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Current surface mine reclamation in Appalachia involves returning the land to approximate original contour by grading the surface and planting grasses and early-successional trees. This results in a greatly altered ecosystem compared to the native forest that was there prior to mining. The reclaimed land is usually degraded economically and environmentally because mine soils are usually less productive than the native soils, and because the mined sites do not provide the same level of ecosystem services. This research addressed constraints to the return of the native ecosystem by assessing how mine spoil properties and treatments affect native tree species and soil microorganisms. A 4x2x3 factorial greenhouse experiment was used to examine the growth of one-year-old Fraxinus americana, Quercus rubra, and Liriodendron tulipifera as well as herbaceous plant occurrence and microbial biomass and activity. Three mine spoils, brown, weathered sandstone (BWS), white, unweathered sandstone (WUS), and gray, unweathered shale (GUH) were compared with undisturbed forest topsoil (UFT) to determine their suitability for tree growth. Half of each of the four media was inoculated with a 2.5-cm layer of topsoil. BWS was the optimal spoil material for the growth of F. americana, Q. rubra and microbial populations. Foliar nutrient analysis indicated that L. tulipifera was highly dependent on nutrient levels and was unable to grow well on any of the spoil types due to deficiencies. Inoculation with topsoil increased tree growth on the GUH spoil, and increased microbial activity and presence of herbaceous plants across all growth media. The field study was used to determine what spoil properties most influenced three-year-old Quercus alba growth. This information was used to test a mine quality classification model. Northeast facing sites with sandy spoils high in nutrients, moderate in pH, and high in microbial populations were optimal for tree growth. These variables explained 52% of the variation in tree growth. Tree growth was also highly correlated with tree foliar nutrient levels, further suggesting that tree growth was influenced by spoil nutrients. Microbial biomass and dehydrogenase production were also regressed against soil properties and were dependant on a moderate pH, high nitrogen levels, and low salt content. These variables explained 53% of the variability in microbial biomass and 50% of the variability in enzyme production. These studies suggest that tree growth and soil microbial populations are closely linked, and both are affected by mine spoil properties. During mined land reclamation, mine spoils conducive to tree growth should be selected if return of the native ecosystem is the reclamation goal. / Master of Science

Environmental perturbations are ubiquitous features of ecosystems and shape ecological structure and function. Climate change will alter the intensity and frequency of disturbances and expose ecosystems to novel combinations of useful inputs (subsidies) and harmful inputs (stressors). Coastal wetlands are particularly vulnerable to changing environmental conditions and are increasingly exposed to effects of interacting subsidies and stressors. In particular, the Florida Coastal Everglades, which has experienced accelerated change due to a history of water management practices, is vulnerable to new disturbances associated with climate change. The low-lying Florida Everglades faces multiple disturbances from storm surge, nutrient enrichment, and sea-level rise which will influence its responses to future environmental perturbations. Microbial communities are often used to characterize environmental change because of their high surface area to volume ratio, permeable membrane, and quick turnover rates. Therefore, assessing how microbial function changes can provide insights into how subsidies and stressors interact to alter biogeochemical cycles. I tested how nutrient enrichment can alter ecosystem responses to stress and found that it did not promote recovery in mangrove plants. I examined how long-term exposure to salinity and phosphorus (the limiting nutrient in the Everglades) affected microbial enzyme activity and found that salinity alone acts as a suppressor of enzyme activity but phosphorus addition can mitigate salinity stress in sawgrass soil. I tested how pulses of salinity can affect the microbially-mediated breakdown of organic material and found that the microbial community was functionally redundant and unaffected by saltwater pulses; however, microbial activity was consistently lower in the brackish marsh compared to the freshwater marsh. I investigated how gradients of salinity and phosphorus affected freshwater and brackish soils and determined previous exposure to saltwater intrusion dominates affects microbial function and soil composition. Across these experiments, I found that environmental perturbations alter the microbial-mediated processing of nutrients and carbon, and legacies of previous disturbances influence the microbial response to new disturbance regimes.

L’eutrophisation et le réchauffement climatique sont reconnus comme des forçages majeurs du fonctionnement des lacs. Toutefois les connaissances concernant la réponse des communautés microbiennes eucaryotes à ces forçages sont encore très lacunaires, alors même que les microbes eucaryotes, porteurs d’une vaste diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle, sont des acteurs clés des réseaux trophiques lacustres. La pertinence des approches paléolimnologiques pour comprendre les impacts de ces forçages sur les communautés lacustres n’est plus à démontrer, mais aujourd’hui l’intégration des outils moléculaires pour analyser l’ADN archivé dans les sédiments offre des opportunités nouvelles pour reconstituer la dynamique passée de la biodiversité lacustre. Dans ce cadre, en s’appuyant sur le couplage entre paléolimnologie et outils de séquençage massif appliqués à l’ADN sédimentaire, ces travaux ont pour but (i) d’apporter des connaissances concernant la préservation de l’ADN des microbes eucaryotes dans les sédiments lacustres (ii) d’appliquer l’approche de paléogénétique sur des carottes sédimentaires issues de 3 lacs pour révéler la dynamique à long terme (de la décennie au millénaire) des microbes eucaryotes en lien avec l’évolution des conditions climatiques et anthropiques. Les résultats acquis sur le lac du Bourget ont permis de mettre en évidence l’efficacité d’archivage de l’ADN planctonique dans les sédiments récents pour la plupart des groupes eucaryotes (notamment chrysophycées, chytrides, chlorophytes, cercozoaires, ciliés, dinophycées). A partir d’une collection de carottes (issues du lac suédois Nylandssjön), l’effet de la diagénèse s’opérant au cours des premières années d’enfouissement a été évalué, permettant de démontrer que si la richesse taxonomique n’est pas impactée, des variations peuvent être détectées dans la structure de la communauté au cours des 10 premières années d’archivage avec une stabilisation du signal au-delà de cette période. L’approche paléogénétique a, en parallèle, été déployée d’une part à l’échelle du siècle sur deux lacs de même typologie mais ayant subi des niveaux d’eutrophisation contrastés, et d’autre part à une échelle temporelle plus longue (2200 ans) pour deux lacs de typologie contrastée (lac du Bourget, France et Igaliku, Groenland). Les résultats acquis démontrent que des réarrangements des communautés s’opèrent de manière concomitante aux périodes climatiques (réchauffement médiéval, petit âge glaciaire, réchauffement récent), et que le réchauffement climatique au cours des 30 dernières années a plus particulièrement favorisé certains groupes, notamment la richesse et l’abondance des dinophycées (en condition non eutrophe ; lac d’Annecy et du Bourget). Toutefois l’effet de l’eutrophisation est identifié comme le facteur le plus structurant, notamment dans le lac du Bourget (cas d’eutrophisation marquée, ~120 µgP.L-1). La forte influence du niveau d’eutrophisation est détectée sur la communauté eucaryote totale et plus particulièrement sur des groupes spécifiques tels que les chlorophytes et les ciliés. Les réarrangements majeurs de la communauté sont par ailleurs marqués par la mobilisation de taxons rares dans l’assemblage microbien eucaryote suggérant le rôle de la biosphère rare dans la capacité tampon des écosystèmes. Ces travaux pluridisciplinaires comptent parmi les premières études paléogénétiques appliquées aux microbes eucaryotes lacustres, contribuant de manière inédite aux connaissances de leur dynamique temporelle à long terme. Ces études tendent à confirmer le potentiel de ces approches pour reconstituer une vaste diversité de communautés lacustres. Les perspectives qui se dessinent dans la continuité de ces travaux concernent à la fois des aspects méthodologiques autour de la calibration du signal ADN archivé et la nécessité de déployer cette approche pour des lacs (sélectionnés) de typologies et histoires écologiques variées. / Eutrophication and climate warming are key factors governing lake functioning. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the response of microbial eukaryotic communities to these forcing factors even though microbial eukaryotes represent a huge taxonomic and functional diversity within lacustrine trophic networks. Paleolimnology has a well-established reputation for providing valuable insights into the drivers of biological assemblages over long time scales. The emergence of DNA analyses of lake sediments opens up many new opportunities for the reconstruction of past lacustrine biodiversity, including taxa that do not leave distinct morphological fossils. The present work aimed (i) to gain knowledge about the preservation of microbial eukaryotes DNA in lacustrine sediments (ii) to apply DNA-based methods to dated sediments in order to reveal the long-term dynamics (centennial to millennial) of microbial eukaryotes related to climatic and anthropogenic changes. The results obtained for Lake Bourget demonstrated the good efficiency of planktonic DNA archiving in recent sediments for most of microbial groups (chrysophyceae, chytrids, chlorophytes, cercozoa, ciliates, dinophyceae …). In complement, the use of a unique collection of freeze cores of varved sediment (Lake Nylandssjön, Sweden) allowed to assess the effects of diagenetic processes on microbial eukaryotes DNA occurring during the first years of burying. While the richness of the microbial eukaryotic community was not impacted, modifications were detected on the community structure during the first 15 years after deposition, then the DNA signal became stable. The paleoecological approach was applied to quantify centennial to millennial-scale dynamics on two deep peri-alpine lakes selected for their contrasted trophic history (lakes Bourget and Annecy, France) and two lakes with contrasted typologies (Lake Bourget, France and Lake Igaliku, Greenland). The results showed that some community rearrangements were concomitant with climate events (i.e. medieval warming, little ice age, recent warming) and that the recent climatic warming (over the last 30 years) favored more particularly some microbial groups including the dinophyceae (in terms of richness and relative abundance, in lakes Annecy and Bourget). However, the eutrophication seemed to prevail as a driver of these biological assemblages, in particular for Lake Bourget submitted to a marked eutrophication (up to 120 µg P. L-1 in the 1970s). The strong impact of the eutrophication was detected both at the whole community level and for specific groups such as chlorophytes and ciliates. Major rearrangements within eukaryotes community were also marked by the mobilization of rare taxa suggesting an important role of the rare biosphere as a reservoir of diversity to buffer the impacts of environmental stress. This multidisciplinary work thus provide new insights into the long-term dynamics of microbial eukaryotes communities. Our results confirm the potential of the application of high-throughput sequencing to sedimentary DNA for the lacustrine biodiversity reconstruction. Although these approaches are promising for further revolutionizing our understanding of long-term ecological dynamics, careful calibration studies are still to be conducted, as with any paleolimnological proxy. The generalization of our results is also to be tested using a sufficient number of lakes selected for their specific typologies and ecological histories (multi-lakes approach).

Abstract Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA) is a syndrome characterized by regular, high-fever episodes with healthy periods in between. In a classic phenotype of the syndrome, the fevers begin in childhood before the age of five, and fever flares are accompanied by aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and/or cervical adenitis. The etiology of the syndrome is unknown, but tonsillectomy (TE) has been shown to be an effective treatment for the disease. The purposes of this study were as follows: (1) to assess the long-term outcome of PFAPA patients treated by TE with either the classic or incomplete phenotype (later onset of the disease and/or missing oropharyngeal symptoms), (2) to compare the health and growth of PFAPA patients with healthy controls, and (3) to compare the histological and microbiological findings of the tonsils of PFAPA patients with controls via conventional and modern sequencing technologies. In this approximately 9-year follow up, 97% (n = 56) of patients with the classic phenotype and all patients (n = 50) with the incomplete phenotype achieved a prompt and constant response after TE. There were no differences in either the length of fever episodes or flares between patients with both the classic and incomplete phenotypes. The health and growth of 119 PFAPA patients was compared to that of sex- and age-matched controls (n = 230), and no differences in prevalence of chronic diseases or growth were found between the groups. Infections, oral thrush, and pollen allergy were more common in the history of the PFAPA patients than in the controls. Microbiological and histological findings of the tonsils of PFAPA patients (n = 31) were compared with the findings of the controls (n = 24) who had undergone TE for other reasons. Biofilm formation and Candida albicans were more frequently found among PFAPA patients than the controls, but Staphylococcus aureus, varicella zoster, and herpes simplex viruses were more common in the controls. While comparing the bacterial microbiota between the groups, we found significant differences in the presence and relative abundance of many bacteria. For example, Cyanobacteria were more common and abundant in the case samples than in the controls. Because the long-term outcome after TE was excellent, both in classic and incomplete PFAPA patients; a new diagnostic criteria for the syndrome is proposed. The microbes of the tonsils in PFAPA patients differ from that of the controls, which may play an important role in triggering the inflammatory processes that lead to symptoms of PFAPA. / Tiivistelmä Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, adenitis (PFAPA) syndrooma, on oireyhtymä, jossa potilaat kärsivät hyvin säännöllisesti ilmaantuvista, toistuvista kuumejaksoista, joiden välillä potilaat ovat terveitä. Klassisessa tautimuodossa kuumeilut alkavat lapsuudessa ennen viiden vuoden ikää ja kuumevaiheeseen liittyy liitännäisoireita: suun limakalvojen rakkuloita, nielutulehdusta ja/tai kaulan imusolmukkeiden suurentumista. Oireyhtymän syytä ei tiedetä, mutta nielurisaleikkaus (TE) on osoittautunut tehokkaaksi hoidoksi. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli (1) arvioida PFAPA potilaiden vointia pitkäaikaisseurannassa TE:n jälkeen ja vertailla taudinkuvaa niiden PFAPA potilaiden välillä, joilla oli klassinen PFAPA tai epätyypillinen PFAPA. (2) Lisäksi tutkimme myös TE:lla hoidettujen PFAPA potilaiden sairastuvuutta, yleistä terveydentilaa ja kasvua vertaamalla näitä sukupuoli- ja ikävakioituihin kontrolleihin ja (3) selvitimme mikrobiologisia ja histologisia löydöksiä PFAPA potilaiden nielurisoissa verrattuna muista syistä TE:ssa käyneiden lasten nielurisoihin. Tässä noin yhdeksän vuoden seurannassa TE:n jälkeen oli täysin parantunut 97% (n = 56) potilaista, joilla oli klassinen PFAPA, ja kaikki (n = 50) potilaat, joilla oli epätyypillinen PFAPA (tauti oli alkanut viiden ikävuoden jälkeen ja/tai klassiset liitännäisoireet puuttuivat). Kuumeprofiilit eivät muilta osin eronneet ennen nielurisaleikkausta näissä ryhmissä. PFAPA potilaiden (n = 119) kasvu ja yleinen terveydentila eivät eronneet väestökontrolleista (n = 230). Krooniset ja autoimmuunisairaudet olivat yhtä harvinaisia molemmissa ryhmissä. Potilaat raportoivat sairastaneensa enemmän infektioita ja sammasta lapsuudessa ja heillä oli enemmän siitepölyallergioita. PFAPA potilaiden (n = 31) ja muista syistä TE:ssa käyneiden lasten (n = 24) nielurisojen mikrobiologiaa ja histologiaa tutkittiin ja vertailtiin. Biofilmimuodostusta nielurisan pinnalla ja Candida albicansia löytyi enemmän tapauksilta kuin kontrolleilta, kun taas Staphylococcus aureusta, varicella zoster- ja herpes simplex -viruksia tavattiin enemmän kontrolleilla. Myös mikrobiomi erosi ryhmien välillä, esimerkiksi syanobakteerit olivat yleisempiä PFAPA risoissa kuin kontrolleilla. Klassisten ja epätyypillisten PFAPA potilaiden terveydentila TE:n jälkeen oli pitkäaikaisseurannassamme erinomainen ja siksi ehdotamme, että PFAPA –syndrooman diagnostisia kriteereitä tulisi muuttaa. Nielurisojen mikrobisto on erilainen kontrolleihin verrattuna ja tällä voi olla merkitystä PFAPA syndrooman inflammatorisessa prosessissa.

No description available.

Research was conducted to observe bacterial growth on the surface of metals in a static bioreactor. Metal and non-metal samples were subjected to bacterial exposure (1 day and 9 days). The metal samples were surface treated prior to bacterial exposure. The microstructures of the surface treated samples were analyzed by optical microscopy. After exposure, the microstructures of the samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis suggested that microbial attachment on the surface was related to the underlying microstructure of steel. The preferential attachment of microbes could potentially be influenced by cathodic and anodic regions created by the electrolytic cells.

Afin d’étudier l’écologie microbienne, il est nécessaire, dans un premier temps, de déterminer quels micro-organismes sont présents dans un milieu et à quel instant. Ces informations sont requises pour pouvoir ensuite développer des outils permettant de prédire l’assemblage des communautés et les fonctions que celles-ci peuvent contenir. Cependant, la multitude des processus entrant en jeu dans la structure et la composition des communautés microbiennes, rendent leur étude complexe. Parmi les nombreux processus à étudier, il est notamment question de l’échelle temporelle à prendre en compte pour comprendre l’assemblage des communautés microbiennes. En effet, les événements historiques conditionnent la composition et la biodiversité des futures communautés microbiennes. Pourtant, dans les sols, peu d’études se sont intéressées à l’impact des événements historiques dans l’assemblage des communautés microbiennes. Par conséquent, l’objectif de cette thèse était de quantifier comment les différentes histoires du sol ont influencé la structure et biodiversité des communautés bactériennes et oomycètes associées aux plantes hôtes des Brassicaceae à travers le temps. Les rotations de cultures de Brassicaceae sont de plus en plus courantes dans le monde et ont démontré des avantages pour les cultures concernées, telles que la rétention de l’humidité du sol ou la suppression de certains agents pathogènes des plantes. En revanche, l’impact des rotations de cultures de Brassicaceae sur la structure et biodiversité des communautés microbiennes résidentes est peu connu. Ainsi, des terrains agricoles des prairies canadiennes ayant des expériences de rotations de cultures en cours ont été utilisés pour modéliser l’impact des histoires de sol précédemment établies sur les futures communautés microbiennes. Les communautés microbiennes des racines, de la rhizosphère, et du sol éloigné des racines des Brassicaceae ont été étudiées grâce aux métabarcodes d’ARNr 16S ou ITS. La PCR quantitative et des méthodes phylogénétiques ont été utilisées pour améliorer l’analyse des communautés microbiennes. Cette thèse illustre comment différentes histories de sol établies par les cultures de l’année précédente ont continué à structurer les communautés microbiennes de la rhizosphère tout au long de la saison de croissance, à différents stades de croissance, jusqu’à un an après leur établissement. Cependant, le phénomène de rétroactions entre plantes et micro-organismes a permis de masquer cet héritage dans la rhizosphere de différentes espèces hôtes de Brassicacea pour lesquelles des communautés bactériennes phylogénétiquement similaires ont été retrouvées malgré diverses histoires du sol. Nos résultats montrent également que les différentes espèces hôtes de Brassicacea n’avaient pas d’impact sur la structure des communautés d’oomycètes et que le stress hydrique limitait également cette structuration pour les communautés bactériennes. Dans ces deux cas, l’effet de l’histoire du sol était donc encore visible sur la structure les communautés microbiennes durant l’année subséquente. Les découvertes selon lesquelles différentes histoires de sol persistent jusqu'à un an, même en présence de nouvelles plantes hôtes, et qu’elles peuvent continuer à façonner les communautés microbiennes ont des implications importantes pour la gestion agricole et les recherches futures sur les composants physiques de l'histoire du sol. Comprendre comment l'histoire du sol est impliquée dans la structure et la biodiversité des communautés microbiennes à travers le temps est une limitation de l'écologie microbienne et est nécessaire pour utiliser les technologies microbiennes à l'avenir pour une agriculture durable et dans toute la société. / A fundamental task of microbial ecology is determining which organisms are present, and when, in order to improve the predictive models of community assembly and functions. However, the heterogeneity of community assembly processes that underlie how microbial communities are formed and structured are makes assembly of taxonomic and functional profiles difficult. One reason for this challenge is the compounding effect temporal scales have on microbial communities. For example, historical events have been shown to condition future microbial community composition and biodiversity. Yet, how historical events structure microbial communities in the soil has not been well tested. Therefore, the objective of this thesis was to quantify how different soil histories influenced the structure and biodiversity of bacterial and oomycete communities associated with Brassicaceae host plants through time. Brassicaceae crop rotations are increasingly common globally, and have demonstrated benefits for the crops involved, such as retaining soil moisture, or suppressing certain plant pathogens. In contrast, there is a lack of knowledge surrounding how Brassicaceae crop rotations impact the structure and biodiversity of resident microbial communities. As such, on-going agricultural field experiments with crop rotations on the Canadian prairies were used to model how previously established soil histories impacted future microbial communities. The Brassicaceae microbial communities were inferred from the roots, rhizosphere and bulk soil using 16S rRNA or ITS metabarcodes. Quantitative PCR and phylogenetic methods were used to improve the analysis of the microbial communities. This thesis illustrates how different soil histories established by the previous year’s crops continued to structure the microbial rhizosphere communities throughout the growing season, at various growth stages, and up to a year after being established. However, active plant-soil microbial feedback allowed different Brassicaceae host species to mask the soil history in the rhizosphere and derive phylogenetically similar bacterial communities from these diverse soil histories. Furthermore, host plants were unable to structure the oomycete communities, and lost the ability to structure the bacterial rhizosphere communities under water stress. In both circumstances, the soil history continued to structure the microbial communities. The findings that different soil histories persist for up to a year, even in the presence of new host plants, and can continue to shape microbial communities has important implications for agricultural management and future research on the physical components of soil history. Understanding how soil history is involved in the structure and biodiversity of microbial communities through time is a limitation in microbial ecology and is required for employing microbial technologies in the future for sustainable agriculture and throughout society.

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