs with high percentage of wall ash had a significantly lower runtime which could mean that the ash has not had time to be packed tightly in the filter channels.

Understanding molecular interactions at the surfaces of cellular membranes, including adsorption and transport, is of fundamental importance in both biological and pharmaceutical studies. At present, particularly with respect to small and medium size (drug-like) molecules, it is desirable to gain an understanding of the mechanisms that govern membrane adsorption and transport. To characterize drug-membrane interactions and mechanisms governing the process of molecular uptake at cellular membranes in living organisms, we need to develop effective experimental techniques to reach quantitative and time-resolved analysis of molecules at the membrane surfaces. Also, we preferably want to develop label-free optical techniques suited for single-cell and live cell analysis. Here, I discuss the nonlinear optical technique, second-harmonic light scattering (SHS), for studying molecule-membrane interactions and transport of molecules at the membrane of living cells with real-time resolution and membrane surface-specificity. Time-resolved SHS can quantify adsorption and transport of molecules, with specific nonlinear optical properties, at living organisms without imposing any mechanical stress onto the membrane. This label-free and surface-sensitive technique can even differentiate molecular transport at individual membranes within a multi-membrane cell (e.g., bacteria). In this dissertation, I present our current research and accomplishments in extending the capabilities of the SHS technique to study molecular uptake kinetics at the membranes of living cells, to monitor bacteria membrane integrity, to characterize the antibacterial mechanism-of-action of antibiotic compounds, to update the molecular mechanism of the Gram-stain protocol, to pixel-wise mapping of the membrane viscosity of the living cells, and to probe drug-induced activation of bacterial mechanosensitive channels in vitro. / Chemistry

Um método rápido utilizando cromatografia liquida (LC) foi desenvolvido para determinação simultânea de 7 pesticidas piretróides (bifentrina, cipermetrina, fenpropatrina, fenvalerato, permetrina, lambda-cialotrina, e deltametrina). Os resíduos são extraídos com acetona e a partição realizada de acordo com o método multi-resíduos DFG-S19, substituindo diclorometano por acetato de etila/ciclohexano (1+1) e purificação usando cromatografia de permeação a gel com uma coluna Biobeads SX3 e acetato de etila/ciclohexano (1+1) como eluente. A separação por LC é realizada com uma coluna LiChrospher 100 RP-18 e acetonitrila/água (8+2) como fase móvel. Os pesticidas são detectados em 212nm. As recuperações dos 7 pesticidas piretróides em amostras de feijão fortificadas em 0,010; 0,100; e 1,000 mg/kg ficaram entre 71-105%. A diferença particular deste método é o limite de quantificação, os quais ficaram entre 0,004-0,011 mg/kg, abaixo de muitos outros métodos de LC descritos na literatura. A cromatografia a gás (GC) com detector de captura de elétrons é mais sensível que a LC, mas o método com LC facilita a identificação dos picos. A GC apresenta muitos picos enquanto a LC apresenta apenas um para a maioria dos piretróides. A análise com LC é uma boa alternativa para a determinação de resíduos de piretróides em feijão. Durante o ano de 2005, um total de 48 amostras de feijão comercializadas na cidade de São Paulo, foram analisadas. Nenhum resíduo de pesticida piretróide foi detectado nas amostras. / A rapid liquid chromatographic (LC) method has been developed for simultaneous determination of 7 pyrethroid insecticides (bifenthrin, cypermethrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin) in beans. Residues are extracted from beans with acetone and the partition realized according to the multi-residue method DFG-S19, replacing dichloromethane by ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1+1) and cleaned up using gel-permeation with a Biobeads SX3 column and ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1+1) as eluant. LC separation is performed on a LiChrospher 100 RP-18 column with acetonitrile/water (8+2) as mobile phase. The pesticides are detected at 212 nm. Recoveries of 7 pyrethroid insecticides from beans fortified at 0.010; 0.100; 1.000 mg/kg levels were 71-105 %. The particular differential of this method is the quantification limits, which were between 0.004-0.011 mg/kg, lower than most of the limits reported for LC methods described in the literature. The gas chromatographic (GC) with electron capture detection is more sensitive than LC, but the LC method facilitates the identification of the peaks. Analysis of pyrethroids by GC shows several peaks, but LC shows only one for most pyrethroids. The analysis by LC was a good alternative for determination pyrethroid residues in beans. During 2005 year, a total of 48 bean samples commercialized in Sao Paulo City were analyzed. No residues of pyrethroids pesticides were detected in the samples.

LINHARES JUNIOR, Gilberto Ferreira. Desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia cromatográfica para determinação de bisfenol A em simulantes de alimentos de ensaios de migração. 2012. 101 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2012 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-08T15:09:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_gflinharesjunior.pdf: 1691103 bytes, checksum: 0abb8d914beb4b36dee06bc962679c7b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-08T15:09:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_gflinharesjunior.pdf: 1691103 bytes, checksum: 0abb8d914beb4b36dee06bc962679c7b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-08T15:09:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_gflinharesjunior.pdf: 1691103 bytes, checksum: 0abb8d914beb4b36dee06bc962679c7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / This study aimed to develop and chromatographic method for the determination of bisphenol A in four different food simulants using high performance liquid chromatography and diode array detector (PDA) to support in enasios migration. The simulating used were A (purified water), B (solution aquosade 3% acetic acid), C (aqueous 10% ethanol) and D (aqueous 95% ethanol). Preliminary assessment of the analytical conditions was conducted in order to establish those that confer the best results, which were the system of mobile phase acetonitrile-water in the ratio 70:30 by volume, 40 ° C oven and length of the column wavelength of 201 nm. The retention time of the bisphenol A was found to be 3.25 minutes. For simulating the method of treatment consists of evaporation of sample 1 ml of sample at 60 ° C with duration of 1 hour and 45 minutes (A and C), 2 hours (B) and 1 hour (D). In sequence, the method was evaluated with respect to the parameters of analytical validation, including linearity, limit of detection and quantification, repeatability, intermediate precision between different analysts and between different days, recovery, selectivity and robustness. The method for simulating the coefficient for determining (r ²) or greater than 0.9988 in the range tested (50 to 2000 ppb); detection limit and quantitation, respectively, 14.7 ppb and 48.9 ppb; coefficient variation in repeatability of 2.07% for the inter-day precision of 1.05% and the accuracy of inter-Analyst 1.76%, recovery of 97.9% (CV = 1.3%) (50 ppb ), 99.2% (CV = 0.7%) (1000 ppb) and 103.6% (CV = 0.4%). The results for the simulant B includes coefficient of determination (r ²) 0.9972 or higher; limit of detection and quantification, respectively, 7.8 ppb and 26.0 ppb; coefficients of variation for repeatability of 3.74%, inter day precision, accuracy and 0.14% cross-Analyst 0.2%, 94.8% recovery (CV = 4.8%) (50 ppb) and 99.8% (CV = 0.2% ) (1000 ppb) and 92.3% (CV = 1.2%) (2000 ppb). For the simulant C results include a coefficient of determination (r ²) 0.9988 or higher; limit of detection and quantification, respectively, 4.8 ppb and 16.1 ppb, coefficient of variation for repeatability of 2.84%, accuracy inter-day precision of 1.37% and inter-analysts of 0.14%; de104 recovery, 6% (CV = 2.5%) (50 ppb), 99.8% (CV = 1.3%) ( 1000 ppb) to 102.5% (CV = 2.9%) (2000 ppb). The results for simulating D was 0.9984 r ² or more, detection limit and quantitation, respectively, 13.7 ppb and 45.6 ppb; coefficient of variation of 2.0% to repeatability, accuracy of an inter-day 9% and accurate inter-de1 analysts, 2%; recuperção 92.6% (CV = 1.76%) (50 ppb) and 99.9% (CV = 0.9%) (1000 ppb) and 104 8% (CV = 2.7%) (2000 ppb). There were no significant interferences to the method tested and proved to be robust. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e metodologia cromatográfica para a determinação de bisfenol A em quatro diferentes simulantes de alimentos utilizando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e detector de arranjo de diodo (PDA) para suporte em enasios de migração. Os simulantes utilizados foram A (água purificada), B (solução aquosade ácido acético a 3%), C (solução aquosa de etanol a 10%) e D (solução aquosa de etanol a 95%). A avaliação preliminar das condições de análise foi conduzida com a finalidade de estabelecer aquelas que conferem os melhores resultados, os quais foram o sistema de fase móvel acetonitrila-água na proporção volumétrica 70:30, temperatura de 40°C do forno da coluna e comprimento de onda em 201 nm. O tempo de retenção do bisfenol A encontrado foi de 3,25 minutos. Para os simulantes, o método de tratamento consistiu da evaporação de 1 ml de amostra amostra a 60°C com duração de 1 hora e 45 minutos (A e C), 2 horas (B) e 1 hora (D). Em sequência, o método foi avaliado com relação aos parâmetros de validação analítica, incluindo linearidade, limite de detecção e de quantificação, repetibilidade, precisão intermediária entre analistas diferentes e entre dias diferentes, recuperação,seletividade e robustez. O método desenvolvido para o simulante A apresentou coeficiente de determinação (r²) 0,9988 ou superior no intervalo testado (50 a 2000 ppb); limite de detecção e de quantificação , respectivamente, 14,7 ppb e 48,9 ppb; coeficiente de variação para repetibilidade de 2,07%, para a precisão inter-dias de 1,05% e para a precisão inter-analistas de 1,76%; recuperação de 97,9% (CV= 1,3%) (50 ppb), 99,2% (CV= 0,7%) (1000 ppb) e 103,6% (CV= 0,4%). Os resultados obtidos para o simulante B incluem coeficiente de determinação (r²) 0,9972 ou superior; limite de detecção e de quantificação, respectivamente, 7,8 ppb e 26,0 ppb; coeficientes de variação para repetibilidade de 3,74%, precisão inter-dias de 0,14% e precisão inter-analistas de 0,2%; recuperação de 94,8% (CV= 4,8%) (50 ppb), 99,8% (CV= 0,2%) (1000 ppb) e 92,3% (CV= 1,2%) (2000 ppb). Para o simulante C os resultados incluem coeficiente de determinação (r²) 0,9988 ou superior; limite de detecção e de quantificação, respectivamente, 4,8 ppb e 16,1 ppb; coeficiente de variação para repetibilidade de 2,84%, precisão inter-dias de 1,37%e precisão inter-analistas de 0,14%; recuperação de104,6% (CV= 2,5%) (50 ppb), 99,8% (CV= 1,3%) (1000 ppb) e 102,5% (CV= 2,9%) (2000 ppb). Os resultados para o simulante D foram r² 0,9984 ou superior; limite de detecção e de quantificação,respectivamente, 13,7 ppb e 45,6 ppb; coeficiente de variação para repetibilidade de 2,0%, precisão inter-dias de 1,9% e precisão inter-analistas de1,2%; recuperção de 92,6% (CV= 1,76%) (50 ppb), 99,9% (CV= 0,9%) (1000 ppb) e 104,8% (CV= 2,7%) (2000 ppb). Não foram observados interferentes importantes para o método testado, mostrando-se robusto.

Um método rápido utilizando cromatografia liquida (LC) foi desenvolvido para determinação simultânea de 7 pesticidas piretróides (bifentrina, cipermetrina, fenpropatrina, fenvalerato, permetrina, lambda-cialotrina, e deltametrina). Os resíduos são extraídos com acetona e a partição realizada de acordo com o método multi-resíduos DFG-S19, substituindo diclorometano por acetato de etila/ciclohexano (1+1) e purificação usando cromatografia de permeação a gel com uma coluna Biobeads SX3 e acetato de etila/ciclohexano (1+1) como eluente. A separação por LC é realizada com uma coluna LiChrospher 100 RP-18 e acetonitrila/água (8+2) como fase móvel. Os pesticidas são detectados em 212nm. As recuperações dos 7 pesticidas piretróides em amostras de feijão fortificadas em 0,010; 0,100; e 1,000 mg/kg ficaram entre 71-105%. A diferença particular deste método é o limite de quantificação, os quais ficaram entre 0,004-0,011 mg/kg, abaixo de muitos outros métodos de LC descritos na literatura. A cromatografia a gás (GC) com detector de captura de elétrons é mais sensível que a LC, mas o método com LC facilita a identificação dos picos. A GC apresenta muitos picos enquanto a LC apresenta apenas um para a maioria dos piretróides. A análise com LC é uma boa alternativa para a determinação de resíduos de piretróides em feijão. Durante o ano de 2005, um total de 48 amostras de feijão comercializadas na cidade de São Paulo, foram analisadas. Nenhum resíduo de pesticida piretróide foi detectado nas amostras. / A rapid liquid chromatographic (LC) method has been developed for simultaneous determination of 7 pyrethroid insecticides (bifenthrin, cypermethrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin) in beans. Residues are extracted from beans with acetone and the partition realized according to the multi-residue method DFG-S19, replacing dichloromethane by ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1+1) and cleaned up using gel-permeation with a Biobeads SX3 column and ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1+1) as eluant. LC separation is performed on a LiChrospher 100 RP-18 column with acetonitrile/water (8+2) as mobile phase. The pesticides are detected at 212 nm. Recoveries of 7 pyrethroid insecticides from beans fortified at 0.010; 0.100; 1.000 mg/kg levels were 71-105 %. The particular differential of this method is the quantification limits, which were between 0.004-0.011 mg/kg, lower than most of the limits reported for LC methods described in the literature. The gas chromatographic (GC) with electron capture detection is more sensitive than LC, but the LC method facilitates the identification of the peaks. Analysis of pyrethroids by GC shows several peaks, but LC shows only one for most pyrethroids. The analysis by LC was a good alternative for determination pyrethroid residues in beans. During 2005 year, a total of 48 bean samples commercialized in Sao Paulo City were analyzed. No residues of pyrethroids pesticides were detected in the samples.

For evaluation of potential skincare ingredients, an in-house method using Static Franz diffusion cells and dialysis membranes was developed. Benzoic acid was chosen as a model substance along with L-ascorbic acid and α-Tocopherol. The cell conditions were tailored to encourage transmembrane diffusion. Benzoic acid was tested in acetate buffer (pH 4.6), which yielded a maximum flux of 0.91 ± 0.03 mg ∙ cm-2 ∙ h-1 and absorption of 103 ± 4 % out of the applied dose after 8 h. There were strong indications that benzoic acid ionization must be suppressed by lower pH to increase penetration rates. L-ascorbic acid yielded a flux of 0.29 ± 0.01 mg ∙ cm-2 ∙ h-1 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) and absorption of 87 ± 7 % of the applied dose after 8 h. Experiments with α-tocopherol showed no penetration in PBS with added bovine serum albumin (BSA), leading to the hypothesis that more hydrophobic membranes and/or receptor medium are needed for the study of lipophilic compounds. In addition, the release of benzoic acid from the amorphous mesoporous magnesium carbonate Upsalite® was investigated. The results showed significant release and penetration of benzoic acid from the solid matrix in both acetate buffer and PBS. The maximum flux was estimated to 6.61 ± 0.96 mg ∙ cm-2 ∙ h-1 in acetate buffer and 99 ± 9 %  of the applied dose was absorbed after 3h. Tests of Upsalite with benzoic acid on hydrophobic silicone and Strat-M membranes showed no significant penetration, likely due to insufficient wetting of the sample. Pre-wetting of Strat-M membrane lead to penetration of benzoic acid into the membrane. Flux rates achieved on synthetic membranes are generally much higher compared to skin, which results in this thesis show. In conclusion, data for pure benzoic acid and L-ascorbic acid in the developed method using dialysis membranes showed reasonable agreement with literature. Penetration of benzoic acid is pH-dependent and may be either increased or decreased by choice of skin model or by using Upsalite as vehicle. Choosing a buffer pH below the pKa of the substance may enhance penetration. Introducing L-ascorbic acid in Upsalite could potentially increase the permeation, similar to that of benzoic acid.

Das automatisierte Fahren hat bereits den Weg auf den kommerziellen Markt geschafft und weiterer Fortschritt kann in naher Zukunft erwartet werden. Das Level 3 des automatisierten Fahrens verspricht steigende Sicherheit, Komfort und Verkehrseffizienz. Für den menschlichen Fahrer sind diese Funktionen und damit einhergehende Nutzerschnittstellen eine neuartige Technologie. Im Bereich Human Factors stehen Forschung und Entwicklung vor zwei Herausforderungen, welche (1) der Entwurf von intuitiven und einfach bedienbaren Nutzerschnittstellen und (2) die Entwicklung von Methoden zur Bewertung ebendieser sind. Bei der Bewertung von Technologie wurde bereits häufig auf die sogenannte Preference-Performance Dissoziation aufmerksam gemacht. Diese beschreibt das Ergebnis von Nutzerstudien, in denen die Präferenz (Selbstbericht) der Nutzer nicht mit deren Leistung (beobachtbares Verhalten) übereinstimmt. Dieses Phänomen stellt eine Gefährdung für die Bewertung von Nutzerschnittstellen beim automatisierten Fahren dar. Aufgrund dessen berichtet die vorliegende Dissertation zunächst Untersuchungen zur Messbarmachung von Präferenz und Leistung. Zudem wurde das Verständnis von automatisierten Systemen (mentales Modell) als ein wichtiger Einflussfaktor zur Entstehung des beobachtbaren Verhaltens angenommen und mit in die Arbeiten eingeschlossen. Mithilfe der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse der Messbarmachung widmete sich der zweite Teil der Dissertation den Faktoren, die einen Einfluss auf das Entstehen von Präferenz und/oder Leistung ausüben. Untersuchte Faktoren waren die Anzahl an Wiederholungen von Anwendungsfällen, Rückmeldung zur Bedienleistung, Nutzerschulung und eine statistische post-hoc Analyse. Um die Ziele der Messbarmachung und Einflussnahme zu erreichen wurden drei Fahrsimulatorstudien mit insgesamt N=225 Probanden durchgeführt. Die Haupterkenntnisse waren (1) die Entwicklung einer differenzierten Empfehlung von Fragebögen zur Erfassung der Nutzerpräferenz. Außerdem (2) wurden Erkenntnisse der Entwicklung von Verhaltensmaßen über die Zeit sowie deren Zusammenhang zu Präferenzmaßen gewonnen. Betreffend der mentalen Modelle (3) zeigte die vorliegende Arbeit, dass es wiederholter Interaktion bedarf, damit diese sich korrekt entwickeln. Außerdem kann das Verständnis durch Blickverhaltensmaße erfasst werden. Zusätzlich (4) zeigte sich, dass Leistungsrückmeldung Präferenz, nicht aber Leistung selbst beeinflussen kann. Im Gegensatz dazu (5) wirkt sich Nutzerschulung positiv auf die Korrektheit mentaler Modelle und nachfolgend der Nutzerleistung selbst aus, lässt aber Präferenzmaße unbeeinflusst. Abschließend zeigte sich, dass (6) Nutzer verschiedener Leistungsstufen ähnliche Präferenzurteile fällen. Der theoretische Beitrag der vorliegenden Arbeit liegt in den Einblicken in die Entstehung der beiden Datenquellen der Preference-Performance Dissoziation wodurch diese erklärt und vorhergesagt werden kann. Der praktische Beitrag liegt in der Anwendung der Arbeit zur Messbarmachung von Variablen und Empfehlung zum Studiendesign hinsichtlich Anzahl an Messwiederholungen und Nutzerschulung. Abschließend betreffen die hier gewonnenen Erkenntnisse nicht nur die Bewertung von Nutzerschnittstellen beim automatisierten Fahren, sondern können auch auf andere Automationsbereiche der Mensch-Maschine Interaktion wie beispielsweise Luftfahrt, Robotik oder Medizintechnik übertragen werden. / Driving automation systems have already entered the commercial market and further advancements will be introduced in the near future. Level 3 automated driving systems are expected to increase safety, comfort and traffic efficiency. For the human driver, these functions and according human-machine interfaces are a novel technology. In the human factors domain, research and development faces two challenges which are (1) the conceptualization of intuitive and easy to use interfaces and (2) the development of a methodological framework to evaluate these interfaces. In technology evaluation, a methodological phenomenon has frequently been reported which is called the preference-performance dissociation. It describes the outcome of studies where users' preference (i.e., self-report) does not match their performance (i.e., interaction behavior). This phenomenon poses a threat to the evaluation of automated vehicle HMIs. Therefore, the present thesis first reports investigations on how to operationalize both performance and preference. Moreover, the understanding (i.e., mental model) of automated vehicle HMIs was hypothesized as an influential precursor of performance and included in the present work. Using the insights of the operationalization part, the second part of the thesis aimed at finding out about factors that exert influence on preference and/or performance. Investigated factors were the number of use case repetitions, feedback on operator performance, user education and a post-hoc statistical analysis. To reach the operationalization and variation aims, three driving simulator studies with a total of N=225 participants were conducted. The main outcomes were that (1) a sophisticated recommendation regarding preference questionnaire application could be given. Furthermore, (2) insights into the development of behavioral measures over time and their relation to a satisfaction measure could be given. Concerning mental models, (3) the present work showed that it takes repeated interaction to evolve accurately and gaze measures could also be used for capturing these processes. In addition, (4) feedback on operator performance was found to influence preference but not performance while (5) user education increased understanding and subsequent performance but did not affect preference. Eventually it showed that (6) users of different performance levels report similar preference. The theoretical contribution of this work lies in insights into the formation of the two sources of data and its potential to both explain and predict the preference-performance dissociation. The practical contribution lies in the recommendation for research methodology regarding how to operationalize measures and how to design user studies concerning the number of use cases and user education approaches. Finally, the results gained herein do not only apply to automated vehicle HMIs but might also be generalized to related domains such as aviation, robotics or health care.

Purpose - The purpose of this thesis was to develop a method for how practitioners can utilize value-based pricing of smart services. In order to fulfill this purpose, the following research questions were addressed: RQ1) How can firms identify value drivers for their smart services in order to understand customer perceived value? RQ2) How can firms match the perceived value of their smart service and what type of revenue model to use (i.e., how to price and how much to price)? RQ3) How can firms use value-based pricing for calculating the optimal price of their smart service? Method - This thesis adopts a mixed method. This is done by collecting data through interviews and surveys. This data is then analyzed and utilized to develop a method for value-based pricing of smart services.  Findings - Based on the insights gathered through the explored methods for identifying and measuring value drivers, concluding customers’ willingness to pay, matching it with revenue and pricing mechanisms and finally deriving an optimal price a holistic and structured process that connected these different activities has been proposed (see Appendix S). Theoretical contribution - The major theoretical contribution is the synthesis of three different literature streams (i.e., VBP, revenue model design and smart service commercialization). These areas have, to our knowledge, previously never been integrated in one study. In addition, the developed method successfully addresses identification of value drivers, which previously has been labeled as the biggest barrier for B2B firms wanting to transition towards VBP (Liozu et al., 2012).  Practical implications - This thesis supports management in commercialization of smart services by providing a holistic and systematic process for identifying and measuring value drivers, concluding customers’ WTP, matching it with revenue and pricing mechanisms and finally deriving an optimal price based on VBP. The final developed method is presented in Appendix S. / Syfte - Syftet med detta examensarbete var att utveckla en metod för hur praktiker kan utnyttja värdebaserad prissättning av smarta tjänster. För att uppfylla detta syfte togs följande forskningsfrågor upp: RQ1) Hur kan företag identifiera värdedrivare för sina smarta tjänster för att förstå kundens upplevda värde? RQ2) Hur kan företag matcha det upplevda värdet av sin smarta tjänst och vilken typ av intäktsmodell de ska använda (dvs hur man prissätter och hur mycket prissätter man)? RQ3) Hur kan företag använda värdebaserad prissättning för att beräkna det optimala priset för sin smarta tjänst? Metod - Detta exjobb använder en blandad metod. Detta görs genom att samla in data genom intervjuer och enkäter. Denna data analyseras sedan och används för att utveckla en metod för värdebaserad prissättning av smarta tjänster. Resultat - Baserat på de insikter som samlats in genom de utforskade metoderna för att identifiera och mäta värdedrivande faktorer, utnytja kundernas betalningsvilja, matcha den med intäkts- och prissättningsmekanismer och slutligen härleda ett optimalt pris har en holistisk och strukturerad process som kopplar samman dessa olika aktiviteter presenterats (se Bilaga S). Teoretiskt bidrag - Det största teoretiska bidraget är syntesen av tre olika litteraturströmmar (dvs VBP, intäktsmodelldesign och kommersialisering av smarta tjänster). Dessa områden har, såvitt vi vet, tidigare aldrig integrerats i en studie. Dessutom tar den utvecklade metoden framgångsrikt in på identifiering av värdedrivare, som tidigare har stämplats som den största barriären för B2B-företag som vill gå över till VBP (Liozu et al., 2012). Praktiska implikationer - Det här examensarbetet stöder ledning i kommersialisering av smarta tjänster genom att tillhandahålla en holistisk och systematisk process för att identifiera och mäta värdedrivare, avsluta kundernas WTP, matcha den med intäkts- och prissättningsmekanismer och slutligen härleda ett optimalt pris baserat på VBP. Den slutligen utvecklade metoden presenteras i Bilaga S

Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine on the 24th of February 2022 – most of the United Nations have, in one way or another, participated in the most significant war of many decades. The war is characterized by Russia’s atrocious war crimes, illegal annexations, terror, propaganda, and complete disrespect for international law. On the other hand, the war has also been characterized by Ukrainian resilience, a united Europe, and a new dimension of intelligence gathering through social media.Due to the internet, social media, the accessibility of mobile devices, and Ukraine’s military and civilianeffort in documenting Russian equipment – its whereabouts, status, and quantity, Open-Source Intelligence possibilities have reached new levels for both professionals and amateurs. Despite these improved possibilities, gathering such a vast amount of data is still a Herculean effort.Hence, this study contributes a starting point for anyone wanting to compile equipment losses by providing a process specialized in automatic data extraction and summarization from an existing database. The database in question is the image collection from the military analysis group Oryxspioenkop. To further complement the information provided by Oryxspioenkop, the method automatically extracts and annotates dates from the images to provide a chronological order of the equipment loss as well as a graphical overview.The process shows promising results and manages to compile a large set of data, both the information provided by Oryx and the extracted dates from its imagery. Further, the automated process proves to be many times faster than its manual counterpart, showing a linear relationship between the number of images analysed and manhours saved. However, due to the limited development time – the process still has room for improvement and should be considered semi-automatic, rather than automatic. Nevertheless, thanks to the open-source design, the process can be continuously updated and modified to work with other databases, images, or the extraction of other strings of text from imagery.With the rise of competent artificial image generation models, the study also raises the question if this kind of imagery will be a reliable source in the future when studying equipment losses, or if artificial intelligence will be used as a tool of propaganda and psychological operations in wars to come. / Sedan Rysslands oprovocerade invasion av Ukraina den 24e februari 2022 – har stora delar av de Förenta nationerna engagerat sig i århundradets mest signifikanta krig. Kriget har karaktäriserats av ryska krigsbrott, olagliga annekteringar, terror, propaganda samt en total avsaknad av respekt för folkrätt. I kontrast, har kriget även karaktäriserats av Ukrainas ovillkorliga motståndskraft, ett enat Europa och en ny dimension av underrättelseinhämtning från sociala medier.Genom internet, sociala medier, tillgängligheten av mobiltelefoner och Ukrainas militära och civila ansträngning att dokumentera rysk materiel – vart den befinner sig, vilken status den har samt vilken kvantitet den finns i, har öppen underrättelseinhämtning blomstrat på både professionell och amatörnivå. Dock, på grund av den kvantitet som denna data genereras i, kräver en helhetssammanställning en oerhörd insats.Därav avser detta arbete ge en grund för sammanställning av materielförluster genom att tillhandahålla en automatiserad process för att extrahera data från en befintlig databas. Detta har exemplifierats genom att nyttja bildkollektioner från Oryxspioenkop, en grupp bestående av militäranalytiker som fokuserar på sammanställning av grafiskt material. Utöver detta så kompletterar processen befintliga data genom att inkludera datumet då materielen dokumenterats. Därigenom ges även en kronologisk ordning för förlusterna.Processen visar lovande resultat och lyckas att effektivt och träffsäkert sammanställa stora mängder data. Vidare lyckas processen att överträffa sin manuella motsvarighet och visar på ett linjärt samband mellan antalet analyserade bilder och besparade mantimmar. Dock, på grund av den korta utvecklingstiden har processen fortfarande en del utvecklingsmöjlighet och förblir semiautomatisk, snarare än automatisk. Å andra sidan, eftersom processen bygger på öppen källkod, finns fortsatt möjlighet att uppdatera och modifiera processen för att passa annat källmaterial.Slutligen, i och med den kontinuerliga utvecklingen av artificiell intelligens och artificiellt genererade bilder,lyfter studien frågan om denna typ av data kommer vara en trovärdig källa i framtida analyser av materielförluster, eller om det kommer att förvandlas till verktyg för propaganda och påverkansoperationeri ett framtida krig.

Die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift beschreibt Experimente zur Weiterentwicklung der Methode der elektrothermischen Verdampfung mit induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma und optischer Emissionsspektroskopie (ETV-ICP OES). Ziel ist die Analyse der Mobilisierung einzelner Elemente in Verbrennungsgasatmosphären, um so das Verschmutzungs- und Verschlackungspotential von Energierohstoffen abschätzen zu können. Zur Simulation der Atmosphäre wird Sauerstoff zum Argon-Gasstrom der Verdampfungseinheit in verschiedenen Verhältnissen zugesetzt, weshalb einige Bauteile der ETV und alle Methodenparameter angepasst werden müssen. Der Einfluss der Gasatmosphäre sowie des Temperaturprogrammes auf die Freisetzung der Elemente wird anhand von drei Kohlen unterschiedlicher Inkohlung und Mineralstoffanteile untersucht und die Analysenmethode dementsprechend optimiert. Im Anschluss erfolgt die Anwendung der entwickelten Methode auf acht Argonne Premium Kohlen sowie auf verschiedene Biomassen und Klärschlämme.:1 Motivation und Aufgabenstellung 12 2 Stand der Technik 15 2.1 Energierohstoffe 15 2.2 Ansatzbildung und Korrosion im Kraftwerk 17 2.2.1 Ansatzbildungsmechanismen 17 2.2.2 Korrosion 20 2.2.3 Freisetzung von Störkomponenten 21 2.2.3.1 Schwefel 21 2.2.3.2 Chlor 21 2.2.3.3 Alkalien 22 2.2.4 Analysemethoden zur Ermittlung der Freisetzung von Störkomponenten 23 3 Eingesetzte Methoden und Parameter 27 3.1 ETV-ICP OES 27 3.2 Thermodynamische Gleichgewichtsberechnungen 31 4 Methodenentwicklung modifizierte ETV-ICP OES 33 4.1 Anpassung des ETV-Systems an simulierte Prozessbedingungen 34 4.1.1 Auswahl der Gasatmosphären 36 4.1.2 Vergleich Standardrohr und SiC-beschichtetes Rohr 38 4.1.3 Einfluss der Beschichtung der Probentiegel 39 4.1.4 Fazit 42 4.2 Temperaturprogramm 43 4.3 Linienauswahl 44 4.4 Kalibration für quantitative Analysen 46 4.5 Datenbearbeitung 49 4.5.1 Korrekturfaktor für Massenbilanz 50 4.5.2 Argon-Korrektur 51 4.5.3 Intensität und Freisetzungsverlauf 53 4.5.4 Zusammenfassung notwendiger Datenbearbeitung 56 4.6 Einfluss der modifizierten Methode auf die Kohlematrix 56 4.6.1 Probenauswahl und Charakterisierung 57 4.6.1.1 Bestimmung der Bindungsformen von Kalium und Natrium 59 4.6.2 Elementfreisetzungsverhalten – Analyse der Kohleproben 64 4.6.2.1 Mineralreiche Kohle – 4419 64 4.6.2.2 Mineralarme Braunkohle – 3922 73 4.6.2.3 Steinkohlestandard – 1632d 81 4.6.2.4 Sonderfall Chlor 87 4.7 Fehlerbetrachtung 89 4.8 Zusammenfassung der Methodenentwicklung 92 5 Anwendung der Methode 96 5.1 Argonne Premium Kohlen 96 5.1.1 Kalium 98 5.1.2 Natrium 101 5.1.3 Schwefel 103 5.1.4 Zusammenfassung der Analysen an den APCs 106 5.2 Klärschlamm 106 5.2.1 Probenauswahl 107 5.2.2 Kalium 108 5.2.3 Natrium 111 5.2.4 Schwefel 113 5.2.5 Phosphor 115 5.2.6 Zusammenfassung der Klärschlammanalysen 118 5.3 Biomasse 118 5.3.1 Probencharakterisierung 119 5.3.2 Freisetzungsverhalten der Elemente 120 5.3.3 Zusammenfassung der Analysen an den Biomassen 123 5.4 Rückschlüsse der Ergebnisse auf reale Prozesse 124 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 126 7 Anhang 130 7.1 Analysenmethoden zur Probencharakterisierung 130 7.1.1 Brennstoffanalyse 130 7.1.2 Röntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopie 131 7.1.3 Röntgendiffraktometrie 132 7.1.4 Thermische Analysen 134 7.1.5 Weitere Parameter für die FactSageTM-Berechnungen 135 7.2 Zusatzinformationen zur Methodenentwicklung 136 7.2.1 Methodenparameter 136 7.2.2 Probencharakterisierung 140 7.3 Zusatzinformationen zur Anwendung der modifizierten Methode 147 7.3.1 APC 147 7.3.2 Klärschlämme 148 8 Referenzen 150 9 Veröffentlichungsliste 160 10 Verzeichnisse 161 10.1 Abbildungsverzeichnis 161 10.2 Tabellenverzeichnis 166 10.3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 168 / This dissertation describes the development of a method to analyze the mobilization of individual elements in combustion gas atmospheres with the help of electrothermal evaporation in combination with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectros-copy (ETV-ICP OES) to estimate the pollution and slagging potential of energy feed-stocks. To simulate the atmosphere, oxygen is added to the argon gas stream of the evaporation unit in different ratios. To that end, some components of the ETV unit and all method parameters have to be adjusted. The influence of the gas atmosphere as well as the temperature program on the release of the elements is investigated on the basis of three coals of different degree of carbonization and mineral content and the analysis method is optimized accordingly. Subsequently, the method is applied to analyze eight Argonne Premium coals as well as various biomasses and sewage sludges.:1 Motivation und Aufgabenstellung 12 2 Stand der Technik 15 2.1 Energierohstoffe 15 2.2 Ansatzbildung und Korrosion im Kraftwerk 17 2.2.1 Ansatzbildungsmechanismen 17 2.2.2 Korrosion 20 2.2.3 Freisetzung von Störkomponenten 21 2.2.3.1 Schwefel 21 2.2.3.2 Chlor 21 2.2.3.3 Alkalien 22 2.2.4 Analysemethoden zur Ermittlung der Freisetzung von Störkomponenten 23 3 Eingesetzte Methoden und Parameter 27 3.1 ETV-ICP OES 27 3.2 Thermodynamische Gleichgewichtsberechnungen 31 4 Methodenentwicklung modifizierte ETV-ICP OES 33 4.1 Anpassung des ETV-Systems an simulierte Prozessbedingungen 34 4.1.1 Auswahl der Gasatmosphären 36 4.1.2 Vergleich Standardrohr und SiC-beschichtetes Rohr 38 4.1.3 Einfluss der Beschichtung der Probentiegel 39 4.1.4 Fazit 42 4.2 Temperaturprogramm 43 4.3 Linienauswahl 44 4.4 Kalibration für quantitative Analysen 46 4.5 Datenbearbeitung 49 4.5.1 Korrekturfaktor für Massenbilanz 50 4.5.2 Argon-Korrektur 51 4.5.3 Intensität und Freisetzungsverlauf 53 4.5.4 Zusammenfassung notwendiger Datenbearbeitung 56 4.6 Einfluss der modifizierten Methode auf die Kohlematrix 56 4.6.1 Probenauswahl und Charakterisierung 57 4.6.1.1 Bestimmung der Bindungsformen von Kalium und Natrium 59 4.6.2 Elementfreisetzungsverhalten – Analyse der Kohleproben 64 4.6.2.1 Mineralreiche Kohle – 4419 64 4.6.2.2 Mineralarme Braunkohle – 3922 73 4.6.2.3 Steinkohlestandard – 1632d 81 4.6.2.4 Sonderfall Chlor 87 4.7 Fehlerbetrachtung 89 4.8 Zusammenfassung der Methodenentwicklung 92 5 Anwendung der Methode 96 5.1 Argonne Premium Kohlen 96 5.1.1 Kalium 98 5.1.2 Natrium 101 5.1.3 Schwefel 103 5.1.4 Zusammenfassung der Analysen an den APCs 106 5.2 Klärschlamm 106 5.2.1 Probenauswahl 107 5.2.2 Kalium 108 5.2.3 Natrium 111 5.2.4 Schwefel 113 5.2.5 Phosphor 115 5.2.6 Zusammenfassung der Klärschlammanalysen 118 5.3 Biomasse 118 5.3.1 Probencharakterisierung 119 5.3.2 Freisetzungsverhalten der Elemente 120 5.3.3 Zusammenfassung der Analysen an den Biomassen 123 5.4 Rückschlüsse der Ergebnisse auf reale Prozesse 124 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 126 7 Anhang 130 7.1 Analysenmethoden zur Probencharakterisierung 130 7.1.1 Brennstoffanalyse 130 7.1.2 Röntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopie 131 7.1.3 Röntgendiffraktometrie 132 7.1.4 Thermische Analysen 134 7.1.5 Weitere Parameter für die FactSageTM-Berechnungen 135 7.2 Zusatzinformationen zur Methodenentwicklung 136 7.2.1 Methodenparameter 136 7.2.2 Probencharakterisierung 140 7.3 Zusatzinformationen zur Anwendung der modifizierten Methode 147 7.3.1 APC 147 7.3.2 Klärschlämme 148 8 Referenzen 150 9 Veröffentlichungsliste 160 10 Verzeichnisse 161 10.1 Abbildungsverzeichnis 161 10.2 Tabellenverzeichnis 166 10.3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 168