Cette thèse explore les liens entre les mobilités transnationales et les expériencessubjectivantes de Roms bulgares dont la vie quotidienne se situe à la fois en Bulgarie eten France. La réflexion porte sur les rapports entre une population et des États-nationsdans différents contextes, en observant le traitement politique spécifique de ces Romsminorisés, appréhendés comme différents et problématiques. Ce travail s’appuie sur uneethnographie translocale et multi-échelle afin de saisir les imbrications micro et macrodans la construction d’un problème public et politique (la « question rom ») commedans les expériences des migrants. D’une part, deux dispositifs politiques spécifiquesmis en place dans une agglomération française ont été observés au long cours etanalysés dans une approche généalogique, politique et ethnographique. D’autre part,plusieurs familles de migrants roms bulgares vivant en squat ont été suivies dans leurexpérience transnationale. En mettant en perspective la politique locale en direction deces migrants, leurs rapports à l’État et leurs dynamiques migratoires, cette thèsecontribue à une anthropologie politique et des migrations. Au-delà de leur captationdans des politiques oscillant entre exclusion et assimilation, en France comme enBulgarie, ces Roms bulgares jouent sur les frontières géographiques, sociales etidentitaires pour se réinventer. L’attention portée aux Roms comme acteurs amène uneréflexion sur leurs processus de subjectivation, entendus comme construction d’un sujetagissant sur lui-même en s’inscrivant dans des rapports de pouvoirs et de domination.Cette recherche constitue donc un apport à l’anthropologie du sujet. / This dissertation explores the links between transnational mobilities and experiences ofsubjectivation of Bulgarian Roma migrants whose daily life is both in Bulgaria andFrance. Reflection is conducted on the relationship between a population and nationstatesin different contexts, by observing the specific policy addressing these Romaperceived as inherently different and problematics. This work is based on a translocaland multi-scale ethnography to capture the linkages between micro and macro levels inthe construction of a public and political issue (the “Roma issue”), as in the experiencesof migrants. First, two specific policy measures put in place in a French locality wereobserved with a long term follow-up and analyzed in a historitical, political andethnographic approach. In addition, several families of Bulgarian Roma migrants livingin squats were followed in their transnational experiences. By putting in perspectivelocal policy towards these migrants, their relationship to State and their migrationdynamics, this thesis contributes both to political anthropology and anthropology ofmobility. In their daily life, these Roma manage to go beyond their enrolment inpolicies ranging from exclusion and assimilation in France as in Bulgaria: they play onthe geographic, social and identity boundaries in order to reinvent itself. Focusing onthe Roma as actors raises questions about their processes of subjectivation. The latterare understood as the ways in which subjects are “made” in action both on themselvesand others within relations of power and domination. This research therefore provides acontribution to the anthropology of the subject.

Benthic invertebrates inhabiting boreal rivers are exposed to very large seasonal variations in their physical environment. The extremes are in winter when the littoral area freezes solid and in spring when water flow increases rapidly. In the North Swedish river Vindelälven, the invertebrates fell into three main categories according to their seasonal lateral distribution. One category of animals was stationary in the littoral zone and let itselt freeze into the ice, adopting a "take it" alternative. The category consisted of many species belonging to several higher taxa. By overwintering in ice, the animals avoided predation for nearly half the year and they were in the productive littoral at the same time as they thawed out from the ice in spring. On the other hand the animals had to withstand sub-zero temperatures. A typical representative for this category of animals was the semivoltine snail Gyraulus acronicus. It is a less mobile species connected to dense stands of macrophytes, which are found only in the littoral zone of the river. Nearly the whole population was found overwintering successfully enclosed in ice. Its shell and epiphragm could serve as mechanical protection when frozen into the ice. G. acronicus was cold-hardy only during late autumn and early winter, but it could stand prolonged sub-zero exposure during the proper time. A second category of animlas avoided being frozen by performing lateral movements to deeper parts of the river, adopting the Vleave it" alternative. No species tested in this category were found cold-hardy. It consisted of mobile species known to utilize sedimentated detritus which was only found in greater amounts in the littoral zone of the river. In springtime, prior to spring flood peak, these species colonized promptly the former frozen zone. This behaviour was most pronounced in several lentie mayfly species. An extreme case of migratory behaviour was found in the mayfly Pararneletus chelifer which not only moved towards the river bank but continued up into small tributaries. The shoreward movements of mayflies both allowed the nymphs to avoid the high current velocities in the central part of the river during spring flood time and to utilize the food resources in the flooded areas. A third category of animals avoided the ice by living stationary in the sublittoral zone, adopting the "never face it" alternative. This category was dominated by filter feeders. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå university, 1982, härtill 5 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Malgré l'intérêt des pouvoirs publics à favoriser l'accueil d'urbains qui quittent la ville pour créer une entreprise à la campagne et un manque d'outils d'accompagnement dédiés, l'entrepreneuriat néo-rural n'a fait l'objet que de très peu de recherches jusqu'ici. Or, ce champ constitue un angle d'entrée nouveau dans la problématique du réseautage en entrepreneuriat. En effet, en montrant que la constitution et la mobilisation d'un réseau personnel est un facteur clef de réussite et s'appuie sur l'activation d'un réseau social et/ou professionnel pré-existant essentiellement local, le courant de recherche de l'entrepreneur « encastré » justifie la propension des entrepreneurs à créer là où ils vivent. Cette recherche a pour objet de comprendre les pratiques de réseautage d'un type particulier d'entrepreneurs : les entrepreneurs néo-ruraux. L'étude exploratoire et qualitative conduite dans les Monts et Montagne d'Ardèche montre la diversité des cheminements vers la création d'entreprise à la campagne selon la familiarité du créateur avec le contexte fonctionnel et selon le contexte géographique dominant de la création. Cependant, la réussite de cet acte (qui s'exprime par les performances économiques mais aussi par la satisfaction personnelle, les perceptions de l'avenir et l'intégration au territoire) implique la constitution et la mobilisation d'un réseau à la fois local et non-local. Or, les pratiques de réseautage local et non-local sont différentes. La constitution d'un réseau personnel local nécessite des pratiques plus « calculées » que la simple activation du réseau pré-existant, généralement très petit et inadapté. Par la suite, il est développé et mobilisé de façon beaucoup plus informelle. Au contraire, la constitution du réseau non-local s'appuie essentiellement sur l'activation du réseau social et/ou professionnel pré-existant et le recours à Internet. De plus, l'activation, la création et l'entretien de relations géographiquement éloignées impliquent de pallier l'absence de proximité géographique par l'utilisation des TIC, une proximité géographique temporaire (déplacements) et, idéalement, une proximité cognitive.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The focus of this thesis is the relationship between immigration historiography and the history of Basque migration to the United States. The depictions of immigration presented by historians Oscar Handlin, Marcus Lee Hansen, and John Higham have been influential in immigration historiography and are presented in the first chapter. The second chapter contains a description of Old World Basque culture and the third chapter presents a brief history of Basque migration to the United States. The fourth chapter discusses to what extent the immigration theories presented in chapter one match the Basque experience in the New World. The concluding chapter contains some observations on the nature of immigration historiography, on the Basques, and on new directions for research.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

O deslocamento humano causado por efeitos climáticos adversos é, e tem sido por muito tempo, uma estratégia natural de adaptação à variação do meio ambiente. Contudo, estudos prevêem que a frequência de desastres naturais e o impacto negativo da mudança climática no meio ambiente têm aumentado consideravelmente e poderão forçar dezenas, ou talvez centenas, de milhares de pessoas a deixar suas casas - e, em alguns casos, seus países - nas próximas décadas. O direito internacional carece de instrumentos que garantam a proteção das diferentes categorias de migrações ambientais. O presente estudo busca analisar o impacto das alterações ambientais nas dinâmicas de migração e explorar suas implicações políticas e jurídicas. Pretende-se assim, contextualizar o fenômeno no período recente e analisar sua complexidade, buscando identificar as principais variáveis que explicam as hipóteses centrais deste estudo, quais sejam, as de que é improvável que os Estados aceitem se comprometer a um tratado global vinculante sobre migrações ambientais no curto e médio espaços de tempo e, por se tratar de um assunto sobre o qual ainda está longe de se chegar a um consenso e considerando que diversas pessoas já estão sendo forçadas a migrar por causa de alterações ambientais e não podem esperar que um instrumento específico seja criado para que seus direitos fundamentais sejam protegidos, acordos regionais e bilaterais e uma coordenação interagências baseada em um guia de princípios trariam resultados mais imediatos e atenderiam as necessidades específicas de cada comunidade em relação aos direitos humanos. Tais hipóteses serão posteriormente testadas pelo estudo de caso desta pesquisa. / The human displacement caused by adverse weather conditions is, and has been for a long time, a natural strategy to adapt to environmental changes. However, studies predict that, the frequency of natural disasters and the negative impact of climate change have increased significantly and will lead tens, and perhaps hundreds, of thousands of people to flee their homes - and, in some cases, their countries - in the coming decades. International law lacks instruments to guarantee the protection of various categories of environmental migration. This study aims at analyzing the impact of environmental changes in the dynamics of migration and exploring the legal and political implications. Thus, the intention is to contextualize the phenomenon and explore its complexity, seeking to identify the key variables that explain the central hypothesis of this study that it is unlikely that States commit themselves to accept a binding international treaty on environmental migration in the short and medium-term, and considering that environmental migration is a subject far from reaching a consensus and that many people are already being forced to migrate due to environmental changes and can not wait for the creation of a specific instrument so that their fundamental rights are protected, regional and bilateral agreements, and interagency coordination based on guiding principles would bring more immediate results and would meet the specific needs of each community in relation to human rights. These hypotheses are then tested by the case study of this research.

Esta pesquisa discute as transformações que vêm ocorrendo nos tradicionais mercados populares do centro de São Paulo (Brás, 25 de Março e Santa Ifigênia), a partir das chamadas galerias e feiras da madrugada. Atualmente, milhares de revendedores, vindos da periferia da cidade, da região metropolitana, do interior do Estado e também de outros estados, direcionam-se a estas regiões em busca de oportunidades de negócios. Além de brasileiros, encontram-se, nesses espaços, bolivianos, chineses, paraguaios, peruanos, libaneses, angolanos, entre outros, atuando seja na distribuição de uma produção local, seja como importadores ou, ainda, como compradores que visam revender as mercadorias em seus países de origem de modo que esses locais passaram a dialogar de outra maneira com a economia urbana da cidade. As formas de controle e fiscalização que incidem sobre estes espaços também se alteraram, tanto por meio das políticas de formalização de certas práticas, que são toleradas e até incentivadas, como através do recrudescimento da repressão policial, que em determinados comportamentos e práticas passam a ser combatidos e reprimidos. A pesquisa procurou problematizar os agenciamentos locais que se constituem em torno do desenvolvimento desses mercados populares, as formas de regulação, práticas de controle e fiscalização de diferentes agentes estatais e a dinâmica dos atores localmente situados. Trata-se de problematizar tais agenciamentos, como eles se formam no entrecruzamento de circuitos de mercadorias de diferentes procedências, quais são as mediações em jogo e de que maneira eles se conectam com as novas formas de gestão da produção e estratégias de circulação e distribuição comercial / This research proposes a discussion on the transformations that have been taking place at the popular tradicional markets in São Paulo downtown, which are: Brás, 25 de março e Santa Ifigênia, through the so called galleries and late-night-early-morning faires. Nowadays, thousands of resellers, coming from the peripheral areas of town, from the metropolitan region, from inter-state and from other states, go into those areas searching for trade oportunities. Besides Brazilian people, these areas receive people from Bolivia, China, Paraguay, Peru, Leban, Angola, among others, who act as distribuitors of local produce, importers of products and buyers who aim at reselling the goods in their original countries. This way, these places have started a different dialogue with the urban economy of the city. The control and fiscalization applied to these spaces have also changed, not only through the policies of formalization of certain practices that are tolerated, and even incentivated, but also through the recrudescence of the police repression, in which certain behaviors and practices have begun to be fought against and repressed. This study made an attempt to problematize the local assemblages that constitute themselves around the development of these popular markets, amidst regulation ways, practices of control and fiscalization done by different state agents, and the dynamics of the locally placed actors. It is about problematizing these assemblages, the ways in which they are formed in the intersection of goods circuits coming from different origins, which the mediations in play are and in which way they are connected with the new management forms and strategies of commercial circulation and distribuition

Os italianos no Brasil. A questão do outro no encontro com o estrangeiro, com o diverso de nós. Quais as características da diáspora itálica e quais as contribuções à identidade brasileira? Uma primeira hipótese de análise da presença italiana através dos diferentes níveis de integração que produziram a hibridação da cultura italiana com as muitas culturas presentes no Brasil e que contribuíram à formação do brasileiro, do Brasil e dos Brasis. Um país e um povo rico de diversidades, de misturas e de convivências de sucesso. Italianos portanto, também, brasileiros. Trazer elementos de reflexão para o campo do conhecimento relativo à identidade, ao diálogo entre culturas, às hibridações culturais, à alteridade como abertura ao outro para desenvolver relações mais comunicativas e uma possível interculturalidade. A construção de uma base teórica a partir das teorias sobre globalização e cosmopolitismo, passando através da evolução das teorias das migrações para a formulação de algumas hipóteses expecíficas através da elaboração de alguns novos conceitos como o da italicidade e dos itálicos. Planejamento de uma pesquisa empírica de campo a partir deste trabalho de conhecimento e reflexão teórico e histórico. / Italian people in Brazil. The issue of the otherness in relation with the foreigner and the alien. The caratheristics of italian diaspora and its contribution to Brazilian identity. A first analysis on the italian presence in Brazil considering the various integration levels producing the hibridization of the italian culture, and of the other foreigner cultures existing in Brazil, throw the various brazilian cultures. It is also an analysis of italian contribution to the formation of the Brazil itself, of the brazilian citizens and of the several Brazil existing in reality. The target is a thought on identity, cultures, cultural hibridizations, otherness as a premise for the comprehention of the position of and for the devolopement of interculturality. First of all we need a comprehention of the reality of globalization, cosmopolitsm and people migrations, secondely the formulation of a theory about italian being and way of life. On this base some hypotesis can be formulated in order to develop an empirical research on the issue.

Este trabalho trata dos descendentes da diáspora armênia, cujas comunidades se fixaram na Argentina e no Brasil após o genocídio armênio perpetrado pelo Império Otomano durante a Primeira Grande Guerra. O objetivo principal é apresentar relatos de indivíduos descendentes e integrantes das comunidades formadas a partir de 1920, especialmente as de Buenos Aires e São Paulo. Busca-se averiguar a presença de uma memória coletiva que evidencie elementos comuns a uma possível identidade cultural armênia nesses grupos de descendentes. Objetivos secundários: abordagens sobre a formação das comunidades na América do Sul, processo de imigração da diáspora armênia e condição refugiada no contexto de outros fluxos migratórios para Argentina e Brasil no início século XX. É uma pesquisa exploratória investigativa, sem postulados de memória, que busca na memória individual traços comuns a uma identidade coletiva. / This research deals with Armenian diaspora which migrated to Argentina and Brazil after Armenian Genocide perpetrated by Ottoman Empire during the Great War. The main objective is presenting reports of descendants from communities created since 1920 in Buenos Aires and Sao Paulo. The purpose is check the presence of collective memory which can shows common elements belonging to a possible Armenian cultural identity in these descendants. Approaches about community formation to South America as well as the immigration process of Armenian diaspora and the refugee status in the context of other migration flows to Argentina and Brazil in the XX Century constitutes secondary objectives. Exploratory and investigative research without memory postulates or filters aiming to find common traces belonging to a collective memory through the individual memory nature.