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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Élaboration de matériaux conducteurs protoniques à architecture réseaux interpénétrés de polymères à partir de microémulsions / Development of conductive protonic materials with an architecture interpenetrating polymer networks from microemulsions

Bourcier, Sophie 01 February 2013 (has links)
La «chimie verte » comprend le développement de procédés de synthèse respectueux de l'environnement, en réduisant notamment l'usage de solvants organiques. Dans ce but, nous avons montré qu'il était possible de synthétiser, à partir de microémulsions, des matériaux conducteurs protoniques, de structure prédéfinie, sans l'usage d'un autre solvant que l'eau.La première partie de cette étude a permis de démontrer la faisabilité de ce procédé. Le système ternaire choisi est composé d'une solution aqueuse d'acide 2-acrylamido-2-méthylpropane sulfonique (AMPS), de méthacrylate d'hexyle (HMA) comme phase hydrophobe et du tensioactif, le Brij® 35. Les structures des microémulsions ont été identifiées, selon leur composition, à partir de mesures de conductivité, de viscosité et d'imagerie par microscopies optique et confocale. Ces structures peuvent être inverse, lamellaire, bicontinue et directe. La polymérisation/réticulation par voie radicalaire des monomères présents dans les différentes phases conduit à des matériaux présentant ces mêmes structures. Les polymères étant réticulés, ces matériaux sont des réseaux interpénétrés de polymères (RIP).La seconde partie de cette étude a été consacrée à l'optimisation de la formulation des microémulsions pour obtenir des matériaux aux propriétés souhaitées. Ainsi, la fraction soluble et le taux de gonflement dans l'eau ont été considérablement réduits, tout en conservant une conductivité protonique de l'ordre de 10-3 S.cm-1. Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus en synthétisant un « double RIP », c'est-à-dire un RIP dans chacune des phases, matériau tout à fait original à ce jour. / "Green chemistry" includes the development of synthetic methods respectful of the environment, including reducing the use of organic solvents. For this purpose, we have shown that it is possible to synthesize, from microemulsions, proton conductive materials, predefined structure, without the use of a solvent other than water. The first part of this study demonstrates the feasibility of this method. The ternary system is selected from an aqueous solution consisting of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulphonic acid (AMPS), hexyl methacrylate (HMA) as hydrophobic phase and the surfactant, Brij® 35. The structures of microemulsions have been identified, depending on their composition from measurements of conductivity, viscosity and imaging optical and confocal microscopies. These structures can be inverse, lamellar, bicontinuous and direct. The polymerization/crosslinking of the monomers by free radical present in the various phases leads to materials having the same structures. Being crosslinked polymers, these materials are interpenetrating polymers networks (IPN). The second part of this study has been devoted to the optimization of the formulation of microemulsions to obtain materials with desired properties. Thus, the soluble fraction and the degree of swelling in water were significantly reduced, while maintaining proton conductivity of the order of 10-3 S.cm-1. The best results were obtained by synthesizing a "double IPN", that is to say, an IPN in each phase, entirely original material.
62

Efeito fotoquimioprotetor de quercetina incorporada em microemulsão contra os danos na pele causados pela radiação ultravioleta / Photochemoprotective effect of quercetin incorporated in microemulsion against skin damages induced by ultraviolet irradiation

Vicentini, Fabiana Testa Moura de Carvalho 31 March 2009 (has links)
A exposição à radiação ultravioleta (RUV) pode provocar desequilíbrio no balanço oxidante/antioxidante da pele, causando prejuízos à sua integridade e levando a diversas alterações, entre as quais o envelhecimento precoce e o câncer de pele. Considerando a estreita relação entre o aumento do estresse oxidativo e os efeitos danosos causados pela RUV na pele, aliado ao fato de que estudos epidemiológicos demonstram que o uso de protetores ou bloqueadores solares não é completamente efetivo na prevenção dos diversos malefícios causados pela exposição à RUV, o uso de antioxidantes aparece como importante alternativa nas terapias de fotoproteção. A administração tópica de antioxidantes, como a quercetina, poderia afetar as alterações moleculares desencadeadas pela RUV e conseqüentemente as seqüelas biológicas e clínicas resultantes das mesmas. Desta forma, na presente pesquisa, sistema microemulsionado para a liberação cutânea de quercetina foi obtido, caracterizado e avaliado quanto a sua capacidade em promover maior penetração cutânea deste ativo, estabilidade, segurança e eficácia in vivo contra os danos na pele causados pela exposição à RUV. Além disso, o efeito da quercetina contra diferentes alterações moleculares induzidas pela RUV foi também avaliado, com o objetivo de investigar os possíveis mecanismos de ação fotoprotetora deste flavonóide. Os resultados demonstram que a incorporação da quercetina em sistema microemulsionado aumentou a penetração cutânea in vitro e in vivo deste flavonóide sem causar irritação, sendo, portanto, uma importante estratégia para melhorar a liberação tópica da quercetina. O estudo de estabilidade demonstra a necessidade de armazenamento deste sistema a 4°C para manutenção de sua funcionalidade. A microemulsão contendo quercetina inibiu a depleção do antioxidante endógeno GSH, assim como o aumento da atividade/secreção de proteinases e da atividade da MPO, induzidos pela exposição à RUVB. O pré-tratamento de queratinócitos com quercetina não alterou a indução pela RUV das MAP quinases, conseqüentemente não houve inibição na elevação dos níveis de c-Jun e c-Fos, assim como no aumento da produção das MMPs 1 e 3, mas por outro lado foi efetivo contra o aumento na produção das citocinas IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 e TNF-. Finalmente, demonstrou-se que a ação fotoprotetora da quercetina contra os danos na pele causados pela RUV é mediada principalmente pela inibição da via de sinalização do NF-kB, uma vez que, enquanto o pré-tratamento de queratinócitos com quercetina diminuiu a ativação deste fator de transcrição, nenhum efeito contra a indução da via de sinalização da AP-1 foi observado. Concluindo, este trabalho sugere a incorporação da quercetina em sistema microemulsionado como estratégia relevante no combate ao aparecimento de desordens cutâneas causadas pela exposição à RUV, além de contribuir para a elucidação, pelo menos em parte, do mecanismo de ação fotoprotetora da quercetina contra alterações moleculares induzidas pela RUV. / The ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposition may lead to the skin oxidant/antioxidant imbalance injuring its integrity and leading to several disorders, such as ageing and skin cancer. Considering the close relationship between the increase in oxidative stress and UV-induced skin damages, together with the fact that epidemiological studies indicate that the use of sunscreen and sun block are not completely effective in preventing UV-induced damages, the use of antioxidants arises as an important approach to photoprotection therapies. The topical use of antioxidants, such as quercetin, would affect the molecular changes induced by UV and subsequent biological and clinical sequela. Therefore, in the present study, microemulsion system for topical delivery of quercetin was obtained, characterized and evaluated with regards to its capability to increase skin penetration of quercetin, stability, toxicity and in vivo effectiveness against UV-induced skin damages. Moreover, quercetin effect against different UV-induced molecular changes was also assessed, in order to investigate the possible photoprotective mechanisms of action of this flavonoid. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of quercetin into microemulsion increased the in vitro and in vivo skin penetration of this flavonoid without causing skin irritation, being an important strategy to improve the topical delivery of quercetin. The stability study demonstrate the necessity to storage this system at 4°C to maintain its functionality. The microemulsion containing quercetin inhibited the depletion of the endogenous antioxidant GSH, as well as the increase in proteinases activity/secretion and MPO activity induced by UVB irradiation exposure. The pretreatment of keratinocytes with quercetin had no blocking effect on UV activation of MAP kinases, consequently, there was no inhibition in the c-Jun and c-Fos levels, as well as in the induction of MMPs 1 and 3, on the other hand, it was effective against the increase in the production of cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 e TNF-. Finally, it was demonstrated that the photoprotective action of quercetin against UV-induced skin damages is mediated mainly by suppression of NF-kB signaling pathway, once, while the pretreatment of keratinocytes with quercetin suppressed the activation of this transcription factor, no effect was observed against UV-induced AP-1 activation. In conclusion, the present study suggests the incorporation of quercetin into microemulsion system as a relevant strategy to prevent UV-induced skin disorders, and contribute, at least in part, to the elucidation of quercetin photoprotective mechanism of action against UV-induced molecular changes.
63

Efeito da apolipoproteína B no metabolismo de emulsões semelhantes à fase lipídica da LDL, em ratos / Effects of apolipoprotein B-100 on the metabolism of a lipid microemulsion model in rats

Hirata, Rosario Dominguez Crespo 27 November 1991 (has links)
A LDL contitui-se de uma fase lipídica, uma esfera composta principalmente de um núcleo de colesterol esterificado envolto por uma camada de fosfolipídeos. A fase lipídica junta-se uma única molécula protéica, a polipoproteina B (apo B). A LDL é removida da circulação por mediação de receptores específicos, os receptores B. E, que reconhecem não só a apo B da LDL mas também a apo E, que está presente em outras lipoproteínas. Estudou-se neste trabalho a influencia da apo B no metabolismo da LDL, através de um modelo de emulsões semelhantes à fase lipídica da LDL, constituídas de oleato de colesterol (29%), fosfatidilcolina (69%) e trioleina (2%), preparadas por sonicação, seguida de ultracentrifugação. As emulsões, com seus componentes lipídicos marcados isotopicamente, foram associadas à apo B e injetadas no rato, determinando-se sua remoção plasmática e captação pelos diversos órgãos do animal. Os resultados foram comparados com o metabolismo da emulsão sem associação da apo B a sua estrutura e com o da LDL natural. Verificou-se que a presença de apo B retardou a remoção plasmática das partículas da emulsão. Por outro lado, o oleato de colesterol da emulsão com apo B foi removido do compartimento plasmático numa taxa semelhante à da LDL natural, o que demonstra a adequação do modelo utilizado à situação fisiológica. Tanto as emulsões quanto a LDL natural foram captadas principalmente pelo fígado. Entretanto, a captação hepática da emulsão sem apo B foi maior a da emulsão com apo B e a da LDL. A incubação das emulsões com HDL do plasma de rato mostrou que a emulsão sem apo B adquiriu mais apo E que a emulsão com apo B. Portanto, essas diferenças de comportamento metabólico provavelmente se devem à maior afinidade dos receptores B, E hepáticos por partículas que contem mais apo E, em comparação às que contêm a apo B. O aumento da atividade dos receptores B, E, induzido pelo tratamento com 17 α-etinil estradiol, resultou no aumento da cinética plasmática das duas emulsões. Porém, à taxa de remoção plasmática da emulsão sem apo B também foi maior no grupo tratado com o estrógeno. Esses dados indicam que as emulsões com apo B associada a sua estrutura apresentam comportamento metabólico muito semelhante ao da LDL. Portanto, o modelo das emulsões análogas à LDL parece ser um instrumento eficiente no estudo do metabolismo daquela lipoproteína. / The effects of apolipoprotein B (apo B) on the metabolism of emulsions constituted of cholesteryl oleate (29%), phosphatidycholine (69%) and triolein (2%) were studied in rats. After intra-arterial injection of the radiolabelled emulsions, plasma removal of the emulsions was reduced in presence of apo B. On the other hand, the cholesteryl ester moiety of the apob B emulsion was removed at the same rate as native LDL. Emulsions and LDL were taken up mainly by the liver 24 h after the injection. However, the hepatic uptake of the apo B emulsion was similar to LDL and lower than that of the apo B-free emulsion. These differences in metabolic behaviour were probably due to the lower hepatic B, E, receptor affinity to apo B contained in the emulsions associated to apo B and in LDL, compared to the apo B-free emulsions. The latter, as confirmed in the in vitro experiments, is capable of adsorbing more apo E, and this apolipoprotein has higher affinity for the receptor. Enhanced receptor activity induced by pre-treatment of the rats with 17 α-ehymylestradiol resulted in augmented plasma removal of both emulsions but nonetheless the cholesteryl ester plasma removal of the apo B-containing particles was still lower, compared to that of the apo B-free emulsion. These data indicate that apo B-containing emulsion exhibits metabolic behaviour similar to that of LDL, and this emulsion can be an adequate tool to test LDL metabolism.
64

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de microemulsões contendo extrato e óleo essencial de Baccharis dracunculifolia para enxaguatório bucal / Development and characterization of Baccharis dracunculifolia microemulsion mouthrinse

Leite, Mateus Freire 04 September 2009 (has links)
O uso de enxaguatórios bucais contendo substâncias ativas antimicrobianas tem sido proposto como um importante meio de redução da formação de biofilme dental supragengival quando usados concomitantemente com higienização mecânica da cavidade bucal. A microemulsão é um moderno sistema de liberação de fármacos, que pode solubilizar tanto compostos lipo quanto hidrossolúveis. Foi demonstrado que extratos de Baccharis dracunculifolia (Bd), popularmente conhecido como alecrim-do-campo apresentaram atividade anticariogênica, sugerindo sua utilização em produtos para higiene bucal. No entanto, o extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia é pouco solúvel em água. No presente trabalho, nós desenvolvemos e caracterizamos microemulsões com extrato e óleo essencial das folhas de Bd para incorporar em formulação de enxaguatório bucal sem álcool, com finalidades preventiva e terapêutica, contendo extrato hidroetanólico e óleo essencial das folhas de Baccharis dracunculifolia e avaliar o seu efeito sobre fatores de virulência de Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in vitro. Foram obtidos 4 diagramas de fase pseudo-ternário: 1. Labrasol® (L-polietilenoglicol-8-caprilato/caprato)/Plurol® (P-isoestearato de poligliceril) (3:1)/Oleato Etila - (LP); 2. PEG 40 (óleo de rícino hidrogenado e etoxilado)/Sorbitol (2:1)/ Oleato de etila - (PSO); 3. PEG 40/Sorbitol (2:1)/Miristato de isoropila - (PSM) e 4. PEG 40/Sorbitol/Glicerol (1:1:1)/Oleato de etila e óleo essencial de B. dracunculifolia - (PSG). Os sistemas foram caracterizados (microscopia óptica, estabilidade preliminar, reologia, pH, tamanho de gotículas, viscosidade, condutividade elétrica, densidade relativa e índice de refração). Foram desenvolvidas 4 formulações enxaguatórias com a microemulsão escolhida e submetidas à análise sensorial por teste de preferência. O efeito do enxaguatório bucal contendo o extrato hidroetanólico e óleo essencial de B. dracunculifolia foi avaliado in vitro, sobre fatores cariogênicos de S. mutans: inibição do potencial acidogênico, concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e influência no perfil de crescimento. Além disso, foram avaliados citotoxicidade por MTT e capacidade de manchamento de dentes de estoque pelo padrão CIELAB do enxaguatório bucal. O sistema microemulsionado escolhido apresentou as seguintes propriedades físico-químicas: viscosidade de 12,40 cP, tamanho de gotícula 19,53 nm, condutividade 204,63 µS/cm, pH final 4,95, densidade relativa 1,0394g/mL, índice de refração igual a 1,3595. A formulação escolhida para desenvolver o enxaguatório bucal, apresenta pH final igual a 5,89, densidade igual a 1,0425 g/mL, índice de refração de 1,3614 e viscosidade igual a 12,0 cP. O enxaguatório bucal apresentou atividade inibitória sobre a produção bacteriana de ácidos, com valor de CI50 igual a 128 µg de extrato bruto/mL da formulação, apresentando CIM (Concentração Inibitória Mínima) igual a 400 g de extrato bruto/mL da formulação, para uma concentração final de inóculo igual a 5 x 103 ufc/mL. Na avaliação de mudança de coloração dos dentes, o enxaguatório bucal de referência Periogard® (contendo digluconato de clorexidina 0,12%) e o enxaguatório de B. dracunculifolia apresentaram valores de E iguais a 2,62 e 0,55 unidades CIELAB, respectivamente, evidenciando que o primeiro mancha os dentes e o segundo não, mas que os dois são clinicamente aceitáveis. Além disso, enxaguatorio bucal contendo extrato e óleo essencial de B. dracunculifolia apresenta baixa interferência na proliferação celular, por teste de MTT (brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difenil tetrazolium). Os resultados sugerem que a formulação final escolhida possui propriedades antimicrobianas superiores ao extrato hidroetanólico bruto, com baixo efeito citotóxico, credenciando-o para avaliação clínica. / The use of antimicrobial mouthrinses to help the plaques supragengival control and gingivitis has been shown to significantly contribute to patients daily oral hygiene. Formulations based on microemulsions have several interesting characteristics such as the ability to protect labile drugs, their release control, and to increase their solubility and bioavailability. It has been demonstrated that extracts from Baccharis dracunculifolia (Bd), a Brazilian shrub species, popularly known as alecrim-do-campo, show anticariogenic properties, which suggests its appliance into oral care products. However, Baccharis dracunculifolia extracts are poorly water soluble. In this work, we have developed and characterized microemulsions in which Baccharis dracunculifolia extract and essential oil may be incorporated to produce a clear solution in an alcohol-free mouthrinse. Four Bd extract - containing microemulsion systems (1) ethyl oleate/Labrasol®/Plurol® (LP), (2) isopropyl miristate/PEG 40/Sorbytol (PSM), (3) ethyl oleate/PEG 40/Sorbytol (PSO) and (4) ethyl oleate/Baccharis dracunculifolia extract/essencial oil/PEG 40/Sorbytol/Glycerol (PSG), were prepared in aqueous mixtures at room temperature, using the conventional titration technique. The pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were prepared at room temperature. The systems were characterized by optical microscopy, preliminary stability, rheology, pH, droplet size, electrical conductivity, relative density, viscosity and refractive index. The inhibitory effect on bacterial acid production was evaluated through the potentiometric measurement of pH from bacterial suspensions treated with serial concentrations of Bd mouthrinse (16 - 400 µg/mL). For the antibacterial activity assay, the inhibitory effect on bacterial growth and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined. Bd mouthrinses four formulations sensory analysis was evaluated at preference test. The citotoxicity was evaluated by MTT method and staining potential was measured by CIELAB standart. Two regions were identified in the first diagram (bifasic system and microemulsion) while three regions were identified on the others (bifasic system, emulsion and microemulsion). All systems displayed an oil-in-water microemulsion region. The system chosen for the mouthrinse presented viscosity (12.40 cP), droplet size (19.53nm), conductivity (204.63 S/cm), pH (4.95), relative density (1.0394g/mL) and refractive index (1.3595). The chosen mouthrinse presented viscosity (12.00 cP), droplet size (19.53nm), final pH (5.89), relative density (1.0425g/mL) and refractive index (1.3614). The mouthrinse displayed inhibitory effects upon S. mutans virulence factors. The IC50 value for the inhibitory effect on the bacterial acid production was 128 µg/mL. The MIC value was 400µg/mL. Bd mouthrinse tested by the agar diffusion method, was not displayed growth inhibition. The acrylic resin teeth stainability test displayed E values of 2.62 CIELAB units for the reference mouthrinse (Periogard®) and 0,55 for Bd mouthrinse. According to results, the reference mouthrinse (Periogard®) causes resin acrylic teeth color variation while Bd mouthrinse did not cause teeth staining or cytotoxicity by MTT method. The Results indicate that these systems could be an interesting Bd vehicle for a mouthrinse and suggest that the final rising formulation has antimicrobial properties superior to the rough hydroetanolic extract, with low cytotoxic effect, turning it credible to clinical evaluation.
65

Síntese de nanopartículas de óxido de nióbio hidratado via microemulsão inversa / Synthesis of hydrous niobium oxide nanoparticles by reverse microemulsion

Rodrigues, Liana Alvares 03 February 2009 (has links)
Com o objetivo de gerar um material mais homogêneo quanto à forma e tamanho das partículas formadas (nanopartículas), o presente trabalho visa o estudo das variáveis de preparação do Nb2O5.nH2O via microemulsão inversa (ME). Por meio de um planejamento fatorial completo, estudou-se a influência da concentração do agente precursor, da ordem de adição das microemulsões e da razão água/surfatante (W) no tamanho das partículas formadas. Para análise comparativa, Nb2O5.nH2O também foi preparado pelos métodos da precipitação convencional (PC) e da precipitação em solução homogênea (PSH). Os materiais preparados foram caracterizados por difratometria de raios X (DRX), termogravimetria (TG), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e de transmissão (MET), espectrômetria de energia dispersiva (EDS), espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e análise de área superficial específica pelo método B.E.T. A adsorção de íons fosfato em Nb2O5.nH2O foi estudada. A melhor forma de preparação do Nb2O5.nH2O via ME foi a utilizada no experimento 2. As micrografias MEV confirmam que os materiais preparados pelo método ME possuem partículas esféricas menores que as dos materiais preparados pelos métodos PC e PSH. Dos modelos cinéticos estudados, o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais de adsorção de íons fosfato nos materiais preparados foi o de pseudo 2a ordem. A quantidade de íons fosfato adsorvida aumenta com a redução do pH da solução inicial. O modelo de isoterma de Langmuir simulou adequadamente os resultados de equilíbrio obtidos, sendo observada a seguinte ordem de capacidade de adsorção: ME2>PSHu>PC>PSHc. A adsorção de íons fosfato em Nb2O5.nH2O é espontânea e endotérmica. Os íons fosfatos podem ser dessorvidos da superfície do Nb2O5.nH2O através do ajuste do pH da solução. A adsorção de íons fosfato em óxido de nióbio hidratado envolve mecanismos de quimissorção, fisissorção e troca iônica. / In the present study the parameters of Nb2O5.nH2O precipitation via reverse microemulsion were investigated with the objective to synthesize homogeneous nanoparticles according to morphology, structure and size. Basic synthesis parameters, such as addition order of microemulsions (O), ratio of water to surfactant (W), ratio of NbOF5-2 to water, were determined by design of experiments. The Nb2O5.nH2O was also prepared by co-precipitation and homogeneous solution method. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TG/DTG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET specific surface area measurements. The phosphate adsorption onto Nb2O5.nH2O was performed. The best way to prepared Nb2O5.nH2O via reverse microemulsion was used in experiment 2. MEV micrographs confirmed that materials prepared by microemulsion were smallest than materials prepared by co-precipitation and homogeneous solution. The kinetic data corresponded very well to the pseudo-second-order equation. The phosphate adsorption tended to increase with a decrease of pH. The data fitted well to the Langmuir model and the adsorption capacity for the Nb2O5.nH2O presented the following decreasing order: ME2>PSHu>PC>PSHc. The thermodynamic parameters evaluated reveal the spontaneous and endothermic nature of phosphate adsorption onto Nb2O5.nH2O. Phosphate can be desorbed from the surface of hydrous niobium oxide by adjusting the pH values of the solution. The phosphate adsorption occurs by the mechanisms of chemisorptions, physisorptions and ion-exchange.
66

Spin Crossover Nanoparticles of Fe (pyrazine) [Pt(CN)4] : Role of Environment on Thermal Bistability / Nanoparticules à transition de spin du réseau Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] : Rôle de l’environnement sur la bistabilité thermique

Raza, Yousuf 22 March 2013 (has links)
Ce travail a porté sur la synthèse et l'étude de nanoparticules à transition de spin du réseau tridimensionnel Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4]. L'objectif principal de ce travail était d’étudier l’effet de l'environnement (matrice) sur les propriétés de transition de spin des nanoparticules de Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4]. Dans un premier temps, la synthèse en microémulsion et l’étude de quelques paramètres permettant de varier la taille des particules ont été menées. La morphologie de deux tailles de particules a été étudiée en particulier par tomographie électronique. Les propriétés des particules de Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] de 10 nm récupérées sans enrobage sont présentées et révèlent une coopérativité comparable au composé massif. L’étude a ensuite été poursuivie en modifiant uniquement l'environnement des particules en gardant les autres paramètres (taille, composition, forme) constants. Des particules de Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] de 10 nm ont été protégées par différentes molécules telles qu’un dérivé calix-8-arène comportant des pyridines, le para-nitrobenzylpyridine (pNBP), un polymère (PVP) ou encore par croissance par voie sol-gel d’une coquille de silice de différentes épaisseurs. L’effet de l’environnement des nanoparticules sur les propriétés de transition de spin a été mis en évidence de manière très claire et la compressibilité de la matrice a été proposée comme élément permettant de moduler cette coopérativité. Par ailleurs, l'influence de la nature du réseau inorganique modifié par insertion d’iode dans le réseau de Fe(pyrazine) [Pt(CN)4] des nanoparticules a été étudiée, afin d’augmenter la température de transition autour de l’ambiante. Un effet particulièrement important été observé sur la coopérativité de la transition de spin des particules enrobées. Les résultats ont été discutés dans le contexte de récentes études de modélisation. / This work is focused on the synthesis and study of the spin crossover nanoparticles of 3D Fe (pyrazine) [Pt(CN)4] network. The main objective of this work was to study the environment (matrix) effects on the spin crossover (SCO) behavior of the Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] nanoparticles. At first, microemulsion synthesis and study of some parameters affecting the size of the particles have been conducted. The morphology of particles of two sizes has been studied in particular using Electron Tomography. The properties of the 10 nm Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] particles recovered without coating are presented and reveal cooperativity comparable to the bulk compound. The study was followed by changing only the environment and keeping other parameters (size, composition, shape) constant. 10 nm Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] nanoparticles were protected by different molecules such as a derivative of calix-8-arene having pyridine groups, para-nitrobenzylpyridine (pNBP), a polymer (PVP) or a silica shell of different thicknesses grown via sol-gel process. The effect of the environment of nanoparticles on the spin transition properties has been demonstrated very clearly and the compressibility of the matrix has been proposed as an element to modulate the cooperativity. In addition, the influence of the nature of the inorganic network modified by insertion of iodine in the network Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] nanoparticles has been studied to increase the transition temperature around ambient temperature. A particularly significant effect was observed on the cooperativity of the spin transition of the coated particles. The results were discussed in the context of recent modelisation studies.
67

Use of liquid chromatography for assay of flavonoids as key constituents and antibiotics as trace elements in propolis : investigation into the application of a range of liquid chromatography techniques for the analysis of flavonoids and antibiotics in propolis, and extraction studies of flavonoids in propolis

Kamble, Ujjwala Kerba January 2016 (has links)
Propolis is an approved food additive containing flavonoids as a major active constituent. Variability has been found in the composition of propolis in distinctive regions and it was noticed that there are limitations in the analysis of propolis. In this study, the identification of ten flavonoids and residual antibiotics in propolis was investigated by using several liquid chromatography techniques, including reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), microemulsion LC (MELC) and ultra-performance LC (UPLC). The ten flavonoids that were selected for this research include rutin, myricetin, quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, pinocembrin, CAPE, chrysin, galangin and acacetin while chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and doxycycline were selected to examine the residual antibiotics in propolis. For the analysis of the selected flavonoids, routine RP-HPLC method was found to be the best method, while MELC technique was found more efficient for the analysis of the selected antibiotics. Solid phase extraction with HLB sorbent was utilised in the analysis of antibiotics for clean-up of propolis. In method development studies for flavonoids and antibiotics, one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach was followed. The final optimised method for the analysis of flavonoids as well as the method. for the analysis of antibiotics was validated using the ICH guidelines, and various aspects, such as the linearity, selectivity, accuracy, recovery, robustness and stability parameters, were examined. Development of efficient conventional method for the extraction of flavonoids from propolis was studied extensively in the present research work using different extraction techniques such as maceration, hot extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction. Among all extraction experiments, ethanolic extraction using ultrasound extraction method was the best efficient approach. This thesis shows that, in general, the performance of O/W MELC is superior to that of conventional HPLC for the determination of residual antibiotics in propolis. UPLC was not suitable for the analysis of flavonoids and antibiotics. The conventional LC was the only technique to separate the ten flavonoids but MELC was able to separate nine of the flavonoids with faster analysis time. This work also showed that MELC uses cheaper solvents. This considerable saving in both cost and time will potentially improve efficiency within quality control.
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Desenvolvimento de método para determinação de ferro, cobre e zinco em microemulsão de biodiesel por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama / Development of method for determination of iron, copper and zinc in biodiesel by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using microemulsion as sample preparation

Antunes, Greici Alves January 2016 (has links)
Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de método analítico para a determinação de Fe, Cu e Zn em amostras de biodiesel por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama (F AAS), utilizando microemulsão como preparo de amostra. Neste trabalho buscou-se, para a formação da microemulsão, o uso de um solvente orgânico menos tóxico do que o solvente usado no método de referência (ABNT NBR 15556), o uso de padrões inorgânicos para a calibração e a ausência de um surfactante. A composição da microemulsão foi estudada através de um diagrama trifásico e a composição adotada foi de 1,7 g de biodiesel, 1,1 mL de H2O/HNO3 e volume completado com propan-1-ol até 10 mL. Foi utilizado ácido oleico e padrões inorgânicos no preparo das curvas analíticas. O método apresentou boa linearidade (R > 0,99) e desvios padrão menor do que 5%. Os LDs foram de 0,3, 0,1 e 0,07 mg kg-1 para os metais Fe, Cu e Zn, respectivamente. Esses resultados foram melhores do que os obtidos pelo método de referência devido a melhor precisão nas medidas no método proposto. Os resultados dos testes de recuperação (95-102%) indicam a ausência de efeitos de matriz. Os parâmetros obtidos pelo método proposto estão de acordo com os encontrados com o método padrão, o que torna o seu uso viável para a determinação de elementos traço. Para avaliar a exatidão do método foram comparados os resultados de amostras reais com o método de referência e também com o método de decomposição ácida. A aplicação do teste estatístico “t” student, mostrou que não existe diferença significativa entre os resultados obtidos pelos três métodos. Portanto, o uso de microemulsões aliado à técnica F AAS apresentou uma estratégia simples, rápida e prática, além da possibilidade de se utilizar solventes não carcinogênicos. A presença de ácido no meio permite maior disponibilidade e mobilidade dos analitos, evitando a adsorção nas paredes do recipiente além do uso de padrões aquosos na calibração para avaliar a presença de metais no biodiesel. / This work proposes the development of an analytical method for the determination of Fe, Cu and Zn in biodiesel samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F AAS) using microemulsion as sample preparation. The formation of the microemulsion using a less toxic organic solvent instead of the solvent used in the reference method (ABNT NBR 15556), inorganic standards for calibration and the absence of a surfactant was sought. The composition of the microemulsion was investyigated through a three phase diagram and the composition adopted was 1.7 g of biodiesel, 1.1 ml of H2O/HNO3 and completed with propan-1-ol to 10 mL volume. Oleic acid and inorganic standards was used to prepare the calibration curves. The method showed good linearity (R > 0.99) and less than 5% standard deviation. The Limits of Detection obtained were 0.3, 0.1 and 0.07 mg kg-1 for Fe, Cu and Zn, respectively. These results were better than those obtained by the reference method due to lower fluctuation in the measurements in the proposed method. The spike recoveries obtained (95-102%) indicate the absence of matrix effects. The parameters obtained for the proposed method are in agreement with those found for the standard method, which makes feasible its use for the determination of trace elements. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the method the results of real samples were compared with the reference method and also with the method of acid decomposition. The application of the statistic test "t" student showed no significant difference between the results obtained by the three test methods. Therefore, the use of the microemulsions combined with F AAS technique showed a simple, fast and practical strategy, besides the possibility of using non-carcinogenic solvents. The presence of acid in the medium allows greater freedom of analytes, preventing adsorption onto the walls of the container and the use of aqueous standards for evaluating the presence of metals in biodiesel.
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Influ?ncia da acrilamida e da poliacrilamida em sistema microemulsionado visando aplica??o na recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo

Teixeira, Ewerton Richard Fernandes 19 October 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EwertonRFT_DISSERT.pdf: 4228292 bytes, checksum: 8fb23445cdaa1e3bfe9b7d317ec439df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work aims to study the influence of two additives, the monomer, acrylamide and its polymer, polyacrylamide, solubilized in microemulsion systems and applied on enhanced oil recovery. By the microemulsion system obtained, it was chosen points into the phase diagram, presenting these compositions: 25%, 30%, 35% C/T; 2% Fo (fixed for all points) e 73%, 68% e 63% Fa, respectively. However, the monomer and the polymer were solubilized in these microemulsion points with 0.1%; 0.5%; 1% e 2% of concentration, ordering to check the concentration influence at the physicochemical properties (surface tension and rheology) of the microemulsion. Through the salinity study, was possible to observe that the concentrations of 1% and 2% of polymer made the solution became blurred, accordingly, the study of surface tension and rheology only was made for the concentrations of 0.1% e 0.5% of monomer and polymer, respectively. By the surface tension study it was observed that how the concentration of active matter (C/T) was increasing the surface tension was amending for each system, with or without additives. In the rheology study, as it increases the concentration of active matter increases both the viscosity of the microemulsion system (SME) with no additive, as the SME with polymer (AD2). After the entire study, it was chosen the lower point of active matter (25% C/T; 2% Fo e 73% Fa), plus additives in concentrations of 0.1% and 0.5% to be used on enhanced oil recovery. Assays were made on sandstone from Botucatu Formation, where after the tests, it was concluded that among the studied points, the point who showed the best efficiency of advanced shift was the microemulsion system + 0.5% AD2, with a recovery of 28% of oil in place and a total of 96,49%, while the other solution with 0.5% of polymer presented the worst result, with 14.1% of oil in place and 67,39% of efficiency of total displacement / Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a influ?ncia de dois aditivos, a acrilamida e seu pol?mero, poliacrilamida, solubilizados em sistemas microemulsionados e aplicados na recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo. Atrav?s da obten??o do sistema microemulsionado, foram escolhidos pontos do diagrama de fases apresentando as seguintes composi??es: 25%, 30%, 35% C/T; 2% Fo (fixa para todos os pontos) e 73%, 68% e 63% Fa, respectivamente. O mon?mero e o pol?mero foram solubilizados nestes pontos de microemuls?o nas concentra??es de 0,1%; 0,5%; 1% e 2%, visando verificar a influ?ncia da concentra??o nas propriedades f?sico-qu?micas (tens?o superficial e reologia) da microemuls?o. Atrav?s do estudo de salinidade, foi poss?vel observar que as concentra??es 1% e 2% de pol?mero turvaram a microemuls?o, portanto, o estudo de tens?o e reologia foi realizado para as concentra??es 0,1% e 0,5% de mon?mero e pol?mero, respectivamente. Atrav?s do estudo de tens?o superficial observou-se que ? medida que aumenta a concentra??o de mat?ria ativa (C/T) altera a tens?o superficial para ambos sistemas com e sem aditivos. No estudo de reologia, ? medida que aumenta a concentra??o de mat?ria ativa, aumenta tanto a viscosidade do sistema microemulsionado (SME) sem aditivo, quanto o SME com pol?mero (AD2). Ap?s esse estudo, foi selecionado o ponto de menor concentra??o de mat?ria ativa (25% C/T; 2% Fo e 73% Fa) acrescido dos aditivos nas concentra??es 0,1% e 0,5% para serem utilizados na recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo. Os ensaios foram realizados em arenitos da forma??o Botucatu, onde, ap?s terem sido realizados os testes, concluiu-se que dentre os pontos estudados, o que apresentou a melhor efici?ncia de deslocamento avan?ada foi o sistema microemulsionado + 0,5% de poliacrilamida (AD2), com uma recupera??o de 28% de ?leo in place e total de 96,49%, que ao ser comparada a solu??o de 0,5% do mesmo pol?mero apresentou recupera??o avan?ada de 14,1% de ?leo in place e 67,39% de efici?ncia de deslocamento total. A realiza??o deste trabalho mostrou que a utiliza??o de pol?meros em sistemas microemulsionado aparece como uma alternativa vi?vel na recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo
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Influ?ncia da densidade de carga e da massa molar da poliacrilamida na reologia de sistemas microemulsionados

Barros, Rosemiro Marinho 07 January 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosemiroMB_DISSERT.pdf: 2340991 bytes, checksum: c71ab28274a335ce511c0a85fd6c1157 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The knowledge of the rheological behavior of microemulsionated systems (SME) is of fundamental importance due to the diversity of industrial applications of these systems. This dissertation presents the rheological behavior of the microemulsionated system formed by RNX 95/alcohol isopropyl/p-toulen sodium sulfonate/kerosene/distilled water with the addition of polyacrylamide polymer. It was chosen three polymers of the polyacrylamide type, which differ in molar weight and charge density. It was studied the addition of these polymers in relatively small concentration 0,1% in mass and maximum concentration of 2,0%. It was made analysis of flow to determine the appearing viscosities of the SME and rheological parameters applying Bingham, Ostwald de Waale and Herschell-Buckley models. The behavior into saline environment of this system was studied for a solution of KCl 2,0%, replacing the distilled water. It was determined the behavior of microemulsions in relation with the temperature through curves of flow in temperatures of 25 to 60?C in variations of 5?C. After the analysis of the results the microemulsion without the addition of polymer presented a slight increase in its viscosity, but it does not mischaracterize it as a Newtonian fluid. However the additive systems when analyzed with low concentration of polymer adjusted well to the applied models, with a very close behavior of microemulsion. The higher concentration of the polymer gave the systems a behavior of plastic fluid. The results of the temperature variation point to an increase of viscosity in the systems that can be related to structural changes in the micelles formed in the own microemulsion without the addition of polymer / O conhecimento do comportamento reol?gico de sistemas microemulsionados (SME) ? de fundamental import?ncia, devido ? diversidade de aplica??es industriais desses sistemas. Esse trabalho apresenta o comportamento reol?gico do sistema microemulsionado formado por RNX 95/?lcool isoprop?lico/p-tolueno sulfonato de s?dio/Querosene/?gua destilada com a adi??o do pol?mero poliacrilamida. Foram escolhidos tr?s pol?meros do tipo poliacrilamida, que diferem quanto a massa molar e sua densidade de carga. Estudou-se a adi??o desses pol?meros em concentra??o relativamente baixa 0,1% em massa e concentra??o m?xima de 2,0%. Foram realizadas an?lises de escoamento para a determina??o das viscosidades aparente dos SME e par?metros reol?gicos aplicando os modelos de Bingham, Ostwald de Waale e Herschell-Buckley. O comportamento em meio salino desse sistema foi estudado para uma solu??o de KCl 2,0%, em substitui??o ? ?gua destilada. Foi determinado o comportamento das microemuls?es em rela??o ? temperatura atrav?s de curvas de escoamento a temperaturas de 25 a 60?C com varia??es de 5?C. Ap?s an?lise dos resultados a microemuls?o sem adi??o de pol?mero apresentou um ligeiro aumento em sua viscosidade, mas o que n?o a descaracteriza como um fluido newtoniano. Os sistemas aditivados quando analisados com concentra??o baixa de pol?mero ajustaram-se bem aos modelos aplicados, com comportamento muito pr?ximo da microemuls?o. J? a concentra??o mais elevada de pol?mero deu aos sistemas comportamento de fluido pl?stico. Os resultados da varia??o de temperatura apontam para um aumento na viscosidade dos sistemas que pode estar relacionado a mudan?as estruturais nas micelas formadas na pr?pria microemuls?o sem adi??o de pol?mero

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