Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Loreno_Egidio_Taffarel.pdf: 1067313 bytes, checksum: 2fc028c7bc403d425a6d20d875f64557 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-08 / Three experiments were conducted with Tifton 85 grass. The first objective was to evaluate the structural characteristics and bromatological composition of forage under effect of different doses of nitrogen (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg N ha-1 in each cut) and two ages of regrowth (28 and 35 days). The experimental design was a randomized block design with 5x2 factorial arrangement and four replications, and each cut harvest was analyzed independently. It was observed a greater length of stem, leaf size and rate of elongation and the increase in crude protein and lower content fiber in acid detergent and lignin with increasing dose of nitrogen. The greater efficiency of N use, considering the four cuts occurred in the 100 kg N ha-1 at the age of 35 days of regrowth (13.79 kg DM kg-1 of N). O N promoted higher content of crude protein (CP) at the age of 28 days, and happened the highest concentration in the fourth cut (208.2 g kg-1 DM) and lowest in the second cut (140.12 g kg-1 DM); there were no differences between ages in the concentration of mineral matter and acid detergent fiber (ADF). The variation of rainfall exceeding 200 mm between December 2010 and March 2011, influenced the production of MS and, consequently, the total output of nutrients. The second study aimed at assessing the effects on the bromatological composition of the hay in the steps of cut, baling and 30 days after stored under the five levels of nitrogen (N). The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 3x5 (3 steps haying and 5 doses of N), with two cuts harvested for each age of regrowth (28 and 35 days) and for each age was carried out two types of drying hay: dried in field under the sun and in shed, in the shade. Analyses were performed separately for each cut, age and form of drying. It was observed increase in acid detergent indigestible protein (ADIP) after 30 days of storage, the levels of acid detergent fiber increased between 6 and 35% after storage, and the largest increases occurred in the hay dried in the shade; the crude protein (CP) varied according to each cut, but increased as a function of N levels. In absolute terms, there was a greater difference in CP content (less than 31 g kg-1 DM) and neutral detergent fiber (+58.4 g kg-1 DM) between the cut steps and 30 days storage in the dried hay shade. This suggests that is important for better quality hay, a quick drying process for the production of hay. The third study aimed to estimate the curves of dehydration, the occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in Tifton 85 hay dried in the field under the sun and shade (in two cuts and regrowth ages of 28 and 35 days for each form of dehydration) . The experimental design was 5x4 to drying in the sun 5x12 and for drying in the shed, four sampling times (0, 8, 23 and 32 hours) for drying in the sun and twelve sampling times (0, 3, 18, 27, 42, 51, 66, 75, 90, 99, 114 and 123 hours) for drying in shed (in shade), both with five N rates and four replications, with turn over and scatter made by hand daily. For identification of fungi, we used the 5x3 randomized experimental design, five doses of N and three steps of haymaking (cutting, baling and storage of 30 days), with four replications for each age of regrowth and drying forms.Samples were seeded with forage article size of 5 mm on PDA culture medium and after growth were identified with the help of specific identification keys and with the aid of microscopy. To verify the presence of mycotoxins were collected 20 composite samples (each composite sample were from the four replicates of each dose of nitrogen) hay stored for 30 days, with 10 coming from hay dried in the sun and 10 from hay dried in shed. To produce hay with sun-dried fodder was necessary 32 hours of dehydration, water loss rates were greater than 6.10 g g-1 h-1 DM in the first 8 hours after cutting and average loss of water approached 2.0 g g-1 h-1 MS. For dehydrated fodder in the shed, it took 123 hours, with a rate of dehydration below 0.5 g g-1 h-1 for MS due to environmental conditions. There was a predominance of three genera of fungi: Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus. The largest population was Fusarium, followed by Penicillium in the steps of baling and storage. The mycotoxin fumonisin were found in higher concentrations and there was no difference (p> 0.05) in the concentration of fumonisin in the hay dried in the sun (90 μg kg-1) and in the shed (60 μg kg-1). Although there is a low risk to animal health, occurred a higher production of aflatoxins (5,38 μg kg-1) and zearalenone (79,89 μg kg-1) in hay dried in the sun, indicating that the diurnal x nocturnal temperature variation with still high moisture of the material in hay favored the production of mycotoxins and that we must produce hay in a favorable environment, how the rapid dehydration and turning and spreading after harvest to inhibit the production of mycotoxins above permissible levels / Três experimentos foram realizados com capim Tifton 85. O primeiro visou avaliar as características estruturais e a composição bromatológica da forrageira sob efeito de cinco doses de nitrogênio (N) (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 kg ha-1 de N por corte) e duas idades de rebrota (28 e 35 dias). O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, com esquema fatorial 5x2 e quatro repetições. As doses de N promoveram maior comprimento do colmo, tamanho das folhas e taxa de alongamento. Houve incremento no teor de proteína bruta, redução no teor de fibra em detergente ácido e lignina com o aumento da dose de nitrogênio. A maior eficiência de utilização de N, considerando os quatro cortes, ocorreu na dose de 100 kg N ha-1 na idade de rebrota de 35 dias (13,79 kg de MS kg-1 de N). O N promoveu maior teor de proteína bruta (PB) na idade de 28 dias, sendo que a maior concentração ocorreu no quarto corte (208,2 g kg- 1 MS) e a menor no segundo corte (140,12 g kg-1 MS). Não houve diferenças entre idades na concentração de matéria mineral e de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA). A variação de precipitação, superior a 200 mm entre dezembro/2010 e março/2011, influenciou a produção de MS, e por consequência, a quantidade total de PB ha-1. O segundo estudo teve por objetivo a composição bromatológica do feno nas etapas de corte, enfardamento e 30 dias após armazenado, sob as cinco doses de nitrogênio. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x5 (3 etapas de fenação e 5 doses de N), com dois cortes para cada idade de rebrota (28 e 35 dias) e para cada idade foi realizada duas formas de secagem do feno: no campo ao sol e em galpão, na sombra. As análises foram realizadas separadamente, para cada corte, idade e forma de secagem. Verificou-se aumento no teor de proteína bruta indigestível em detergente ácido (PIDA) após 30 dias de armazenamento, os teores de fibra em detergente ácido aumentaram entre 6 e 35% após o armazenamento, sendo que os aumentos maiores ocorreram no feno secado à sombra. Os teores de proteína bruta (PB) variaram de acordo com cada corte, mas aumentaram em função das doses de N. Em valores absolutos, houve maior diferença nos teores de PB (menos 31 g kg-1 MS) e fibra em detergente neutro (+ 58,4 g kg-1 MS) entre o corte e 30 dias de armazenamento no feno secado a sombra. Isto sugere a importância para a produção de feno de melhor qualidade, de um rápido processo de desidratação para produção de feno. O terceiro estudo objetivou estimar as curvas de desidratação, a ocorrência de fungos e de micotoxinas em feno de capim Tifton 85 seco a campo, sob o sol, e à sombra (em dois cortes e idades de rebrota de 28 e 35 dias para cada forma de desidratação). O delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas 5x4, sendo 5 doses de N (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 kg ha) e quatro tempos de coleta (0, 8, 23 e 32 horas) para secagem ao sol, e 5x12, sendo 5 doses de N (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 kg ha) e doze tempos de coleta (0, 3, 18, 27, 42, 51, 66, 75, 90, 99, 114 e 123 horas) para secagem em galpão, com quatro repetições. Realizou-se revolvimento de forma manual, diariamente. Para identificação dos fungos, foi utilizado o esquema de parcelas subdivididas 5x3, sendo cinco doses de N e três etapas de fenação (corte, enfardamento e 30 dias de armazenamento), com quatro repetições para cada idade de rebrota e formas de secagem. Foram semeadas amostras com partículas de forragem com tamanho de 5 mm, em meio de cultivo BDA e após o crescimento foram identificados com auxílio de chaves de identificação específicas e com auxílio de microscopia. Para verificar a presença de micotoxinas foram coletadas 20 amostras compostas (cada amostra composta foi oriunda das quatro repetições de cada dose de nitrogênio) dos fenos armazenados por 30 dias, sendo 10 oriundas de fenos secos ao sol e 10 de fenos secados em galpão. Para produzir feno com a forragem seca ao sol foram necessárias 32 horas de desidratação, com taxas de perda de água superior a 6,10 g g-1 de MS h-1 nas primeiras 8 horas após o corte e média de perda de água que se aproximou de 2,0 g g-1 de MS h-1. Para a forragem desidratada em galpão, foram necessárias 123 horas, com taxa de desidratação inferior a 0,5 g g-1 de MS h-1 devido às condições ambientais. Houve predominância de três gêneros de fungos: Fusarium, Penicillium e Aspergillus. A maior população foi de Fusarium, seguido por Penicillium nas etapas de enfardamento e armazenamento. A micotoxina fumonisina foi encontrada em maior concentração e não houve diferença (p>0,05) na concentração de fumonisina no feno desidratado sob o sol (90 μg kg-1) e em galpão (60 μg kg-1). Embora sem riscos para a saúde animal, houve maior produção de aflatoxinas (5,38 μg kg-1) e zearalenona (79,89 μg kg-1) nos fenos desidratados sob o sol, indicando que a variação de temperatura diurna x noturna com umidade ainda elevada do material em fenação, favoreceram a produção de micotoxinas e que é necessário produzir feno em ambiente favorável, com desidratação rápida por revolvimento após o corte, para inibir a produção de micotoxinas acima dos níveis tolerados

Le « topsoil » comme outil de restauration écologique des terrains miniers dégradés, consiste à récupérer la couche de sol naturellement riche en matières organiques, semences et micro-organismes (qui définissent le potentiel biologique de restauration), lors d'une opération qui précède l'exploitation minière, puis à l'épandre sur les sites à restaurer. Au coeur desproblématiques de restauration écologique, les topsoils apparaissent à travers la littérature comme une technique efficiente et leur utilisation est abondamment préconisée. Toutefois celle-ci ne date, en Nouvelle-Calédonie, que des années 2000. Les connaissances actuelles locales liées à cet outil sont encore fragmentaires, et les caractéristiques des topsoils, tout comme les résultats obtenus sont hétérogènes. Ce travail de recherche a permis d'améliorer notre compréhension des interactions entre les composantes biologiques des topsoils et les phénomènes intervenant dansleur évolution (banque de graines, micro-organismes, et caractéristiques physico-chimiques). Les résultats obtenus ont montré que l'utilisation des topsoils en restauration écologique peut favoriser la restauration des écosystèmes ultramafiques néo-calédoniens, et pourraient trouver une application dans la conception de nouvelles stratégies de restauration écologiques des terrains miniers dégradés du territoire. Néanmoins, il est également apparu que les topsoils ne peuvent à eux seuls restaurer la totalité de la diversité végétale qui caractérise les substrats ultramafiques du territoire, et doivent donc être associés à d'autres techniques de restauration. / "Topsoil", as an ecological tool of restoration of the mines made in terraces, consist of getting back the layers full of organic matter, seeds and micro-organisms (which define the biological potential of restoration), during a procedure made following the exploitation of the mines, then could be extend to the sites which require some restoration.While the problem of ecological restoration is at the center of the debate, topsoil appears, according to the literature, as an efficient technique and their uses are well recommended. However, they only have been used in New Caledonia since the beginning of the XXI century. The actual knowledge of this specific tool is still incomplete, and the characteristics of topsoil, same as the results, remain inconsistent. The research made around this topic gave us a better understanding of the interaction between the biological components of topsoil and their way of evolving (seeds’ bank, micro-organisms and the physic and chemical characteristics). The results obtained demonstrate that the use of topsoil as an ecological restoration could be beneficial for the restoration of the ultramafic ecosystem of New Caledonia. It could, as well, find a place in the development of new strategies of ecological restoration of mines in terrace of the country. However, it has been shown in another hand that topsoil would not be sufficient to restore the entire vegetal diversity of the ultramafic bedrock of the country. For this reason, it has to be associated with different techniques of restoration.

La production de carburants est possible à partir d’eau, d’énergie solaire et de CO2 par la voie de la photosynthèse artificielle. L’optimisation de ce processus est un thème de recherche de l’Institut Pascal. À la petite échelle contrôlant ce procédé, il est indispensable de déterminer les propriétés radiatives des microalgues photosynthétiques pour résoudre l’équation de transfert radiatif au sein des photobioréacteurs. La grande variété des micro-organismes liée à la forme, à l’élongation et aux paramètres de taille fait que la mise en œuvre des méthodes numériques existantes échoue pour des raisons de précision ou de capacité mémoire. De nombreuses communautés scientifiques se heurtent à ce problème d’électromagnétisme non encore résolu surtout pour les particules de grands paramètres de taille. Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont consisté à résoudre ce problème par la méthode modale de Fourier, une méthode numérique a priori développée et optimisée pour modéliser les problèmes de l’optique électromagnétique. Dans cette méthode, chaque micro-organisme est approché par un empilement de couches ce qui revient à approcher son profil par des marches d’escalier. L’approche proposée a été validée par comparaison avec les résultats disponibles dans la littérature. Une validation expérimentale des calculs théoriques a également été faite dans le domaine des micro-ondes grâce à une collaboration avec l’équipe HIPE de l’Institut Fresnel (Marseille, UMR 7249). Les résultats obtenus montrent la pertinence de la méthode développée. / The production of fuels is possible from water, solar energy and CO2 through artificial photosynthesis. The optimization of this process is a research topic of Pascal Institute. At a small scale controlling this process, it is essential to determine the radiative properties of photosynthetic microalgae to solve the radiative transfer equation in photobioreactors. The wide variety of microorganisms related to the form, the elongation and size parameters make that the implementation of existing numerical methods fails because of lack of accuracy or memory. Many scientific communities face this problem of electromagnetism unresolved especially for particles of large size settings. The work achieved in this research is aimed at solving this problem by the Fourier modal method which is a numerical method first developed and optimized for modelling the electromagnetic optics problems. In this method, each microorganism is approached by a stack of layers which leads to replace the profile by the staircase approximation. The proposed approach was validated by comparison with results available in the literature. An experimental validation of theoretical calculations was also made in the microwave spectrum thanks to a collaboration with the HIPE team from Fresnel Institute (Marseille, UMR 7249). The results show the accomodation of the developed method.

Sphaeropsis sapinea and Diaporthe ambigua are important pathogens of forest and orchard tree species, respectively. Some isolates of S. sapinea are co-infected with two dsRNA viruses, SsRVl and SsRV2. Isolates of D. perjuncta (formerly thought to be D. ambigua) are infected with a positive-stranded RNA virus known as DaRV. While S. sapinea is. infected with a heterogeneous mixture of dsRNA elements of different sizes, D. perjuncta is infected with a single virus. This presents excellent opportunity for biocontrol of Diaporthe. The aim of this study was to assess these three viruses for possible application as biological control agents of S. sapinea and D. ambigua. This was' done by transfecting these with in vitro-produced RNA from the cloned viral genomes and assessing the pathogenicity of the transfected isolates on apples and apple trees. Attempts to transfect S. sapinea spheroplasts with SsRVl and SsRV2 failed. Co¬transfection of S. sapinea spheroplasts with both viruses also failed. Three isolates of D. ambigua and a single isolate of a Phomopsis sp. were successfully transfected with DaRV. Attempts to transfect the same fungi with a mutant of DaRV, bearing six codons for histidine immediately downsteam of an AUG thought to be a start codon for the translation of ORFl, failed. DaRV was originally thought to be isolated from D. ambigua. The fungal isolates transfected with DaRV were thought to be D. ambigua. The transfectants did not resemble the naturally-infected isolate. The ITS regions from the ribosomal DNA operon of these isolates were amplified using ITS 1 and ITS4 primer pair. The blast search revealed that the ITS sequence of the naturally-infected isolates are identical to D. perjuncta. One virus-free isolate was identified as a Phomopsis sp. while three other virus-free isolates were identified as D. ambigua. A PCR-based RFLP was developed to differentiate the naturally-infected D. perjuncta isolates from the virus¬free Phomopsis sp. and D. ambigua isolates. In the growth and pathogenicity studies, a DaRV-transfected, wild-type and negative control isolate of one Phomopsis and three D. ambigua isolates, were used. The DaR V -transfected Phomopsis sp. had a higher growth rate than the wild-type isolate. This DaRV-transfected Phomopsis sp. was more virulent on apples than the wild-type isolate. The wild-type isolate was slightly more virulent than the DaR V -transfected Phomopsis sp. on apple trees. There were no significant differences in growth rates between the DaRV-transfected and wild-type isolates of D. ambigua CMW5587 and D. ambigua CMW5287. There were no significant differences in virulence on apples between the DaRV-transfected and wild-type isolates of these fungi. The DaRV-transfected D. ambigua CMW5287 was more virulent than the wild-type isolate on apple trees. The DaRV-transfected D. ambigua CMW5587 had the same virulence as the wild-type isolate on both apples and apple trees. The DaRV-transfected D. ambigua CMW5288 had a slower growth rate than the wild-type isolate. There were no significant differences in virulence on apples between these isolates. The wild-type isolate of this isolate was significantly more virulent on apple trees than the DaRV-infected isolate. Although transfection was successfully done, the effects of DaRV on the Phomopsis sp. and D. ambigua isolates are not conclusive. In order to obtain conclusive results, virus-free isolates of D. perjuncta must be transfected. During the course of this study, there were no available virus-free isolates of this fungus. / Dissertation (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Genetics / Unrestricted

A odontologia reabilitadora moderna preconiza cada vez mais o uso de implantes dentais para a substituição de dentes ausentes. É sabido que micro-organismos presentes na cavidade oral, em especial os relacionados à doença periodontal, são responsáveis pelos maiores índices de insucesso dos implantes. Este trabalho estudou a ocorrência de infiltração bacteriana através da interface implante-conector protético de implantes Cone Morse (CM) e Hexágono Interno (HI) após a associação com uma pasta antimicrobiana ou a adição de sais de prata nos pilares. Foram utilizados 72 implantes odontológicos de titânio (PROSS® - Sistema de Implantes, Dabi-Atlante, Ribeirão Preto, Brasil), 36 com conexão do tipo hexágono interno e 36 com conexão do tipo cone-morse, divididos em grupos, da seguinte forma: Grupo Pasta Antimicrobiana- 12 conjuntos implantes HI/conectores protéticos e 12 conjuntos implantes CM/conectores protéticos, Grupo Íons de Prata- 12 conjuntos implantes HI/conectores protéticos e 12 conjuntos implantes CM/conectores protéticos e Grupo Controle- 12 conjuntos implantes HI/conectores protéticos e 12 conjuntos implantes CM/conectores protéticos. Os implantes e os conectores protéticos foram retirados de suas embalagens para aplicação do torque final (20N/cm). Antes disso, em um dos grupos experimentais, uma camada da pasta antimicrobiana foi aplicada sobre a superfície interna dos implantes e conectores protéticos e seus respectivos parafusos. Os conjuntos implantes-conectores foram parcialmente imersos na solução de saliva humana em tubos de ensaio e incubados em estufa bacteriológica a 37°C durante 7 dias. Após esse período, amostras do conteúdo interno dos conjuntos implantes-conectores protéticos dos 3 grupos foram colhidas com o objetivo de detectar e quantificar os micro-organismos presentes, utilizando para isto, a técnica de hibridização com sondas de DNA genômico DNA Checkerboard. Os implantes de conexão do tipo cone morse apresentaram menores valores de contagem de bactérias quando comparados aos implantes hexágono interno no grupo Controle (p<0,001), já para o grupo Íons de prata e Pasta antimicrobiana, foi observado comportamento inverso, maiores valores de contagem de bactérias para os implantes Cone Morse. Comparando-se os implantes de mesma conexão, entre os 03 grupos examinados, as amostras dos implantes Cone Morse dos grupos Controle, Íons de prata e Pasta antimicrobiana apresentaram valor de contagens de micro-organismos em ordem crescente. Os implantes de conexão hexágonal interna dos grupos Controle apresentaram maiores valores de contagens de micro-organismos seguidos pelos implantes do grupo Pasta antimicrobiana e Íons de prata, respectivamente. A partir dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que houve a passagem dos 43 micro-organismos analisados in vitro através da interface implante/componente protético em ambos os sistemas avaliados. Para ambos os tratamentos (adição de sais de prata às paredes dos pilares protéticos e aplicação da pasta antimicrobiana no interior dos implantes) houve diminução da infiltração microbiana no interior daqueles sistemas de conexão do tipo Hexágono Interno. / The contemporary and modern dentistry has been preconized the use of dental implants for replacement of missing teeth. The micro-organisms presents in oral environment, particularly those related to periodontal disease, are responsible for the highest failure rates of dental implants. This study evaluated the occurrence of bacterial leakage through the abutmentimplant interface in Morse Taped (CM) and Hexagon Internal (HI) dental implants after the association with antimicrobial paste or addition of silver salts on the abutments. 72 titanium dental implants (Pross ® - Implant System, Dabi-Atlante, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil), 36 with internal hexagon connection type and 36 with cone-morse connection type, divided into groups as follows: group Antimicrobial Paste -12 implants HI / prosthetic connectors and 12 implants CM / prosthetic connectors, group Ion Silver-12 implants HI / prosthetic connectors and 12 implants CM / prosthetic connectors and Control Group-12 implants HI / prosthetic connectors and 12 implants CM / prosthetic connectors. The implants and prosthetic connectors have been removed from their packaging for applying of final torque (20N/cm). Previously, in one experimental group, a layer of antimicrobial paste was applied on the inner surface of implants and prosthetic connectors. The sets connector/implants were partially immersed in human saliva solution in test tubes and incubated in bacteriological oven at 37°C for 7 days. Subsequently, samples of the contents of internal prosthetic sets implantconnectors of the 3 groups were collected to detect and quantify micro-organisms, through the DNA Checkerboard Hybridization Technique. The morse taper implants had significantly lower bacterial count compared to internal hexagon implants in the control group (p <0.001), while for the group of Silver Ion and antimicrobial Paste, we observed an inverse behavior, higher counts of micro-organisms for Morse taper implants. Comparing the same connection implants, among the 03 groups examined, samples of implants Morse Taper Control groups, Antimicrobial Paste and Silver ions exhibited values of counts of micro-organisms in ascending order. The internal hexagon implants of the Control group showed higher counts of microorganisms followed by Antimicrobial Paste and Silver Ions groups, respectively. The 43 species analyzed in vitro infiltrated through the interface implant / abutment in both systems evaluated; For both the treatments (adding silver salts in the abutments walls and applying of the antimicrobial paste within the implants) there was decreased microbial leakage through the interface connection for the internal hexagon dental implants

O fósforo (P) que é um nutriente pouco disponível em solos tropicais devido a sua deficiência natural e também por causa da imobilização do mesmo em constituintes do próprio solo, formando fosfatos insolúveis e assim indisponíveis as plantas. A solubilização destes fosfatos inorgânicos é uma estratégia para aumentar a disponibilidade deste nutriente no solo. Uma forma seria a utilização de microrganismos solubilizadores de P que deixam este nutriente disponível às plantas. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: (i) avaliar o crescimento do cafeeiro em função das fontes e doses de P2O5; (ii) determinar o fósforo disponível e (iii) avaliar o estado nutricional do cafeeiro, em função da fonte e dose de P2O5. O desenvolvimento das mudas de cafeeiro é superior com o uso de fonte de P solúvel, em relação à fonte de solubilidade gradual, independentemente da dose. A determinação da capacidade de substituição da fonte solúvel pela fonte de solubilidade gradual depende do tempo de reação no solo, cuja máxima equivalência é igual a 84 %, aos 180 dias após a aplicação do fertilizante (MSF). Em solos com teor de P disponível suficiente para a cultura do cafeeiro é viável a substituição de uma fonte solúvel (SFS) por outra de baixa solubilidade associada à micro-organismos (MSF). / Phosphorus (P) which is a little available nutrient in tropical soils due to their disability and also because natural impoundment of the same constituents in the soil itself, forming insoluble phosphates and thus unavailable to plants. The solubilization of inorganic phosphate is a strategy to increase the availability of this nutrient in the soil. One way would be to use P-solubilizing microorganisms that make nutrients available to plants that. Thus, this study aimed to: (i) evaluate the growth of coffee as a function of the sources and levels of P2O5, (ii) determine the available phosphorus and (iii) assess the nutritional status of coffee, depending on the source and dose of P2O5. The development of coffee seedlings is higher with the use of soluble P source, in relation to the source of gradual solubility regardless of dose. The determination of the replacement capacity of the water soluble source of gradual solubility depends on the reaction time in the soil, whose maximum equivalence is equal to 84% at 180 days after fertilizer application (MSF). In soils with a sufficient level of available P for the cultivation of coffee is feasible to replace a water soluble (SFS) for another low solubility associated with micro-organisms (MSF).

Some yeast strains under certain conditions secrete polypeptide toxins which are inhibitory to sensitive fungal cells into the medium. These yeast strains are termed as killer yeasts and their toxins are designated as killer proteins or killer toxins. Killer proteins are classified into 11 typical types (K1-K11). These toxins have different killing mechanisms on sensitive cells. Some of them hydrolyze major cell wall component, beta-1,3- glucans. As mammalian cells lack cell walls research and development of novel highly selective antifungals are mostly focused on the agents which target the components of the fungal cell wall. K5 type killer protein was characterized in our labarotory previously. This protein is an exo beta-1,3-glucanase which is stable at pH&amp / #8217 / s and temperatures appropriate for its biocontrol usage. Beta-1,3-glucan hydrolyzing activity of the K5 type killer protein highlighted the potential use of this protein as a selective antifungal agent. According to CLSI methodology, antifungal activity of the K5 type yeast killer protein was tested against 6 fungal strains causing postharvest spoilage in citrus fruits and found to be effective on Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum whereas non effective on Colletotrichum gloeosporoides, Phythophythora citrophthora, Alternaria citri. The MIC values of the toxin for B.cinerea, P.digitatum, P.italicum were found to be 16 mikrogram/ml while IC 50 values of the toxin were 2.12, 3.31, 2.57 mikrogram/ml respectively. The results showed that K5 type yeast killer protein would be used as a novel and selective agent against B.cinerea, P.digitatum and P.italicum.

Nous avons tou(te)s été témoins des nuages d'étourneaux dans le ciel ou de la formation de bancs de poissons dans l'océan. Ce type d'organisation chez les êtres vivant se produit aussi à des échelles parfois invisibles pour l'oeil humain: celles des micro-organismes. Les suspensions de micro-nageurs présentent une dynamique riche. Elles peuvent former des structures cohérentes résultant d'un mouvement collectif, mélanger le fluides environnant et/ou modifier ses propriétés rhéologiques. Leurs comportements peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la survie, l'équilibre des espèces, leur stratégie trophique et même pour la fertilité animale. La diversité des phénomènes observés résulte de l'interaction complexe entre mécanismes de nage, processus physiologiques, processus chimiques et interactions hydrodynamiques. Comprendre et maîtriser les mécanismes impliqués fait nécessairement appel la Mécanique des Fluides. Les études expérimentales permettent de mettre en exergue certains phénomènes et parfois de les expliquer. Cependant la modélisation s'avère indispensable. Or, inclure une description fine des mécanismes de nages dans une suspension contenant des milliers (voire des millions) d'individus, implique de considérer une vaste gamme d'échelles couplées (typiquement du micron 10^-6m au millimètre 10^-3m). Décrire une physique multi-échelles pour ce type problème reste un défi majeur pour la modélisation numérique actuelle. Ainsi, dans le cadre de cette thèse nous nous proposons d'apporter une contribution dans cette direction. Nous montrerons dans une premiere partie qu'il est possible de reproduire les mécanismes de nage de façon satisfaisante à l'échelle du micro-organisme avec des modèles de différentes complexités. Nous présenterons ensuite nos développements pour étendre ces modèles a l'échelle de la suspension. Nous montrerons comment inclure simultanément les effets Browniens qui agissent sur les plus petite particules (10^-6m). Enfin, nous exploiterons l'outil mis en place pour simuler des suspensions actives. Sa capacité à reproduire certains résultats de la littérature à précision égale, à moindre coût et à plus grande échelle, permet de combler le fossé entre modèles individuels, travaux expérimentaux et modèles continus issus de la théorie cinétique. Forts de cet outil, nous tenterons de répondre à deux questions ouvertes dans la littérature expérimentale : l'origine des corrélations d'orientation dans les suspensions de microgouttes auto-propulsées et les mécanismes en jeu dans la diffusion des particules Browniennes dans les suspensions actives. / We have all witnessed the flocking of starlings in the sky and the schools of fish that form in the ocean. This kind of organization of living creatures is not limited to those that we see, but also occurs for those that we don’t : swimming microorganisms. Suspen- sions of micro-swimmers exhibit a rich dynamics. Their behaviors can play an important role in the survival of the group, its development, the balance between species, their trophic strategies and even animal fertility. They can form coherent structures due to collective motion, mix the surrounding fluid or modify its rheological properties. Such diversity results from the complex interplay between swimming strategies, physiological processes, chemical reactions and hydrodynamic interactions. Fluid Mechanics is there- fore essential to understand and master the mechanisms involved in these phenomena. While experimental studies bring out new findings and, sometimes, provide physical ex- planations, modeling remains essential. Yet, including an accurate description of the micro-swimmers in a suspension containing thousands (nay millions) individuals, requires considering a wide range of coupled scales (from one micron 10^−6m to several millimeters 10^−3m). What happens on large scales depends on sophisticated mechanisms occurring two or three orders of magnitude below. Therefore, the multiscale modeling of such phenomena is still a major challenge for the state-of-the-art numerical methods. This thesis aims at providing a contribution in that direction. In a first part, we will show that reproducing swimming mechanisms at the scale of the micro-swimmer can be achieved with various models spanning different levels of complexity. We will then present our developments to incorporate these models in an efficient framework for large scale simulations. We will show how to simultaneously account for the Brownian motion of the smallest particles (10^−6m). Our code reproduces known results from the literature with the same accuracy, but at lower cost and at larger scales, thus bridging a gap between particle-based models, experiments and continuum formulations from kinetic theory. Using the capabilities afforded by our method, we eventually address two open problems in the experimental literature : the origins of orientational correla- tions between interacting self-propelled micro-droplets and the mechanisms at play in the nonlinear enhancement of Brownian particle diffusion in active suspensions.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:51:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01 - Capa_Abstract.pdf: 84206 bytes, checksum: fde95bad13eae98fb18c23bd5a1f8e62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Silage is a sort of conserved fodder obtained through the fermentation of forage by lactic bacteria, which convert the soluble carbohydrates in lactic acid. This acid is responsible for reducing the pH of the ensiled mass, inhibiting the growth of deteriorating and pathogenic microorganisms, with no interference in the nutritional features of the ensiled culture. In addition to the lactic acid, the lactic bacteria may produce other antimicrobial compounds, such as the bacteriocins. In the present study, it was isolated 256 cultures of lactic bacteria from Estilosantes Campo Grande, in varied periods of fermentation. Among the 256 isolates obtained, 83% (214) displayed antagonist activity against the indicator microorganism. Among these, only 10% were capable of growing in basal medium. An analysis of the genetic diversity of 20 isolates was done by BOX-PCR. Eight isolates of lactic bacteria which presented high antagonist activity and elevated growth rate were selected and their fermenting profile in 49 carbohydrates sources allowed the identification of theses isolates, such as Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcus acidilactici e Lactobacillus plantarum. The analysis of the 16S rDNA showed the same identification. The crude extract of the antimicrobial substance similar to bacteriocin (Blis) of three isolates inhibited the growth of the indicator microorganism, and the antagonist activity was also observed after pH neutralization (pH 7,0) with NaOH. The antagonist activity of the Blis crude extract was lost after the treatment with proteolytic enzymes. These three lactic acid bacteria isolates presented a broad spectrum of antagonist activity, inhibiting several species of different microorganisms. The antimicrobial feature of these isolates observed in this in this work, associated with other growth and fermentation physiological parameters shows that the lactic bacteria cultures isolated in silage from Estilosantes Campo Grande are potential candidates to be evaluated as inoculants in legume silage. / A silagem é uma forma de forragem conservada obtida por meio da fermentação da forrageira pelas bactérias lácticas, que convertem os carboidratos solúveis em ácido láctico. Este ácido é responsável por reduzir o pH da massa ensilada, inibindo o crescimento de micro-organismos deterioradores e patogênicos, sem interferir com as características nutricionais da cultura ensilada. Além do ácido láctico, as bactérias lácticas podem produzir outros compostos antimicrobianos, como as bacteriocinas. Neste estudo, foram isoladas 256 culturas de bactérias lácticas da silagem de Estilosantes Campo Grande, em diferentes períodos de fermentação. Dos 256 isolados de bactérias lácticas obtidos, 83% (214) demonstraram atividade antagonista contra o micro-organismo indicador. Dentre estes, apenas 10% foram capazes de crescer em meio basal. Análise da diversidade genética de 20 isolados foi realizada por BOX-PCR. Oito isolados de bactérias lácticas que apresentaram alta atividade antagonista e elevada velocidade de crescimento foram selecionados e o perfil de fermentação de 49 carboidratos permitiu a identificação desses isolados como Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcus acidilactici e Lactobacillus plantarum. A análise do gene 16S rDNA mostrou a mesma identificação. O extrato bruto da substância antimicrobiana semelhante a bacteriocina (Blis) de três isolados de bactérias lácticas inibiu o crescimento do micro-organismo indicador, e a atividade antagonista do extrato também foi observada após a neutralização do pH (pH 7,0) com NaOH. A atividade antagonista do extrato bruto da Blis foi perdida após o tratamento com enzimas proteolíticas. Estes tres isolados de bactérias lácticas demonstraram amplo espectro de atividade antagonista, inibindo várias espécies de micro-organismos diferentes. A característica antimicrobiana destes isolados observada neste trabalho, associada com outros parâmetros fisiológicos de crescimento e fermentação faz com que as culturas de bactérias lácticas isoladas de silagem de Estilosantes Campo Grande sejam candidatos potenciais para serem avaliados como inoculantes em silagens de leguminosas.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of combination of chemical treatments and solarization on cleaning and chemical and physical composition of sewage sludge a waste from sewage treatment system from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor and UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor) of Treatment Plant - ETE Uberabinha located in Uberlândia-MG. It is known that the presence of pathogenic organisms and heavy metals are major limiting the use of this sludge in agriculture. For this, we used the split plots in time, in an experimental design of randomized blocks 5x3 + 1, with four replicates, in four (4) evaluation periods (0, 7, 14 and 21), and the zero time (0) corresponded to additional treatment, totaling 64 plots. The treatments consisted of pure sludge, sludge more peracetic acid (260 mg L-1), homogenized with hydrated lime sludge (CaOH2) in the proportion of 30% of the dry mass of sludge, sludge with sodium hypochlorite (2500 mg L-1) and more quaternary ammonium sludge (2400 mg L-1). Treatment with hydrated lime reduced levels of total and thermotolerant at 7 days after mixing with the sludge, meeting the requirements specified in environmental legislation for agricultural use coliforms. A solar radiation alone did not reduce the concentration of fecal coliforms to acceptable limits by environmental standard. Evaluated treatments did not cause temperature differences in the mass of sewage sludge limed sludge showed the highest levels of calcium (302 g kg-1), magnesium (4.2 g kg-1) and total solids, lower levels of Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, volatile solids and moisture after mixing with sewage sludge. Concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb) were below the limits specified in Resolution CONAMA n. 375/2006. The limed sludge showed the highest pH (12.65) lower levels of aluminum (20.10 g kg-1), phosphorus (1.6 g kg-1), organic matter (368, 6 g kg-1), carbon (213.80 g kg-1), nitrogen (20.88 g kg-1) and sodium (0.61 g kg-1). In treatment with sodium hypochlorite, sodium highest values (4.10 g kg-1) were recorded. The evaluation periods did not influence the concentration of nutrients and heavy metals. Considering Resolution CONAMA n. 375/2006, limed sludge in the ratio of 30% by weight of silt meets the parameters of fecal coliform, being more efficient. You can use the limed sludge in agriculture provided it meets the other requirements explicit in CONAMA Resolution n. 375/2006. / O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da combinação entre tratamentos químicos e solarização na higienização e composição química e física do lodo de esgoto resíduo oriundo do sistema de tratamento de efluentes proveniente de um reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente e manta de lodo UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor) da Estação de Tratamento ETE Uberabinha, localizada em Uberlândia-MG. Sabe-se que a presença de agentes patogênicos e metais pesados são os principais limitantes da utilização desse lodo na agricultura. Para tanto, utilizou-se o esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso 5x3 + 1, com quatro repetições, em 4 (quatro) épocas de avaliação (0,7,14 e 21 dias), sendo que a época zero (0) correspondia ao tratamento adicional, totalizando 64 subparcelas. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por lodo puro, lodo mais ácido peracético (260 mg L-1), lodo homogeneizado com cal hidratada (CaOH2) na proporção de 30% da massa seca do lodo, lodo com hipoclorito de sódio (2500 mg L-1) e lodo mais quaternário de amônio (2400 mg L-1). O tratamento com cal hidratada reduziu os níveis de coliformes totais e termotolerantes aos 7 dias, após a mistura com o lodo, atendendo aos requisitos determinados na legislação ambiental para uso agrícola. A radiação solar, por si só, não reduziu a concentração de coliformes termotolerantes aos limites aceitáveis pela norma ambiental. Os tratamentos avaliados não ocasionaram diferenças de temperatura na massa do lodo de esgoto. O lodo caleado apresentou os maiores teores de cálcio (302 g kg-1), magnésio (4,2 g kg-1) e sólidos totais, menores teores de Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, sólidos voláteis e umidade após a mistura com o lodo de esgoto. Os teores de metais pesados (Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni e Pb) encontravam-se abaixo dos limites especificados na resolução CONAMA n. 375/2006. O lodo caleado apresentou os maiores valores de pH (12,65), menores teores de alumínio (20,10 g kg-1), fósforo (1,6 g kg-1), matéria orgânica (368, 6 g kg-1), carbono (213,80 g kg-1), nitrogênio (20,88 g kg-1) e sódio (0,61 g kg-1). No tratamento com hipoclorito de sódio, foram registrados os maiores valores de sódio (4,10 g kg-1). As épocas de avaliação não influenciaram na concentração de nutrientes e metais pesados. Considerando a resolução CONAMA n. 375/2006, o lodo caleado na proporção de 30% da massa do lodo atende aos parâmetros de coliformes termotolerantes, sendo mais eficiente. Pode-se utilizar o lodo caleado na agricultura desde que atenda aos demais requisitos explícitos na resolução CONAMA n. 375/2006. / Mestre em Agronomia