D. Tech. (Food Service Management, Department of Hospitality, Tourism and PR Management, Faculty of Human Sciences)|, Vaal University of Technology| / Background South Africa is one of the developing countries faced with the co-existence of undernutrition and overnutrition, often experienced within the same household. On the one hand, hunger, undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are linked to poverty and household food insecurity. Simultaneously, South Africans are exposed to ‘nutrition in transition’, where overweight and chronic diseases of lifestyle, such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and cancer are on the rise as part of the overnutrition profile. Sound nutrition is important throughout the lifecycle to combat under- and overnutrition and nutrition-related diseases. In urban areas, the grandmother or another senior female family member is often responsible for caring for the children in the household during the day. This includes physical, emotional and nutritional care. It is therefore essential for the caregiver to have good nutrition knowledge, to provide not only in her own needs, but also in those of the children. A nutrition education programme is one strategy for improving the nutrition knowledge of caregivers of children. Objective The primary objective in this study was to develop, tailor, implement and evaluate a nutrition education programme (NEP) for Sesotho-speaking females and caregivers of children in the Boipatong Township in the Vaal Region of South Africa and to test its impact in the short and longer term. Nutrition knowledge regarding four South African food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) was empirically tested before and after the intervention and then compared to a control group. In addition, dietary intake was assessed to detect any changes after the intervention in the medium term. Methodology In this both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were applied. Two frameworks, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Framework of Malnutrition (2004) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Framework for Nutrition Education (1997), gave structure to the planning, implementation and evaluation of the research project. This study’s nutrition education programme was based on a socio-ecological model to guide behavioural change in terms of healthy food choices. In the preparation phase, a situational analysis was performed by means of a cross-sectional analytical design using descriptive statistics. Socio-demographic and self-reported health information was obtained. Nutrition knowledge, based on the South African food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), was measured, and dietary intake was assessed and compared with the estimated average requirements (EARs) for their age categories. Phase two, the formulation phase, used an experimental design. The acceptability and understanding of the existing national nutrition education (NE) material for individuals with low living standards (LSM) was investigated in this phase of the nutrition education programme (NEP). A culturally tailored booklet was developed in English, translated into Sesotho, pilot tested and implemented as part of the nutrition education programme. Lesson plans were developed and pilot tested. A non-randomised control trial was used in the implementation and evaluation phases. The effect of the nutrition education programme on nutrition knowledge was quantitatively measured in a pre- and post-test design at each discussion session in the short term, using paired t-tests in the experimental group of caregivers. The evaluation phase tested the impact of the nutrition education in the longer term. Nutrition knowledge was measured quantitatively in a before-after intervention test design by means of a self-completed structured questionnaire, based on the four South African FDBGs included in the programme. A control group who was not subjected to any intervention was used to complete the same questionnaire before and after the intervention in the same time period as the experimental group. In the experimental group, dietary intake was assessed before and after the intervention to detect changes in dietary intake. No dietary intake was measured in the control group, as changes could be attributed to influences beyond the control of this study. Two randomly selected focus groups of the experimental group were run to provide deeper insight into their perceptions regarding the acceptability and understanding of the NEP and NE material. Results The situational analysis of the preparation phase revealed a poor community that displayed typical patterns of nutrition in transition, at risk of malnutrition. The median age of the sample of caregivers was 44 years (IQR 32-62). Income and consumption poverty was confirmed by 80.5 percent of households spending R300 or less on food, with 75 percent of households having between four and seven people living in the dwelling. Dietary results were indicative of food poverty and poor food choices, possibly due to monetary constraints. A low energy intake (median 5323 kJ/day; IQR 3369-7949), was observed. Only 13.9 percent reached the estimated energy requirement (EER) of 7855 kJ per day for their age category. The overall mean average requirements of the diet was 0.7 but the possiblity of micronutrient deficiencies could not be excluded with a MAR of 0.6 for vitamins and minerals respectively. The median nutrition knowledge was 50 percent (IQR 42-54%) The lowest score was obtained for the FBDG ‘Enjoy a variety of food’ (33.4%; 95% CI 1.1), followed by the FBDG on animal protein (40.3%; 95% CI 1.0). It was decided to augment these two FBDGs with the plant protein FBDG (54.3%; 95% CI 1.8). Despited a relatively good knowledge measured in the caregivers, none of the plant protein food items appeared in the top 20 food items most frequently consumed. The formulation phase included the testing of existing nutrition education material. Messages were well understood (60.5%). However, caregivers found the images contained in the pamphlets and the design of the pamphlets confusing. A definite need was identified for new, culturally acceptable NE material in the caregivers’ home language, Sesotho (74%). During the implementation phase the lectures were presented and the change in the short-term nutrition knowledge of the FBDGs was measured at every session by means of a pre-post-test design. The median age of the caregivers was 63 years (52-78). A significant change in nutrition knowledge was found for each FBDG in terms of the mean number of questions answered correctly by the participants between the results of each pre- and post-test. In the evaluation phase, the impact of the NEP was measured in the Boipatong experimental group and compared, regarding nutrition knowledge, to a control group in the longer term (three months after completion of the intervention). Median nutrition knowledge before the intervention was 49 percent (IQR 46-57) compared to 70 percent (IQR 68-73) after the intervention – an increase of 21 percent. In contrast, the control group showed an increase of only five percent. The results showed that the eating habits of many of the caregivers still fell substantially short of internationally recognised standards (estimated energy requirement (EER) and estimated average requirement (EAR)), and this could contribute to undernutrition as well as to an increased risk of diet-related chronic disease. A median kilojoule intake of 4788 kJ (IQR 3415-6596) per day before and 4651 kJ (IQR 3369-6664) per day after the intervention was registered. Carbohydrate foods remained an important source of energy. Calcium presented a major concern, as none of the participants reached the EAR despite a slight increase in the intake of milk (volume and frequency) after the intervention, as validated by the top 20 food lists and as measured by a nutrient average requirement (NAR) of 0.1 to 0.7 before and after the intervention respectively. The mean average requirements (MAR) remained relatively stable, at 0.7 (median) before the intervention and 0.6 after the intervention. The NEP thus had an insignificant positive effect on dietary intake, except for calcium, iodine and vitamin C intake, which showed significant increases. No relationships could be found between the MAR as an indicator of dietary quality and nutrition knowledge. However, this does not mean that an NEP is not a suitable strategy. Changes in food choices and dietary intake should be measured in the longer term, since lifestyle changes are challenging to adopt when people, especially those in deprived communities, do not have the financial means to make healthy food choices. Conclusion When planning nutrition education strategies to improve the health status of communities in deprived areas, one is faced with the difficulty of households with a low socio-economic status and poor dietary intake, which increases the risk of food and nutrition insecurity. The nutrition education programme, developed, tailored and implemented as an intervention strategy to address an identified need of caregivers, was effective in improving nutrition knowledge. Four of the South African dietary guidelines were used in the nutrition education programme tailored to the specific profile that emerged from the situational analysis and the development of supportive nutrition education material. Lesson plans and the Sesotho and English booklets are available for use in other nutrition education programmes. The study contributed to the understanding of food choices of the urban community of Boipatong as well as of the nutrient inadequacies observed. Nutrition knowledge alone is not enough to bring about changes in food choices when the means to do so are lacking. Poverty and nutrition are closely linked and thus difficult to separate.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a disponibilidade domiciliar de energia, nutrientes e carotenóides para as famílias brasileiras residentes nas áreas rurais e urbanas, das grandes Regiões Geográficas e do Distrito Federal. Utilizou-se como base de dados as informações individuais obtidas por meio da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2002- 2003) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Para a elaboração dos cálculos referentes ao conteúdo de energia e nutrientes, utilizou-se o software Virtual Nutri. Adotou-se como parâmetro para a avaliação da participação de macronutrientes no Valor Energético Total- VET e disponibilidade de vitaminas e minerais os valores preconizados pelo Institute of Medicine (1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004). Para a identificação do conteúdo de carotenóides, adotouse as informações contidas na tabela Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 19 - United States of Department Agriculture (USDA). A disponibilidade média diária de energia e nutrientes foi calculada utilizando o programa Statistical Analysis System – SAS. Os resultados revelam reduzida disponibilidade (domiciliar) de energia para as famílias, particularmente para aquelas moradoras nas áreas urbanas. No tocante à situação identificada para os grupamentos residentes nas áreas rurais foi observada expressiva participação de carboidratos no VET, principalmente nos domicílios das Regiões Norte, Nordeste, Sudeste e do Distrito Federal. A participação de macronutrientes energéticos para o total de energia disponível nos domicílios urbanos, da totalidade das Regiões, revelou-se em conformidade com os intervalos preconizados. A disponibilidade de vitaminas A, B1 e B2 nos domicílios brasileiros atendeu aos valores adotados como referência nesta pesquisa. Com relação à vitamina C, vitamina B6, vitamina B12, folacina e ácido pantotênico, a totalidade das famílias brasileiras integrantes da amostra teve acesso a quantidades inferiores àquelas consideradas ideais. No tocante aos minerais, o conteúdo disponível de cálcio, magnésio, zinco e potássio revelou-se reduzido. O acesso aos carotenóides mostrou-se insuficiente para as famílias brasileiras. Contudo, é interessante destacar que o conteúdo médio de β-caroteno, luteína e zeaxantina, carotenóides pró-vitamínicos A e carotenóides totais identificados para as famílias residentes nas áreas rurais, superou aquele verificado nos domicílios localizados nas áreas urbanas. Por outro lado, as famílias residentes nessas áreas dispõem de maiores quantidades de α-caroteno, β-criptoxantina e licopeno. Nos domicílios rurais da Região Sul, verifica-se a maior disponibilidade (total) de carotenóides, comparativamente ao acesso das famílias residentes nas demais Regiões brasileiras. Conclui-se que no país há ocorrência de diferentes padrões alimentares, com variações mais expressivas quando são distinguidos os dados de acordo com as Regiões Geográficas e os setores (urbano e rural) onde vivem as famílias. A disponibilidade média, nos domicílios, de expressivo rol de nutrientes inferior aos valores de referência, torna urgente a busca de estratégias que contribuam para o acesso adequado aos alimentos e promovam a melhoria dos hábitos e o padrão de consumo alimentar da população brasileira. Ressalta-se, que as análises restringiram-se à aquisição alimentar domiciliar, e a realização de pesquisas que identifiquem a contribuição nutricional proveniente da alimentação realizada fora do domicílio é essencial para o estabelecimento das estratégias. / The aim of this work was to analyze the availability of energy, nutrients and carotenoids for resident Brazilian families in the rural and urban areas according to Geographic Regions and Federal District. Individual information obtained through the Family Budget Survey (POF 2002- 2003), applied by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) was used as database. For the energy and nutrients analyses, the software Virtual Nutri was used. As a parameter for the assessment of qualitative analysis in Total Energy Value (VET) and the evaluation of the availability of vitamins and minerals, recommendations prescribed by the Institute of Medicine (1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004) were adopted. In relation to the evaluation of the carotenoids content in foods, the information contained on the table Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 19 - United States of Department Agriculture (USDA) was adopted. The resources of software Statistical Analysis System – SAS were used to calculate the average availability of nutrients. The results present reduced availability of energy for the Brazilian families and particularly for people who live in urban areas. Among the resident families in the rural areas, there was a higher participation of the carbohydrates in the VET, mainly for those ones located in North, Northeast, Southeast Regions and Federal District. The participation of macronutrients in the VET, for the families who live in urban residences and for the total of the Regions, were in compliance with the recommended values. The availability of vitamins A, B1 and B2, for the total of families, reached the recommendation adopted as reference in this research. In relation to vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folacin and pantothen acid, the Brazilian families had access to quantities which are lower than the recommendations. Regarding the minerals, the content of calcium, magnesium, zinc and potassium showed were reduced. The access to carotenoids was insufficient in the Brazilian residences. However, it is very interesting to mention that the average content of β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin, provitamins A and the total identified carotenoids for the families who live in rural areas was higher than that one verified in the residences located in the urban areas. On the other hand, the families who live in the urban areas dispose of higher amounts of α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene. In rural residences of the South Region, it is verified a higher availability of carotenoids (total) when compared to the contents observed in the residences located in others Regions of the country. The conclusion is that there are different food standards in the country which vary according to the analyzed data, considering the Geographic Regions and the sectors (urban and rural), where the families live. Due to the average availability in the residences, where some nutrients were lower than the values in reference, it is necessary an urgent search for strategies that contribute for the access to foods and the improvement of the habits and the food standards of the Brazilian population. It is very important to mention that the analyses are restricted to residence acquisition and the accomplishment of research that identifies the nutrition contribution of food away from home is essential for the establishment of the strategies.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Willian Bosquette Rosa.pdf: 1209101 bytes, checksum: 9f74d2b45a83e0233eaa0de44543b546 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of nitrogen (N) in coverage and molybdenum (Mo) by foliar application in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Three experiments were conducted in two cities in the western Parana (Toledo and Candido Rondon Rondon-PR) called Toledo, MCR 1st and 2nd harvest. The experiments were conducted at the field level in a randomized block design with four replications in a factorial 5 x 4, five nitrogen dosages (0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 kg ha-1) and four molybdenum dosages by leaf (0, 35, 70 and 140 g ha-1). The combinations and repetitions totaling 80 treatments in an area of 2,700 m2. The applications were performed at the phenological stage V4. The experimental plots were composed of 12 seeding rows, spaced 0,5 meters from each other, with five meters in length, featuring an experimental unit of 30 m2. The mass of 1,000 grains increased linearly in the three experiments above 60 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. Dosages of 120 and 240 kg ha-1 compared with 30 kg ha-1 at the Toledo experiment yielded a 12% increase in plant height, and 15% yield. Considering the experiment MCR 2nd harvest, the difference in productivity between the dose of 30 and 240 kg ha-1 of nitrogen is 1306 kg ha-1, an increase of 51%. The productivity of MCR experiments 1st and 2nd harvest were on average 35% higher compared to the experiment of Toledo. Generally, the dose of 140 g ha-1 molybdenum resulted in an increase of 8, 21 and 25% of the productivity experiments Toledo and MCR 1st and 2nd crop, respectively. The significant interactions for nitrogen x molybdenum, a significant effect only for the number of seeds per pod. When bean underwent dosage of 140 g ha-1 of molybdenum and increasing nitrogen rates, the increase in the number of seeds per pod was linear in all experiments. The application of nitrogen in coverage and molybdenum by foliar raised the leaf nitrogen content and crop yield. The economic viability of nitrogen doses, the dose of 120 kg ha-1 was expressed that the best net revenues. In summary, the application of nitrogen and molybdenum in bean crop, adds values in agronomic variables, including productivity, raises the leaf nitrogen content and is economically viable / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação com nitrogênio (N) em cobertura e molibdênio (Mo) via foliar na cultura do feijão comum. Foram conduzidos três experimentos em dois municípios da região Oeste do Paraná (Toledo e Marechal Cândido Rondon-PR) denominados de Toledo, MCR 1ª safra e MCR 2ª safra. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em nível de campo em um delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, sendo cinco doses de N em cobertura (0, 30, 60, 120 e 240 kg ha-1) e quatro doses de Mo por via foliar (0, 35, 70 e 140 g ha-1). As combinações e repetições totalizaram 80 tratamentos em uma área de 2.700 m2. As aplicações foram realizadas no estádio fenológico V4. As parcelas experimentais foram compostas por 12 linhas de semeadura, espaçadas 0,5 metros entre si, com cinco metros de comprimento, caracterizando uma unidade experimental de 30 m2. A massa de 1.000 grãos aumentou linearmente nos três experimentos com doses acima de 60 kg ha-1 de N. As doses de 120 e 240 kg ha-1 em comparação com a dose de 30 kg ha-1 no experimento de Toledo proporcionaram um aumento de 12% na altura de plantas e 15% na produtividade. Considerando o experimento de MCR 2ª safra, a diferença na produtividade entre a dose de 30 e a de 240 kg ha-1 de N é de 1.306 kg ha-1, um aumento de 51%. A produtividade dos experimentos MCR 1ª e 2ª safra foram em média 35% superior em comparação ao experimento de Toledo. Com relação aos efeitos significativos para Mo, o aumento nas doses do micronutriente resultou numa maior produtividade nos experimentos MCR 1ª e 2ª safra quando submetidos as doses de 70 e 140 g ha-1, sendo em média 45% superior ao experimento de Toledo. De forma geral, a dose de 140 g ha-1 de Mo resultou num aumento de 8, 21 e 25% na produtividade dos experimentos de Toledo e MCR 1ª e 2ª safra respectivamente. Quanto às interações para N x Mo, houve efeito significativo apenas para o número de grãos por vagem. Quando o feijoeiro foi submetido a dose de 140 g ha-1 de Mo e doses crescente de N, o aumento no número de grãos por vagem foi linear nos três experimentos. A aplicação de N em cobertura e Mo por via foliar elevou o teor de N foliar bem como a produtividade da cultura. Quanto a viabilidade econômica das doses de N, a dose de 120 kg ha-1 foi a que expressou a melhor receita líquida. Em síntese, a aplicação de N e Mo na cultura do feijão, agrega valores nas variáveis agronômicas, inclusive na produtividade, eleva o teor de N foliar e é economicamente viável

Background: Children in South Africa are still affected by micronutrient deficiencies and children living in farm communities are especially vulnerable. African Leafy Vegetables (ALVs) are well endowed with micronutrients such as iron, zinc and vitamin A and might contribute to the nutritional status of children. However, these vegetables have been perceived as “poor people’s food” and over the years knowledge of and use of ALVs has decreased. Aim: This study assessed the potential contribution of ALVs to the nutritional status of children in a semi-rural farm community. Method: In this cross-sectional study, anthropometric indices, serum iron, zinc and retinol concentrations were determined in school children aged 5−13 years (n=155). Dietary intake of iron, zinc and vitamin A was evaluated by three 24-hour diet recalls of children (n=154). The iron, zinc and β-carotene content of selected ALVs was determined. Knowledge of and use of ALVs by primary caregivers was established using focus group discussions (FGDs). Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, the Pearson Chi-Square Test and Mann-Whitney U Test were used. Anthropometric data were analysed using the World Health Organization Reference 2007 data. Dietary data were analysed using FoodFinder (version 3). Qualitative data from FGDs were translated, transcribed and color-coded to generate emerging themes. Results: Stunting (11%) was the most prevalent anthropometric indicator of malnutrition. This was supported by the low socio-economic status of households. Deficiency prevalence in iron (serum ferritin <15 μg/L; 15.5%) and vitamin A (serum retinol <20 μg/dL; 3.2%) was low. Zinc deficiency was the most prevalent (serum zinc <65 μg/dL; 74.8%) deficiency. Median dietary intake of iron, zinc and vitamin A was generally above the Estimated Average Requirement. ALVs were potentially good sources of iron, zinc and β-carotene and could contribute substantially to the Recommended Dietary Allowance for these nutrients in children, without taking into account inhibiting factors that might affect the bioavailability. Iron content of the ALVs studied ranged from 1.4−3.2 mg/100 g edible portion. Amaranthus cruentus was the best source of iron. Zinc content of the ALVs ranged from 0.7−1.4 mg/100g edible portions, with Cleome gynandra having the highest zinc composition. The β-carotene content of the ALVs ranged from 182−314 μg RAE/100 g edible portion, with both Amaranthus cruentus and Cleome gynandra being the best sources. Knowledge of ALVs and their use was indigenous and was transferred between generations. Caregivers had positive attitudes towards the use of ALVs. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of deficiencies was not severe (with exception of zinc deficiency), micronutrient deficiencies exist in the rural farm community studied. ALVs are potentially good sources of iron, zinc and β-carotene and might contribute to the nutritional status of school children. Knowledge of ALVs and the positive attitude and perceptions regarding their use by primary caregivers implied a potentially positive future response to interventions promoting consumption of ALVs in order to contribute to the alleviation of micronutrient deficiencies. / Thesis (MSc (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Background: Children in South Africa are still affected by micronutrient deficiencies and children living in farm communities are especially vulnerable. African Leafy Vegetables (ALVs) are well endowed with micronutrients such as iron, zinc and vitamin A and might contribute to the nutritional status of children. However, these vegetables have been perceived as “poor people’s food” and over the years knowledge of and use of ALVs has decreased. Aim: This study assessed the potential contribution of ALVs to the nutritional status of children in a semi-rural farm community. Method: In this cross-sectional study, anthropometric indices, serum iron, zinc and retinol concentrations were determined in school children aged 5−13 years (n=155). Dietary intake of iron, zinc and vitamin A was evaluated by three 24-hour diet recalls of children (n=154). The iron, zinc and β-carotene content of selected ALVs was determined. Knowledge of and use of ALVs by primary caregivers was established using focus group discussions (FGDs). Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, the Pearson Chi-Square Test and Mann-Whitney U Test were used. Anthropometric data were analysed using the World Health Organization Reference 2007 data. Dietary data were analysed using FoodFinder (version 3). Qualitative data from FGDs were translated, transcribed and color-coded to generate emerging themes. Results: Stunting (11%) was the most prevalent anthropometric indicator of malnutrition. This was supported by the low socio-economic status of households. Deficiency prevalence in iron (serum ferritin <15 μg/L; 15.5%) and vitamin A (serum retinol <20 μg/dL; 3.2%) was low. Zinc deficiency was the most prevalent (serum zinc <65 μg/dL; 74.8%) deficiency. Median dietary intake of iron, zinc and vitamin A was generally above the Estimated Average Requirement. ALVs were potentially good sources of iron, zinc and β-carotene and could contribute substantially to the Recommended Dietary Allowance for these nutrients in children, without taking into account inhibiting factors that might affect the bioavailability. Iron content of the ALVs studied ranged from 1.4−3.2 mg/100 g edible portion. Amaranthus cruentus was the best source of iron. Zinc content of the ALVs ranged from 0.7−1.4 mg/100g edible portions, with Cleome gynandra having the highest zinc composition. The β-carotene content of the ALVs ranged from 182−314 μg RAE/100 g edible portion, with both Amaranthus cruentus and Cleome gynandra being the best sources. Knowledge of ALVs and their use was indigenous and was transferred between generations. Caregivers had positive attitudes towards the use of ALVs. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of deficiencies was not severe (with exception of zinc deficiency), micronutrient deficiencies exist in the rural farm community studied. ALVs are potentially good sources of iron, zinc and β-carotene and might contribute to the nutritional status of school children. Knowledge of ALVs and the positive attitude and perceptions regarding their use by primary caregivers implied a potentially positive future response to interventions promoting consumption of ALVs in order to contribute to the alleviation of micronutrient deficiencies. / Thesis (MSc (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Orientador: Salatiér Buzetti / Banca: Edson Lazarini / Banca: Marcelo Andreotti / Banca: Takashi Muraoka / Banca: Cassio Hamilton Abreu Junior / Resumo: A cana-de-açúcar é uma das culturas mais importantes cultivadas no Brasil, pois é a principal fonte de matéria-prima para a indústria sucroalcooleira, além de agregar uma grande quantidade de mão-de-obra à produção. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de doses e fontes de manganês na cultura da cana-de-açúcar em cana planta e seu efeito residual em cana soca. O experimento foi conduzido no sítio Fujimoto, com coordenadas 20°32' S e 50°58' O, e altitude de 361 metros, área administrada pela Destilaria Vale do Paraná S/A Álcool e Açúcar, no município de Suzanápolis - SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso no esquema fatorial 3x5, sendo 3 fontes (Quelato, FTE e Sulfato de manganês) e 5 doses de manganês (0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10,0 kg ha-1) aplicadas no sulco de plantio, em 4 repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por 4 linhas de 5 m de comprimento, espaçadas por 1,5 m. A variedade de cana-de-açúcar utilizada foi a RB 86-7515, avaliando em cana planta e primeira soca. As fontes e doses de Mn aumentaram os teores foliares de macro e micronutrientes e o acúmulo de nutrientes nos colmos e na palhada. As fontes de Mn proporcionaram semelhantes produtividades de colmos, tanto para cana planta como para primeira cana soca, sendo que o quelato de Mn proporcionou maior número de colmos por metro em cana soca. As doses de Mn não influenciaram a produtividade de colmos da cana planta e da cana soca, porém aumentaram o número de internódios e o diâmetro médio de colmos na cana planta até as doses de 6,9 e 6,6 kg ha-1 de Mn, respectivamente. A aplicação das doses de manganês resultou em aumento dos valores de açúcar total recuperável por ha e tonelada de pol por ha em cana planta / Abstract: Currently, sugar cane is one of the most important crops grown in Brazil, it is the main source of raw material for sugar industry, besides adding a lot of manpower to production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of doses and sources of manganese in the sugar cane crop. The experiment was conducted at Fujimoto farm with coordinates 20 ° 32 'S, 50 ° 58'W, and altitude of 361 meters, area administered by the Vale do Paraná SA Alcohol and Sugar Distillery in Suzanápolis county - SP. A randomized blocks design in a factorial scheme 3x5, with three sources (chelate, FTE and manganese sulfate) and 5 doses of manganese (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kg ha-1) applied at planting in four replications. The plots consisted of four rows 5 m long, spaced by 1.5 m. The variety of sugar cane used was RB 86-7515, grown in two cuts. The sources and levels of Mn influenced the macro and micro nutrients content and accumulation of nutrients in the stalks and straw. Mn sources provided similar yields of stems for both plant cane and ratoon cane, the Mn chelate caused a larger number of stems per meter of furrow in sugarcane ratoon. The doses of Mn did not affect the crop yield of plant cane and sugar cane ratoon, but increased the number of internodes and stem diameter in sugarcane plant until the doses of 6.9 and 6.6 kg ha-1 Mn, respectively. The application of doses of Mn resulted in increased values of total recoverable sugar per ha and per ton of pol ha in sugarcane plant, without any influence on other variables in the cane plant and ratoon cane / Doutor

Submitted by ALEXANDRE CAETANO PEROZINI null (perozini@agr.feis.unesp.br) on 2016-03-05T01:05:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese.Alexandre_Versão_Final.UNESP.pdf: 1263029 bytes, checksum: 1b2a299ca7b9ff16803def4a7f40642c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-07T13:04:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 perozini_ac_dr_ilha.pdf: 1263029 bytes, checksum: 1b2a299ca7b9ff16803def4a7f40642c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-07T13:04:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 perozini_ac_dr_ilha.pdf: 1263029 bytes, checksum: 1b2a299ca7b9ff16803def4a7f40642c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-02 / O glifosato sal de isopropilamina de N - (fosfonometil) glicina é um dos herbicidas mais utilizados em sistemas de cultivo de produtos agrícolas geneticamente modificados, especialmente para a cultura da soja. Visando estudar os efeitos da aplicação de glifosato e manganês (Mn) em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento sobre a fisiologia e nutrição das plantas de soja, características agronômicas e viabilidade econômica, desenvolveu-se dois experimentos na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da UNESP-Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria-MS. Os experimentos foram instalados em 07/11/2012, utilizando-se a variedade de soja BRS Valiosa RR. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial. O produto utilizado para fornecer Mn contém como matéria prima sulfato de Mn quelatizado com EDTA. A fonte do N - (fosfonometil) glicina foi o Roundup Original com concentração de sal de Isopropilamina de glifosato 480 g L-1 (360 g L-1 equivalente ácido). Os tratamentos: primeiro experimento com aplicação de glifosato nas doses de 0 ou 1440 g i.a. ha-1 (equivalente ácido), parceladamente nos estádios V3 e V7 ou em dose única no estádio V7, na ausência ou presença de 350 g ha-1 Mn, aplicado em dose única no estádio V5 ou parceladamente, com aplicações em V5 e V9. E no segundo experimento, a aplicação de glifosato, nas doses equivalente ácido de 720 g i.a. ha-1 aplicado em V3, 1440 g i.a. ha-1 aplicados em V3 + V7, na ausência ou presença de 350 g ha-1 Mn, aplicado no estádio V5. As pulverizações foliares dos tratamentos foram realizadas com pulverizador de barra de 5 m de comprimento, provida com bicos leque 110-02, espaçados de 50 cm, acoplado ao trator, e calibrado para volume de aplicação de 200 L ha-1 de calda. Diante dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que: há alteração na forma de ureídeo e em ETR (taxa de elétrons refletidos); não houve alterações significativas no teor nutricional, apenas para número de grãos por vagens e produção média (kg ha-1), apresentaram diferenças significativas no segundo experimento, o que levou a um melhor resultado econômico com aplicação de 1440 g i.a. ha-1 de glifosato em estádios V3. / Glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl] glycine) is one of the most used herbicides in the systems of genetically modified agricultural product cultivation, especially for soybean. Studying the effects of glyphosate and manganese (Mn) application in different development stages on the physiology and nutrition of soybean plants, agronomic features and economic viability, it was developed two experiments at the Teaching and Research Farm, UNESP-Ilha Solteira, located in Selvíria-MS. The experiments were conducted on 11/07/2012, using soybean BRS Valiosa RR. The used experimental design was randomized block design with 4 replications, factorial arrangement. The product used to provide Mn as raw material contains Mn sulfate chelated with EDTA. The source of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine was Roundup Original with concentration of isopropylamine salt of glyphosate 480 g L -1 (360 g L-1 acid equivalent). The treatments: first experiment with glyphosate application at doses of 0 or 1440 g i.a. ha-1 (acid equivalent) in installments V3 and V7 stages or in single dose V7 stage in the absence or presence of 350 g i.a. ha-1 Mn applied in a single dose at V5 or in installments, with applications in V5 and V9. And in the second experiment, the glyphosate application in doses equivalent acid to 720 g i.a. ha-1 applied at V3, 1440 g i.a. ha-1 applied at V3 + V7, in the absence or presence of 350 g i.a. ha-1 Mn, applied at V5. The treatment foliar spray was always performed, with a 12 m long bar provided with 5 cone nozzles 110-02, with spacing of 50 cm coupled to the tractor, calibrated for volume 200 L ha-1 . Based on these results it can be concluded that: there is a change in the ureide form and REE (rate reflected electrons); there were no significant alterations in nutritional coutents, only for number of grains per pod and average production (kg ha-1 ) showed statistic significant differences in the second experiment, which led to a better economic results in treating 1440 g i.a. ha-1 of glyphosate at V3 stage.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gondim_aro_dr_jabo.pdf: 426794 bytes, checksum: f873ac766858dbae21d0257c0f0c57d9 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Objetivou-se estudar os efeitos nutricionais da omissão de boro, doses de boro via foliar, tempo de absorção e a sua mobilidade em plantas de tomate e beterraba cultivadas em ambiente protegido. Para isto, foram realizados na Unesp Câmpus Jaboticabal, quatro experimentos com as plantas do tomate e da beterraba cultivadas em vasos. Estudou-se no primeiro a omissão de boro em plantas de tomate e beterraba. No segundo experimento, estudou-se as doses de boro via foliar nas duas hortaliças. No terceiro experimento, estudou-se a absorção foliar de B ao longo do tempo nas plantas de tomate e beterraba. Comparou-se no quarto experimento, a mobilidade do boro absorvido pelas raízes e pelas folhas, para as partes novas da planta. Em todos os experimentos, avaliaram-se as variáveis de crescimento, nutrição e de produção de matéria seca das plantas. Verificou–se, no primeiro experimento, que o prejuízo da deficiência de boro ficou evidente no final do ciclo das hortaliças (terceiro estádio de desenvolvimento), causando maior diminuição nos órgãos reprodutivos do tomate (frutos) e da beterraba (raiz tuberosa). No segundo experimento, a adubação foliar com o micronutriente promoveu a maior produção de matérias secas do fruto e da planta inteira do tomateiro, com pulverizações foliares de B na concentração de 0,340 g L-1 e esteve associada com o teor foliar de B de 72 mg kg-1. Para a produção de matérias secas da raiz tuberosa e da planta inteira de beterraba ocorreu com 0,065 g L- 1 e associou-se com o teor de B de 26 mg kg-1. No terceiro experimento, notou-se que o B é rapidamente absorvido pelas folhas, atingindo 50% do B absorvido, próximo de dez horas após aplicação para o tomate e duas horas e meia após a aplicação para a beterraba. No último experimento, observou-se que a aplicação do boro via foliar não foi... / This work aimed to study the nutritional effects of the boron omission, boron doses by foliar means, absorption time and its mobility in both tomato and beetroot cultures which were cultivated in a protected environment. For this purpose, four experiments with the plants of both tomato and beetroot cultivated in vases were used at the Unesp Campus of Jaboticabal. In the first experiment, it was studied the boron absorption by the roots of both vegetables in a hydropnic system, with the presence and the omission of the micronutrient. In the second experiment, it was studied the boron doses by foliar means in both vegetables. In the third one, it was studied the foliar absorption of B over the time in both tomato and beetroot plants. In the fourth, it was compared the boron mobility absorbed by the roots and the leaves, for the new parts of the plant. In all the experiments, it was evaluated the growth, nutrition and production variables of the plants dry matter. It was verified, in the first experiment, that the boron deficiency loss was evident in the end of the vegetables cycle (third development phase) causing higher decrease in the reproductive organs of the tomato (fruits) and beetroot (tuberous root). In the second experiment, the foliar fertilization with the micronutrient promoted the highest production of both the fruit’s and the whole plant’s dry matter of the tomato plant with B foliar spray at the concentration of 0,340 g L-1 and it was associated with the B leaf content of 72 mg kg-1. The tuberous root and the beetroot whole plant dry matter production occurred with 0,065 g L-1 and it was associated with the B content of 26 mg kg-1. In the third experiment, it was noticed that the B is quickly absorbed by the leaves, reaching 50% of the absorbed B, close to ten hours after the application for the tomato and two hours and... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Les fermentations alcooliques peuvent s’accompagner de phénomènes de mortalité des levures entraînant des fermentations languissantes ou stoppées. Les mécanismes sous-jacents de la mortalité des levures en conditions de limitation nutritionnelle au cours des fermentations alcoolique sont encore mal connus. Dans ce travail, nous avons abordé la mortalité des levures en référence au schéma conceptuel développé dans les études de vieillissement cellulaire qui ont montré que la résistance à la carence peut être influencée par la nature du nutriment limitant la croissance cellulaire. Nous avons étudié l’apparition de la mort cellulaire en analysant la capacité des levures à mettre en place une réponse appropriée à différentes carences nutritionnelles. Nous avons montré que plusieurs carences nutritionnelles (acide oléique, ergostérol, acide pantothénique et acide nicotinique) entraînent une perte de viabilité de façon dépendante de l’azote. Nous avons démontré que la voie de signalisation azotée TOR/Sch9 est impliquée dans la mise en place de cette mort cellulaire. Dans de telles conditions, les levures n’acquièrent pas de résistance au stress du fait d’une modification à un niveau post-transcriptionnel. Nous avons examiné la capacité de différentes sources d’azote à entraîner la mort cellulaire, et nous avons montré qu’elles agissent différemment sur la mort cellulaire et que le NH4+ a une forte capacité à induire la mortalité. Enfin, les approches QTL nous ont permis d’identifier plusieurs régions contrôlant la mort cellulaire en limitation en acide oléique et acide pantothénique, cohérent avec un contrôle multigénique. 3 régions QTL communes à ces deux limitations ont été identifiées, ce qui suggère des mécanismes communs de contrôle de la survie des levures dans ces deux conditions de carences nutritionnelles. / Yeast cell death can occur during wine alcoholic fermentation and lead to sluggish or stuck fermentations. The mechanisms underlying cell death during yeast starvation in alcoholic fermentations remain unclear. In this work we addressed yeast cell death using conceptual framework from ageing studies showing that yeast resistance to starvation can be influenced by the nature of the nutrient limiting cell growth. We examined cell death occurrence considering yeast cells ability to elicit an appropriate response to a set of nutrient limitations. We showed that several micronutrients limitations (oleic acid, ergosterol, pantothenic acid and nicotinic acid) trigger cell death in a nitrogen-dependent manner. We provide evidence that the nitrogen Tor/Sch9 signaling pathway is involved in triggering cell death. In such conditions, yeast cells fail to acquire stress resistance given a restriction at a post-transcriptional level. We have examined the ability of different nitrogen sources to trigger cell death showing that they impact differentially on cell death and that NH4+ had a strong death inducing capacity. Finally, the QTL approaches allowed the mapping of a set of loci controlling cell death under oleic acid and pantothenic acid starvation that are consistent with a multigenic control. 3 QTL regions appeared to be common to these two limitations which suggests some common control of the yeast survival in these two nutrient-limited situations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-09-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:37:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 romualdo_lm_me_jabo.pdf: 350924 bytes, checksum: 1b8ed6948cf3c1b98f7a39b7205dfeb3 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Existe pouca informação que fundamente os modos de aplicação de zinco, comparando as técnicas tradicionais de adubação via solo e foliar, à alternativa de tratamento de sementes para o milho e, principalmente, para o sorgo. Diante deste contexto, foram conduzidos experimentos em casa de vegetação, para avaliar os modos de aplicação de zinco nas culturas do milho e do sorgo. As unidades experimentais constaram de vasos com 9,5 dm3, preenchidos com 7 dm3 de amostra de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro modos de aplicação de zinco: 1) incorporado ao solo; 2) localizado ao lado do sulco de plantio; 3) foliar; 4) aplicação nas sementes; 5) testemunha (sem aplicação). Os ensaios para cada cultura foram individuais, conduzidos durante dois cultivos sucessivos, por cerca de 55 dias cada. Após cada cultivo foi realizado o corte das plantas para a determinação da massa seca, assim como para a avaliação do crescimento (altura, área foliar, número de folhas, número de internódios e diâmetro do caule), além da determinação dos teores de macro e micronutrientes nas plantas e no solo. Os resultados indicaram que os modos de aplicação de zinco foram semelhantes no crescimento inicial do milho e do sorgo. / Exists few information of works that base the manners of zinc application, comparing the traditional techniques way soil and foliar, to the alternative of treatment of seeds for the maize and, mainly, for sorghum. Ahead of this context, were carried out experiments in greenhouse, to evaluate the manners of zinc application in the crops of maize and sorghum. The units sample had consisted of pots with 9,5 dm3, filled with 7 dm3 of sample of a distrofic red latosol, clayey texture. The experiment was in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and five repetitions. The treatments were constituted for four manners of zinc application: 1) incorporated to the soil; 2) located to the side of the plantation ridge; 3) foliar; 4) application in the seeds; 5) control (without application). The practice for each culture was individual, carried out during two successive cultures, for about 55 days each. After each culture was realized the cut of the plants for the determination of the dry mass, as well as for the evaluation of the growth (height, foliar area, leaf number, number of internodes and diameter of stem), beyond the determination of tenor of macronutrients and micronutrients in the plants and the ground. The manners of zinc application were similar in the initial growth, in the cultures of maize and sorghum.