This study responds to the need for more research around (im)mobility decision-making to better support people facing environmental shocks and climatic changes. The concept of Trapped Populations, first appeared with the release of the 2011 Foresight report yielding repeated use in environmental migration studies and to a more limited extent policy. Although a seemingly straightforward concept, referring to people's inability to move away from environmental high-risk areas despite a desire to do so, the underlying reasons for someone's immobility can be profoundly complex. The empirical literature body referring to ‘trapped' populations has similarly taken a fairly simple and narrow economic explanatory approach. A more comprehensive understanding around how immobility is narrated in academia, and how people's cultural, social and psychological background in Bangladesh influences their (im)mobility, can provide crucial research insights. To better protect and support people living with environmental shocks and changes worldwide we need to build robust and well-informed policy frameworks To achieve this, a set of discourse analyses were carried out. Firstly, a textual Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) reviewed how ‘trapped' has been framed within academia. Secondly, a Foucauldian inspired discourse analysis was performed on field data to explore how power, knowledge and and binary opposites shape and determine people's social norms in terms of their (im)mobility decision-making. These key concepts critically showcased how meaning, values and power can constrain the mobility of a social group. The analysis was carried out on a large set of field data gathered between 2014 and 2016 in Bangladesh. The data on urban immobility and rural non-evacuation behaviour was gathered through a mixed-method quant-qualitative approach that included Q-methodology, storytelling group sessions, in-depth interviews and a survey questionnaire. Other key concepts used to frame the analysis included those of subjectivity, gender, place and space. The textual discourse analysis highlighted the dangers of framing mobility or resettlement as a potential climate adaptation. Assisted migration, could for example end up disguising other hidden political and economic agendas. The research identified how the empirical notions of ‘trapped' move beyond economic immobility. People in Bangladesh described being socially, psychologically and emotionally ‘trapped'. These empirical notions are useful within the area of climate policy, as they raise questions around whether mobility in fact is the solution.

My thesis is an ethnographic study of Sierra Leonean living in London. I examine the interrelationships between diasporic orientations and the specific locality in which people are living. As such, my research is at the intersection between literatures on African diasporas, and research on new immigration and diversity, two fields which I argue deal with the same ‘problem' – that of the incorporation of migrants into some form of nation-state identification. In my empirical chapters I explore Sierra Leoneans encounters with diversity in a range of places within London, and engage with Brah's (1996) conception of diaspora space, as well as recent work on the topic of super-diversity (Vertovec 2007) as a way to elucidate such these interactions. I focus on key sites within Sierra Leonean London – a popular street market, the religious spaces of a church and a mosque, and the temporary spaces used for the celebrations of the 50th anniversary of Sierra Leonean independence. I explore how individuals manage the twin pressures of incorporation from both the UK and Sierra Leonean states, and how these pressures reconcile in efforts to create lives in the interstices of two cultural systems. I look at how a specific cultural heritage shapes their engagements with each other and with outsiders, and how encounters with others and the experience of life in London affect their relationship with their country of origin. The thesis argues that Sierra Leoneans living in London manage these pressures using a cultural imaginary rooted in postcoloniality – i.e. shaped by the enduring effects of colonialism and its aftermath. This legacy has resulted in a profound ambivalence towards both London and Sierra Leone, as poles of this relationship, with many Sierra Leoneans coming to see the diaspora as “home”: a productive ‘”third space” with resources and opportunities beyond that of their home country. The dependence of these diasporic spaces on the contributions of diverse ‘others'provides broader affiliations, that result in a less tightly-held national identity, with Pan-West-African and African identification, becoming increasingly salient.

Com esta investigação proponho o estudo da cultura por uma vertente não canônica, convergindo para o conteúdo humano, imaginativo e desejante presente na cidade de São Paulo na segunda metade do século XX. Para isso, trabalhei entre outras fontes com a obra de alguns mediadores culturais: Carolina Maria de Jesus, Plínio Marcos, João Antonio e Ozualdo Candeias, que se encontravam nas vias de comunicação entrecruzada entre a cultura formal, o espetáculo e o gesto espontâneo, inscrevendo suas impressões, de forma delicada, com um rústico alfabeto na superfície instável que era a cidade de São Paulo entre as décadas de 40 e 60, encantando com palavras, imagens, gestos e ritmos, ao mesmo tempo em que se deixavam encantar pela gestualidade, a exuberância e o transbordamento que os cercavam. Parti assim de uma concepção de cultura como criação móvel e movente, que envolve o uso experimental e tático de elementos dispensados por diferentes segmentos da sociedade e das sobras de tradições as mais diversas por parte daqueles que não tinham paradeiro, mas que buscavam um canto. O que traz em si o desvio (détournement) situacionista de Guy Debord, a caça não-autorizada (braconnage) de Michel de Certeau e a viração de João Antonio e Plínio Marcos, ou seja, a apropriação não permitida, nas fímbrias da invisibilidade, daquilo que é lançado pela sociedade e o seu uso em sentidos diferentes daqueles que foram determinados, não apenas com a intenção de sobrevivência, mas também, e foi o que aqui mais me interessou, com a possibilidade do \"desperdício\" da criação / This research proposes the study of culture under a non canonical view, which converges to the human, imaginative and desiring content found in the city of São Paulo during the second half of the 20th century. To that end, I researched the works of the following cultural mediators, among others: Carolina Maria de Jesus, Plínio Marcos, João Antonio, and Ozualdo Candeias, who were at the communication crossroads of formal culture, the spectacle and the spontaneous gesture, and used a rustic alphabet to write with grace their impressions on the unstable surface which was the city of São Paulo between the 1940s and 1960s. They enchanted people with their words, images, and rhythms while they became themselves enchanted by the gestures, the exuberance and the overflow of emotions around them. My starting point was therefore a concept of culture as creation on the move and movable, which involves the experimental and tactical use by drifters - looking for a haven and a song - of elements cast away by different segments of society, and leftovers of diverse traditions. This carries in itself Guy Debord\'s situational deviation (détournement), Michel de Certeau\'s poach (braconnage), and João Antonio\'s viração, that is, unallowed appropriation, on the fringes of invisibility, of what society throws away to be used with meanings that are different from those that were previously determined, not only for the purpose of survival, but - and this has interested me most - as a possibility of \"waste\" of creation

A questão da securitização das migrações, enquanto problema de pesquisa, surgiu no contexto dos debates acerca da ampliação do conceito de segurança que tomou corpo no pós-Guerra Fria, dadas as grandes transformações que se sucederam a este evento-chave da política internacional contemporânea. No caso da fronteira Estados Unidos-México, este é um fenômeno que, de fato, pode ser observado desde o final dos anos 1970, tendo atingido o seu ápice no pós-Onze de Setembro. A partir deste cenário, o objetivo do presente trabalho de pesquisa é o de analisar a dinâmica da securitização dos fluxos migratórios no contexto da fronteira Estados Unidos-México; em especial, o caso dos imigrantes indocumentados, que são o alvo primário das práticas securitizantes. Para tanto, será empregado o ferramental teórico desenvolvido pela Escola de Copenhague; em especial, a teoria de securitização e o conceito de segurança societal. Ao final, buscar-se-á problematizar a questão, tendo-se em vista as reflexões desenvolvidas ao longo do trabalho, bem como avaliar as possibilidades de desenvolvimento da mesma, assumindo como pressuposto que o ideal seria a progressiva desecuritização do tema e a adoção de uma política migratória, por parte dos EUA, mais moderna, pragmática e humana, e que a questão da segurança fosse tratada separadamente, considerando a questão migratória mas sem elevá-la ao nível do excepcional, que é o que justifica a securitização, a qual tem um enorme potencial para gerar, nesta seara, graves consequências de caráter humanitário. / The securitization of migrations issue as a research problem has arisen in the context of the debates on broadening the concept of security in the post-Cold War era, taking in consideration the significant changes that followed this key-event in the contemporary international politics. In the case of the United States-Mexico border, this is a phenomenon that, in fact, can be observed since the late 1970s, having reached its apex in the post-09/11. In this scenario, the aim of the current research work is to assess the dynamics of the securitization of migrations flows in the context of the United States-Mexico border; mainly, the case of the undocumented immigrants, who are the primary targets of the securitization practices. Theoretical methodology developed by the Copenhagen School; mainly the securitization theory and the concept of societal security, will be utilized as assessment tools in the current research work. At the end, the objective will be to problematize the question, taking in consideration the reflections raised during the research work, as well as evaluating the development possibilities, assuming as an ideal scenario the progressive desecuritization and the adoption of a more modern, pragmatic, and human migratory policy by the United States; and that the security issue be treated separately, considering the migratory issue but without elevating it to the exceptional level, which justifies the securitization, and has an enormous potential of generating severe humanitarian consequences in this field.

Esta pesquisa discute as transformações que vêm ocorrendo nos tradicionais mercados populares do centro de São Paulo (Brás, 25 de Março e Santa Ifigênia), a partir das chamadas galerias e feiras da madrugada. Atualmente, milhares de revendedores, vindos da periferia da cidade, da região metropolitana, do interior do Estado e também de outros estados, direcionam-se a estas regiões em busca de oportunidades de negócios. Além de brasileiros, encontram-se, nesses espaços, bolivianos, chineses, paraguaios, peruanos, libaneses, angolanos, entre outros, atuando seja na distribuição de uma produção local, seja como importadores ou, ainda, como compradores que visam revender as mercadorias em seus países de origem de modo que esses locais passaram a dialogar de outra maneira com a economia urbana da cidade. As formas de controle e fiscalização que incidem sobre estes espaços também se alteraram, tanto por meio das políticas de formalização de certas práticas, que são toleradas e até incentivadas, como através do recrudescimento da repressão policial, que em determinados comportamentos e práticas passam a ser combatidos e reprimidos. A pesquisa procurou problematizar os agenciamentos locais que se constituem em torno do desenvolvimento desses mercados populares, as formas de regulação, práticas de controle e fiscalização de diferentes agentes estatais e a dinâmica dos atores localmente situados. Trata-se de problematizar tais agenciamentos, como eles se formam no entrecruzamento de circuitos de mercadorias de diferentes procedências, quais são as mediações em jogo e de que maneira eles se conectam com as novas formas de gestão da produção e estratégias de circulação e distribuição comercial / This research proposes a discussion on the transformations that have been taking place at the popular tradicional markets in São Paulo downtown, which are: Brás, 25 de março e Santa Ifigênia, through the so called galleries and late-night-early-morning faires. Nowadays, thousands of resellers, coming from the peripheral areas of town, from the metropolitan region, from inter-state and from other states, go into those areas searching for trade oportunities. Besides Brazilian people, these areas receive people from Bolivia, China, Paraguay, Peru, Leban, Angola, among others, who act as distribuitors of local produce, importers of products and buyers who aim at reselling the goods in their original countries. This way, these places have started a different dialogue with the urban economy of the city. The control and fiscalization applied to these spaces have also changed, not only through the policies of formalization of certain practices that are tolerated, and even incentivated, but also through the recrudescence of the police repression, in which certain behaviors and practices have begun to be fought against and repressed. This study made an attempt to problematize the local assemblages that constitute themselves around the development of these popular markets, amidst regulation ways, practices of control and fiscalization done by different state agents, and the dynamics of the locally placed actors. It is about problematizing these assemblages, the ways in which they are formed in the intersection of goods circuits coming from different origins, which the mediations in play are and in which way they are connected with the new management forms and strategies of commercial circulation and distribuition

Assisted migration is a term for when people take species and move them out of their historic ranges because they are threatened by climate change. No minor hobby, invasiveness is a a risk that keeps many scientists up at night. Just ask any ecologist from the South. Kudzu vine covers some 120,000 new acres annually, its control thought "non financially feasible anymore" by the USDA. In the Chicago Shipping Channel, Asian silver carp, also known as "jumping fish" for their habits of leaping into the faces of boaters, threaten to swim into the Great Lakes, decimating $7 billion of fishing industries. The list of invasive species is extensive, but the consequences of not moving species are equally severe. Up to fifty-two percent of all life is slated for extinction as soon as 2100 because of climate change. And if global warming is overhauling the planet anyway, it makes little sense to draw fences around wildlands anymore and expect them to stay just as they were. Although my book is aimed in part at nature/science readers and will be well-researched, my prose ultimately uses a whimsical, probing stance that wider audiences will find appealing. Particularly the jargon-free tales of Florida panthers, rabbits in Australia, Texas snow monkeys, kudzu, Iowan prairies and the ancient, rare and dying (memorably named) stinking cedar, and the people who are assisting their migrations, should prove entertaining and instructive to readers who are interested in questioning what it means to be human in the 21st century. The guiding questions for this book are how can we tweak what we barely understand (ecosystems and nature) but then how can we not given the calamities that we face? And, perhaps more philosophically, what does it mean to be a human, a member of the living, in the age of human-induced climate change? These are two paradoxes that I hope to spend 60,000 words sorting out.

<p>Cilj istraživanja je da se dokumentuju različiti identiteti profesorki univerziteta koje su oti&scaron;le iz Srbije u razne akademske sredine u svetu i ostvarile profesionalnu karijeru.<br />Hipoteze su shodno cilju rada:<br />H-1: Prva hipoteza je da su profesorke u akademskoj dijaspori oti&scaron;le u inostranstvo kako bi uspe&scaron;no izgradile profesionalnu karijeru u vreme kada u zemlji porekla za to nisu postojali dovoljni uslovi u onim naučnim disciplinama za koje su se one opredelile.<br />H-2: Druga hipoteza je da sve profesorke u akademskoj dijaspori imaju promenljive, vi&scaron;estruke identitete.<br />H-3: Treća hipoteza je da empirijski podaci o životu profesorki u akademskoj dijaspori pomažu da se izgradi strategija saradnje profesorki iz dijaspore sa univerzitetskim centrima ovde.<br />Osnovni i kontrolni korpus za analizu čini 21 životna priča profesorki koje su obrazovanje za karijeru stekle na univerzitetima u Srbiji, a profesionalnu karijeru ostvarile u raznim zemljama Evrope i sveta. Audio zapisi snimljenog razgovora za ukupno 11 profesorki, zabeleženi tokom &scaron;est godina (2009-2015), audio zapisom (24 sata) na osnovu polustrukturiranog upitnika, transrkibovani u formu pisanog teksta (256 stranica). Kao kontrolni korpus empirijskih podatka su objavljenih 10 životnih priča profesorki sa Univerzitetu u Novom Sadu (Savić 2015). Osnovni kriterijumi za odbir žena su: da su rođene u Republici Srbiji (gde su provele detinjstvo, deo ili svo obrazovanje), a ostvarile akademsku karijeru u nekoj od zemalja sveta.<br />Podaci pokazuju da su sve profesorke uskladile profesionalni i privatni život i da je jedan hranio drugi u njihovoj uspe&scaron;noj karijeri.<br />Za profesionalni rad i za odlazak u zemlje destinacije (prijema) profesorke su imale podr&scaron;ku bračnih partnera, koja je bila neohodna, s obzirom na činjenicu da su sve profesorke u akademskoj dijaspori nailazile na brojne prepreke i izazove od momenta odlaska iz zemlje porekla i tokom građenja karijere (na primer, neke su visoko &scaron;kolovanje ponovile, ili su promenile profesiju ili oblast kojom se bave, a deo je nastavio usavr&scaron;avanje).<br />Obrazovanje je presudno i za vaspitanje potomstva - vrhunsko obrazovanje u skladu sa željama i afinitetima svoje dece.<br />Jezički identitet profesorki u akademskoj dijaspori povezan je sa profesionalnom orijentacijom vi&scaron;e nego sa nacionalnim identitetom.<br />Profesorke su se trudile da njihova deca u dijaspori nauče maternji jezik (jezike) roditelja, iako su deca rođena, ili najveći deo svog života, provode u zemlji destinacije, pa se može govoriti o dva (ili vi&scaron;e) maternjih jezika.<br />Najupečatljivija sličnost profesorki UNS i profesorki u akademskoj dijaspori je njihova jednaka želja i volja za obrazovanjem, usavr&scaron;avanjem i napredovanjem u struci i naučnom radu, bez obzira na cenu i prepreke sa kojima su suočene.<br />Takođe, jednako važna sličnost jeste diskriminacija sa kojom se susreću u građenju svojih karijera, profesorke UNS prilikom napredovanja, a profesorke u akademskoj dijaspori prilikom zaposlenja, bavljenja svojom strukom i, takođe, eventualnog napredovanja.<br />Sve profesorke u akademskoj dijaspori žele profesionalno da sarađuju sa univerzitetima i naučnim (i drugim) institucijama u Srbiji, ali ne postoji sistemsko re&scaron;enje za takvu saradnju u sada&scaron;njem trenutku u Srbiji.<br />Ženska iskustva ovde objedinjena svedoče o neiskori&scaron;ćenim resursima, izostalim u saradnji i angažmanu profesorki iz akademske dijaspore u Srbiji danas. Ona mogu dobro poslužiti za sačinjavanje dugoročne strategije o implementaciji znanja i postignuća akademskih profesorki u domaćem okuženju.<br />Značajno je &scaron;to se u okviru interdisciplinarnih rodnim studija objedinjuje problematika migracija žena, naročito povezano sa profesijama, jer je izvesno da će migracije biti dugoročna tema u budućnosti cele civilizacije. Postoje programi i predmeti koji se bave visokim obrazovanjem žena u profesijama i na kojima se izvode istraživački projekti na kojima se sakuplja empirijski materijal.<br />Mogućnost primene rezultata:<br />1. Empirijski podaci o identitetu akademski obrazovanih žena iz dijaspore, od kojih je jedan i rodni, poslužiće u teorijskoj raspravi o odnosu elemenata identiteta u odnosu na rod.<br />2. Empirijski podaci mogu dobro poslužiti u praksi za predlog strategije za saradnju, eventualni povratak, akademski usmerenih žena iz dijaspore u akademsku elitu u Republici Srbiji (i regionu biv&scaron;e Jugoslavije).<br />3. Bogaćenje postojeće baze podataka životnih priča žena u Republici Srbiji iz različitih nacionalnih zajednica koje su svoje živote ostvarile u 20. i 21. veku.<br />Rezultati doktorske disertacije treba da posluže u razvijanju strategije o implementaciji postignuća akademskih žena u domaćem okuženju.</p> / <p>The goal of the research is to document different identities of female university professors who left Serbia and went to other academic communities throughout the world, in order to achieve their professional career.<br />Hypothesis of the work:<br />H-1: First hypothesis is that female professors of the academic diaspora have left their countries in order to be able to successfully build their professional careers elsewhere, during times when it was impossible for them to do so in their own countries, due to lack of sufficient conditions which would facilitate their domestic careers.<br />H-2: Second hypothesis is that all professors in the academic diaspora have variable, multiple identities.<br />H-3: Third hypothesis: empirical data on lives of professors within the academic diaspora are helpful in building of the cooperation strategy between the professors from diaspora and domestic university centres.<br />The basic and control group of analysis consists of 21 life stories of female professors who have acquired their career education within Serbian universities, while their professional career was established in different countries in Europe and throughout the world. Audio recordings of 11 professors, made during a period of six years (2009-2015) in a form of conversations according to previously prepared semi-structured questionnaires (24h of audio material), were transcribed to a form of written text (256 pages in total). 10 life stories of University of Novi Sad&#39;s female professors were published as a control material (Savic 2015). The basic criteria for the selection of women: they were all born in the Republic of Serbia (where they have spent their childhood and finished some or all of their education), while achieving their career somewhere else in the world, outside Serbia.<br />The data shows that all professors have managed to balance their professional and private life, and it turned out that &quot;one&quot; was facilitating the &quot;other&quot;, during their successful career.<br />All professors had support of their spouses for their professional work as well as for relocation to foreign countries. Such support proved to be necessary, since all of them encountered obstacles and challenges within the academic diaspora, from the moment they left their country as well as during their professional career (e.g.: some of them had to repeat/retake their higher education, or to change the profession or area/field of work, while some of them continued with their academic specialization).<br />Education proved crucial for upbringing of their children, too. Top notch education according to desires and affinities of their children.<br />Language identity of the professors within the academic diaspora is more connected to their professional orientation than to their national identities.<br />Professors have tried to teach their children their mother tongue, even though they were born (or have spent the most of their lives) in foreign countries, so it wouold be safe to say that those children have two (or more) languages that they consider as their native.<br />The most striking resemblance between the professors of the Novi Sad University (UNS) and professors in academic diaspora is their equal desire and thrive for education and advancement within their science and field of work, regardless of the cost and obstacles they have encountered, during that journey.<br />Equaly important similarity is the discrimination they have faced during their careers. UNS professors have faced discrimination on their scientific path and advancement, while academic diaspora professors have faced it regarding their employment, their field of expertise and possible advancement, as well.<br />All professors from academic diaspora are willing to cooperate with universities and other scientific institutions in Serbia, but the lack of systematic solutions for such cooperation in Serbia at this point is preventing them to do so.<br />Female experiences encompassed here, are witnessing the unused resources, which are missing when it comes to cooperation and engagement of academic diaspora professors in Serbia today. They can serve as a starting point for making a longterm strategy on implementation of knowledge and achievements of female academic professors in domestic surroundings.<br />It is significant that the issue of female migration, especially when it is connected to their work and profession, is intertwined within the interdisciplinary gender studies, since it is certain that migrations will be a longterm subject in the future of the whole civilisation. There are programs and courses dealing with higher education of women, collecting empirical material during research projects.<br />Possibilities for application of results:<br />1. Empirical data on identitiy of academically educated women from diaspora (gender being one of them) will serve during theoretical discussions on relationship of the elements of identity and gender.<br />2.Empirical data have practical significance, as they may serve as a proposition and starting point of the cooperation strategy, as well as for the possible return of the female academic experts from the diaspora back to academic elite of Serbia (and the Ex-YU region).<br />3. Enrichment of the existing data base of life stories of women from the Republic of Serbia, members of different national communities, who have accomplished their lives in the 20th and 21st century.<br />The results of the PhD thesis should serve the development of a strategy on implementation of academic women&#39;s achievements, in domestic surroundings.</p>

O presente trabalho aborda recente e intenso processo migratório internacional do Haiti para o Brasil, ocorrido na cidade de Brasiléia, no Estado do Acre, no período de 2010 a 2016, como porta de entrada para o restante do território brasileiro. Brasileia, município pobre e distante dos grandes centros econômicos nacionais e culturais do Brasil contou com importantes atributos, na fronteira norte, porosa, separada, apenas, por rios, com frágil fiscalização, com intenso fluxo migratório de pessoas de diferentes nacionalidades, inclusive africana e até asiática, como o bengalês (16 diferentes nacionalidades no total), passando de um lado para outro, inaugurando uma rota internacional de migração, então organizados em redes de informações e transportes, impulsionados pela busca de melhores condições de vida. Os haitianos e outras gentes chegaram tangidos por grave catástrofe ambiental natural (terremoto de 7.3 na escala na Richter), que ceifou milhares de vidas, outros tantos amputados e deslocados, atingidos por graves questões político-econômicas e sociais internas, lançando-os a distantes paragens. As entrevistas realizadas, junto aos residentes locais e autoridades públicas, nas cidades de Brasiléia e Rio Branco, no Acre, demonstram as dificuldades enfrentadas nessa dramática travessia. Denotam, ainda, o acesso ao protocolo capaz de assegurar o conjunto probatório da legalidade interna, por meio do visto humanitário, com a inserção ao mercado de trabalho que, modo geral, nivelou todos no mesmo patamar, sem considerar formação e qualificação. De outra parte, havia a barreira linguística a ser superada. Dentro do contexto, ficou caracterizado que tal movimento migratório internacional, embora intenso, teve no território acreano, apenas uma passagem, contando com apoio institucional estatal, deslocou-se, via terrestre, para outras cidades, em diferentes regiões do país, como São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul e outras localidades. Um fluxo intenso que movimentou a fronteira do Acre e instituições governamentais brasileiras. / The present work studied the recent and intense international migratory process from Haiti to Brazil, which used the city of Brasiléia, Acre, from 2010 to 2016, as a gateway to the rest of Brazil. Despite being a poor and distant region of the great national economic centers, it has important attributes, the porous northern border, separated only by rivers and even streets, with weak and permissive inspection, facilitates, attracts and feeds the flow of people of different nationalities including African and even Asian: Bangladeshi (16 different nationalities in total), moving from one place to another, opening an international route of illegal migration, organized in information and transport networks, driven by the search for better living conditions (earthquake of 7.3 on the Richter scale) with thousands of dead, amputees and internally displaced persons, aggravating domestic political and economic issues, heading for distant stops. The objectives achieved through interviews with residents, authorities and former public authorities in the cities of Brasiléia and Rio Branco in Acre State, demonstrating the difficulties faced along the way, as well as access to the protocol, guaranteeing the probative set for legality internment through a humanitarian visa, with the insertion in the labor market of low qualification, which, together with legal absence and lack of knowledge, level all the same, but even disqualified contributes to the reconstruction of their lives and more, with the sending of the remittances help family members in the country of origin. Meanwhile, the language barrier is overcome through support from educational institutions and government and religious bodies, civil society solidarity, and cultural approach. Within the context, it was characterized that such an international migratory movement, although intense, had only one passage in the Acre State territory, counting with state institutional support, traveled by road, reaching several cities in different regions, such as São Paulo, in the Southeast, in addition to states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, and other parts within the country.

La 1ère partie cherche à définir un sens et un point de vue de l'autonomie à partir de la relecture de mes propres travaux. L'autonomie s'exprime dans la pratique par un savoir-faire comme capacité de distinction et de différenciation du sujet et de constitution d'un monde propre, et par un pouvoir-faire comme capacité d'affirmation et d'initiative du sujet et de transformation de ce monde. L'autonomie se manifeste dans différentes situations que la 2ème partie décline, depuis la société des hautes steppes tunisiennes aux migrants maghrébins ou d'origine chinoise et aux diasporas, et depuis la résistance à l'Etat et la conservation de soi à l'auto-organisation et l'affirmation de collectifs. L'autonomie comme définition de soi (du sujet, individuel ou collectif) s'élabore dans une relation à l'altérité sociale (autrui) et matérielle, relation dont l'inscription spatiale est difficile à problématiser. La 3ème partie est un essai sur l'espace géographique conçu comme médiation entre l'espace phénoménologique et l'espace cosmique à travers une poétique de l'image et selon des procédures qui en permettent la refiguration. Les nominations ordinaires de l'espace que sont les déictiques « ici », « là-bas » et « ailleurs » traduisent sur le plan de l'expérience personnelle des extases de l'espace. L'espace géographique en tant que représentation est-il organisé au travers d'un langage « non verbal » ? On en vient ensuite à l'idée selon laquelle il n'y a pas de réel préexistant mais une création mutuelle, une co-construction du sujet et de l'objet qui s'exprime dans le sens que le sujet humain, en tant qu'être vivant organisant sa reproduction, donne à l'espace géographique, à la terre humaine : un réceptacle prédisposé à l'accueillir.

Étude et réalisation d'une mémoire virtuelle d'objets pour un système Smalltalk centralisé. Extension de la mémoire centralisée des objets pour un environnement reparti