京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第17904号 / 農博第2027号 / 新制||農||1018(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H25||N4800(農学部図書室) / 30724 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉山 淳司, 教授 矢野 浩之, 教授 髙部 圭司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Mesurer la teneur en eau et l'angle des microfibrilles est un enjeu important pour les sciences du bois car ces deux paramètres influencent fortement le comportement macroscopique du bois. Par exemple, le retrait, les propriétés mécaniques, la conductivité thermique et acoustique sont dépendants de la teneur en eau et leur caractère anisotrope est en grande partie régi par l'angle des microfibrilles. L'objectif cette thèse est l'utilisation d'un rayonnement X avec un spectre poly-énergétique, pour mesurer sans contact la teneur en eau et l'angle de microfibrilles du bois.Nous avons exploité la légère différence entre le coefficient d'atténuation des rayons X pour l'eau et pour le bois dans des essais de transmission. Malheureusement, les résultats montrent que cette différence entre les coefficients d'atténuation est insuffisante pour permettre la mesure précise de la teneur en eau. En revanche, malgré la proximité de ces coefficients d'atténuation, des essais de diffusion cohérente du rayonnement montrent des effets sensibles. Ainsi, en utilisant un faisceau X poly-énergétique et un système de mesure spectrométrique du rayonnement transmis et diffusé, nous avons pu discriminer le composant cristallin (cellulose du bois) du composant amorphe (eau) dans un échantillon du bois humide car pour un angle donné ces phases diffractent à des énergies différentes. Par ailleurs, le dispositif créé spécialement nous a permis d'étudier la phase cristalline du bois. Nous avons pu confronter des profils de diffraction expérimentaux avec des profils de diffraction théoriques, obtenus au moyen d'une simulation rigoureuse, dans l'objectif d'estimer l'angle moyen de microfibrilles et son écart type.

Wood fibres can be used as reinforcement in plastics for load carrying purposes. Some advantages compared with conventional man-made fibres are that wood fibres come from a renewable resource, have high specific stiffness and strength, are generally less hazardous to health, biodegradable, and can be manufactured at low cost and high volumes. A clear disadvantage with cellulose-based materials for structural use is their dimensional instability in humid environments. The hygroelastic properties are of high importance in materials development of improved wood-fibre composites. This work deals with the stiffness and hygroexpansion of wood fibres for composite materials. The long-term aim is to design engineered wood fibre composites based on better basic knowledge of wood fibres. Mechanistic models have been used to link the fibrous microstructure with macroscopic composite engineering properties. The properties have been characterized experimentally for various wood-fibre composites and their fibre-mat preforms, by means of curvature measurements at various levels of relative humidity, as well as tensile and compressive tests. From these test results and microstructural characterization, the longitudinal Young’s modulus and transverse coefficient of hygroexpansion of wood fibres were identified by inverse modelling. Some effects of various pulp processes and fibre modifications on the elastic properties of the fibre were observed, illustrating how the mixed experimental-modelling approaches can be used in more efficient materials screening and selection. An improved micromechanical analysis for wood-fibre composites has been presented. The model is more appropriate to combine with laminate analogy, to link fibre properties on the microscale to the macroscopic composite properties and vice versa. It also offers the possibility to include the effects of ultrastructure since it can account for an arbitrary number of phases. An approach to model ultrastructure-fibre property relations has been demonstrated. It includes analytical modelling of multilayered cylindrical fibres as well as finite element modelling of fibres with irregular geometry characterized with microscopy. Both approaches are useful and could be combined with experiments to reveal insights that can pave way for a firmer link between the wood fibre ultrastructure and wood fibre properties. / QC 20100914

The genetic manipulation of perennial woody tree species presents a range of additional challenges compared to that of annual weedy crop species. These include long generation times and reproductive cycle, the heterogeneity of plants under investigation and, when investigating xylogenesis, a number of physical and biochemical limitations to microscopic and molecular experimentation. Efforts have been made to understand molecular aspects of xylogenesis and have involved functional gene testing using transgenic approaches. These methods involve the production of plantlets from a variety of plant tissues using in vitro full plant regeneration techniques. Although these systems are effective, the time taken from transformation event, to plant establishment and growth, then finally to secondary wood production can take up to several years and requires high labor and technical inputs. (For complete abstract open document)

Orientador: Claudio Chrysostomo Werneck / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T00:56:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vassequi-Silva_Tallita_M.pdf: 17060353 bytes, checksum: 04c3d8b469909adce6cf7a0f8977283d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: As fibras elásticas são responsáveis por darem sustentação a tecidos, como artéria aorta, pele, pulmão. São compostas por dois componentes distintos, elastina e microfibrila, quando analisadas por microscopia eletrônica. Anteriormente, os pesquisadores acreditavam que a principal função da rede de microfibrila, composta principalmente de fibrilinas e MAGPs, era na formação das fibras elásticas. Mas, sabe-se hoje, que a rede de microfibrila também é essencial na sinalização molecular. As MAGPs são proteínas aparentemente importantes para a função estrutural das microfibrilas e seu desenvolvimento. Embora sua função biológica ainda não seja conhecida, muitos estudos têm demonstrado sua interação com várias moléculas in vitro, como as fibrilinas 1 e 2, tropoelastina, biglican, decorina e colágeno VI. Até o momento nenhuma patologia foi relacionada à deficiência ou mutações no gene da MAGP1. Entretanto, dados preliminares demonstram que camundongos deficientes em MAGP1, quando submetidos à angioplastia, desenvolvem mais neoíntima quando comparados com animais selvagens. O procedimento de angioplastia resulta muitas vezes no remodelamento vascular, levando a reestenose ou formação de neoíntima. Muitos estudos têm relacionado o TGF-ß com o processo de reestenose após angioplastia, justamente pelo fato desse fator de crescimento ser capaz de modular o desenvolvimento e remodelamento vascular. Levando em consideração dados recentes que demonstram que a MAGP1 tem a capacidade de interagir com o TGF-ß ativo, foi de nosso interesse tratar os camundongos deficientes em MAGP1 e selvagens com losartan (antagonista de TGF-ß) para verificar a função da MAGP1 e a possível participação de TGF-na formação de neoíntima. Os animais foram tratados com losartan ou placebo por 4 semanas e então submetidos ao ensaio de angioplastia, aferição da pressão sanguínea e dosagem de TGF-ß plasmático. Observou-se que todos os animais são normotensos e, que o tratamento com losartan resultou em uma redução na formação de neoíntima em comparação com os animais não tratados e que não houve diferença na formação de neoíntima entre os animais deficientes em MAGP1 comparados com selvagens. Não houve alteração dos níveis de TGF-ß total. Os dados sugerem que a MAGP1 parece não ser importante no processo de formação de neoíntima e que o tratamento com losartan é eficaz na redução da formação da neoíntima, sem alterar a pressão sanguínea e os níveis de TGF-ß / Abstract: Elastic fibers are responsible for providing support to tissues such as aorta, skin and lung. They are composed of two distinct components, elastin and microfibrils, when analyzed by electron microscopy. Previously, researchers believed that the main function of the microfibrils network, mainly composed of fibrilin and MAGPs, was the formation of the elastic fiber. But, today, we know that the microfibril network is essential for molecular signaling also. The MAGPs are proteins apparently important for the structural functions of the microfibrils and development. Although its biological function is not known yet, many studies have demonstrated its interaction with various molecules in vitro, such as fibrilin 1 and 2, tropoelastin, biglycan, decorin and type VI collagen. So far no pathology was related to MAGP1 deficiency or mutations. However, preliminary data show that MAGP1 deficient mice when assayed using angioplasty model they developed more neointima than wild-type animals. The angioplasty procedure often results in vascular remodeling, leading to restenosis. Many studies have shown that TGF-ß is related to this process mainly because this growth factor is able to modulate the development and vascular remodeling. Take into account recent data showing that MAGP1 has the ability to interact with active TGF-ß, it was our interest to treat the MAGP1 deficient and wild-type mice with losartan (antagonist of TGF-ß) to verify the MAGP1 function and possible involvement of TGF-? in the neointima formation. Mice were treated with losartan or placebo for 4 weeks and then tested on angioplasty, blood pressure measurement and serum TGF-ß. It was observed that all animals are normotensive, and that losartan treatment resulted in a neointima reduction compared with untreated animals. No difference in neointima formation was observed between the MAGP1 deficient and wild-type mice. There was no change in total serum TGF-ß levels. Data suggest that MAGP1, apparently is not important in neointima formation and the losartan treatment is effective in reducing neointima formation without affecting blood pressure and levels of TGF-ß / Mestrado / Bioquimica / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Paper is used in a wide range of applications, each of which has specific requirements on mechanical and surface properties. The role of paper strength on paper performance is still not well understood. This work addresses the mechanical properties of paper by utilizing fiber network simulation and consists of two parts.In the first part, we use a three-dimensional model of a network of fibers to describe the fracture process of paper accounting for nonlinearities at the fiber level (material model and geometry) and bond failures. A stress-strain curve of paper in tensile loading is described with the help of the network of dry fibers; the parameters that dominate the shape of this curve are discussed. The evolution of network damage is simulated, the results of which are compared with digital speckle photography experiments on laboratory sheets. It is concluded that the original strain inhomogeneities due to the structure are transferred to the local bond failure dynamics. The effects of different conventional and unconventional bond parameters are analyzed. It has been shown that the number of bonds in paper is important and that the changes in bond strength influence paper mechanical properties significantly.In the second part, we proposed a constitutive model for a fiber suitable for cyclic loading applications. We based the development of the available literature data and on the detailed finite-element model of pulp fibers. The model provided insights into the effects of various parameters on the mechanical response of the pulp fibers. The study showed that the change in the microfibril orientation upon axial straining is mainly a geometrical effect and is independent of material properties of the fiber as long as the deformations are elastic. Plastic strains accelerate the change in microfibril orientation. The results also showed that the elastic modulus of the fiber has a non-linear dependency on a microfibril angle,with elastic modulus being more sensitive to the change of microfibril angle around small initial values of microfibril angles. These effects were incorporated into a non-linear isotropic hardening plasticity model for beams and tested in a fiber network in cycling loading application model, using the model we estimated the level of strains that fiber segments accumulate at the failure point in a fiber network.The main goal of this work is to create a tool that would act as a bridge between microscopic characterization of fiber and fiber bonds and the mechanical properties that are important in the papermaking industry. The results of this work provide a fundamental insight on mechanics of paper constituents in tensile as well as cyclic loading. This would eventually lead to a rational choice of raw materials in paper manufacturing and thus utilizing the environment in a balanced way. / <p>QC 20130605</p>

Orientador: Claudio Chrysostomo Werneck / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T08:25:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_DanielleSousa_M.pdf: 8911447 bytes, checksum: c9bf5559a19db5c16b953e4b7a760966 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: MAGP1 (Microfibril-Associated GlycoProtein1) é um os constituintes das microfibrilas. Numerosos estudos têm demonstrado que MAGP1 interage com outras moléculas in vitro e sua expressão é de grande importância para o desenvolvimento vascular em zebrafish. Dados obtidos em nosso laboratório a partir do modelo fotoquímico de indução de trombo em animais deficientes em MAGP1 sugerem a importância deste componente da microfibrila no processo trombótico. Entre as técnicas para indução da formação de trombo, têm-se o cloreto férrico. Tal mecanismo, quando aplicado em pequenos animais, gera uma lesão endotelial de alta intensidade em apenas dois minutos. Além disso, com o auxílio da microscopia intravital, o cloreto férrico permite a captura de imagens do vaso sanguíneo em tempo real. A microscopia intravital possibilita a análise do processo de formação do trombo e as possíveis diferenças deste processo nos camundongos deficientes em MAGP1. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho objetivou estabelecer a técnica de trombose arterial induzida por cloreto férrico e assistida por microscopia intravital, a fim de verificar a função de MAGP1 no processo de formação do trombo. Para isto, as células brancas e as plaquetas de animais selvagens e deficientes em MAGP1 foram coradas com Rhodamina 6G e analisadas por microscopia intravital / Abstract: MAGP1 (Microfibril - Associated GlycoProtein1) is a constituent of the microfibrils. Numerous studies have shown that MAGP1 interact with other molecules in vitro and its expression is of importance for vascular development in zebrafish. Data obtained in our laboratory from the photochemical model of thrombus induction in animals deficient in MAGP1 suggest the importance of this component of the microfibril in the thrombotic process. Among the techniques for inducing thrombus formation, it has been ferric chloride. This mechanism when applied in small animals generates a high intensity endothelial injury in just two minutes. Furthermore, with the aid of intravital microscopy, ferric chloride enables the capture of blood vessel images in real time. The intravital microscopy allows the analysis of the process of thrombus formation and possible differences of this process in mice deficient in MAGP1. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the technique of arterial thrombosis induced by ferric chloride and assisted intravital microscopy, in order to verify the function of MAGP1 in the process of thrombus formation. For this, white cells and platelets MAGP1 deficient and wild animals were stained with Rhodamine 6G e analyzed by intravital microscopy / Mestrado / Bioquimica / Mestra em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Many studies have demonstrated a connection between the fibrillin matrix and TGF&beta; signalling, but at present the mechanistic basis for this link is unclear. An interaction between the C-terminus of Latent TGF&beta; Binding Protein 1 (LTBP1) and the N-terminus of fibrillin1 has previously been identified, and may have the potential to directly link the fibrillin matrix to TGF&beta; signalling. To investigate the structural basis for this interaction, several multi-domain fragments of fibrillin1 and LTBP1 were expressed prokaryotically and refolded in vitro. After initial characterisation to confirm folding, the structure, dynamics, and interdomain interactions of these fragments were investigated in more detail using NMR techniques. Domains in both LTBP1 and fibrillin1 appear to demonstrate folds consistent with homologous structures, and while the LTBP1 C-terminal cbEGF14-TB3-EGF3-cbEGF15 region contains many flexible linkers and few interdomain interactions, the fibrillin1 EGF2-EGF3-hyb1-cbEGF1 region appears rigid, with interfaces forming between all domains present. SPR studies were used to demonstrate binding between distinct LTBP1 and fibrillin fragments, suggesting interactions between multiple domains are involved in the LTBP1-fibrillin1 interaction. The binding sites involved were then mapped to specific residues using HSQC titration studies, and structural models for the LTBP1-fibrillin1 interaction were generated based on these data. Predictions from these models were used to target residues for site-directed mutagenesis, based on their potential involvement in salt bridges, and when certain residues were replaced with those of opposite charge, reductions in binding could be seen in the SPR assay. These key residues were consistent with a particular model of the LTBP1-fibrillin1 interaction, as derived from the HSQC titration data. The conservation of potential binding site residues through deuterostome evolution also supports an important biological role for the LTBP-fibrillin interaction.

La douleur est une réponse normale qui nous permet de réagir en réponse à un trauma ou une situation qui pourrait potentiellement causer du tort à notre corps. Cette expérience désagréable n’est pas seulement physiologique, mais elle est aussi psychologique, émotionnelle et socio-culturelle. C’est ce qui la rend aussi complexe et subjective. Lorsque les mécanismes de modulation de la douleur ne fonctionnent plus normalement, ces douleurs peuvent devenir chroniques et être très handicapantes pour les patients. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement focalisés sur certaines maladies musculosquelettiques présentant de la douleur chronique telles que l’encéphalomyélite myalgique (EM), la fibromyalgie (FM) et l’arthrose ou l’ostéoarthrite (OA). L’EM et la FM sont deux maladies complexes et hétérogènes qui ont plusieurs symptômes qui se chevauchent. L’EM se caractérise généralement par de la fatigue chronique qui n’est pas soulagée par le repos et par des malaises après-effort (PEM). Alors que la FM se caractérise davantage par de la douleur chronique musculaire et articulaire. Puis, l’OA est une maladie débilitante où les patients ont une dégradation progressive du cartilage articulaire causant de la douleur chronique qui est davantage localisée au niveau des joints articulaires atteints. Actuellement, il n’existe pas de biomarqueurs idéaux pour mesurer le niveau de douleur pour ces maladies dont l’étiologie reste incertaine. Toutefois, une étude récente a démontré une diminution de l’expression du gène MFAP3 au niveau des cellules mononuclées du sang périphérique (PBMC) chez des individus présentant des états de douleur élevée à la suite d’un syndrome post-traumatique. Ce gène code pour une protéine appelée protéine associée aux microfibrilles 3 (MFAP3), qui participent dans plusieurs processus biologiques dont l’assemblage des microfibrilles, l'élastinogenèse et l'homéostasie tissulaire, et pourrait aussi être une protéine clé impliquée dans l’inhibition de la douleur. L’objectif de cette étude est de mieux comprendre le rôle de la protéine MFAP3 et son implication dans la douleur dans ces différentes pathologies. L’expression du gène MFAP3 a été mesurée dans les PBMC de patients atteints d’EM, de FM, d’OA et de sujets sains (HC) et a été corrélée aux niveaux de douleur des patients. Une recherche in silico nous a permis d’identifier des récepteurs membranaires impliqués dans la douleur et pouvant interagir physiquement avec la protéine MFAP3 dont le récepteur HTR3A (le récepteur à sérotonine 3A). La spectroscopie cellulaire diélectrique a été utilisée pour valider cette interaction dans des cellules Jurkat (lymphocytes T humains immortalisés) dans des conditions standards. Il a été observé que la protéine MFAP3 inhibait la réponse induite par la stimulation de ce récepteur. Cette recherche pourrait éventuellement conduire au développement de nouvelles thérapies pour traiter la douleur associée à ces maladies musculosquelettiques. / Pain is a normal response that allows us to react in response to trauma or in situations that are dangerous or could potentially harm our body. This unpleasant experience is not only physiological, but it is also psychological, emotional, and socio-cultural. This is what makes it so complex and subjective. When pain modulation mechanisms no longer function normally, pain can become chronic and be very disabling for patients. In this study, we particularly focused on some musculoskeletal diseases presenting chronic pain such as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), fibromyalgia (FM) and osteoarthritis (OA). ME and FM are two complex and heterogeneous diseases that exhibit several overlapping symptoms. ME is characterized by a chronic fatigue that is not relieved by rest and post-exertional malaise (PEM), whereas FM is rather characterized by more chronic muscle and joint pain. In regard to OA, this debilitating disease leads to a progressive degradation of articular cartilage joints resulting in chronic pain which is more localized in the affected joints. Currently, there are no ideal biomarkers to measure pain level for these diseases and their etiology remains unclear. However, a recent study demonstrated a decrease in MFAP3 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in individuals presenting high pain states following a post-traumatic syndrome. This gene encodes a protein called Microfibril-associated protein 3 (MFAP3), which participates in several biological processes including microfibril assembly, elastinogenesis and tissue homeostasis, and could also be a key protein involved in pain inhibition. The objectives of this study were to better understand the role of the MFAP3 protein and its involvement in pain in these different pathologies. MFAP3 gene expression was measured in PBMCs from patients with ME, FM, OA and healthy subjects (HC) and correlated with their pain levels. In silico research allowed us to identify membrane receptors involved in pain that can physically interact with the MFAP3 protein, including the HTR3A receptor (Serotonin receptor 3A). Cellular dielectric spectroscopy was used to validate this interaction in Jurkat cells (immortalized human T lymphocytes) under standard conditions. It was observed that MFAP3 inhibits the response induced by this receptor stimulation. This research could eventually lead to the development of new therapies to treat pain associated with these musculoskeletal diseases.